Laser holography in geophysics

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xiii
• 1 Optical principles of holographic interferometry / T. Tsuboi
• 1.1 INTRODUCTION = 1
• 1.2 THE NATURE OF LIGHT = 3
• 1.2.1 Electromagnetic waves = 3
• 1.2.2 Plane waves = 5
• 1.2.3 Conventional light sources = 6
• 1.2.4 Laser light = 7
• 1.3 HOLOGRAPHIC RECORDING AND RECONSTRUCTION = 8
• 1.3.1 Quasi-monochromatic light = 8
• 1.3.2 Coherence length and coherence time = 9
• 1.3.3 Interference with quasi-monochromatic light = 11
• 1.3.4 Reconstruction = 13
• 1.3.5 The reconstructed image of a point = 17
• 1.3.6 Wave propagation and diffraction = 19
• 1.4 HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY = 20
• 1.4.1 Observation of the fringe pattern = 20
• 1.4.2 Real-time interferometry = 21
• 1.4.3 Double-exposure interferometry = 22
• 1.4.4 Fringe localization and interpretation = 22
• 1.5 APPLICATION OF HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY = 24
• 1.5.1 Investigation of object shape = 24
• 1.5.2 Investigation of object vibration = 26
• 1.5.3 Investigation of an object moving at high speed = 29
• 2 Holography in laboratory experiments pertinent to rock deformation and failure / H. A. Spetzler ; G. A. Sobolev ; I. C. Getting
• 2.1 INTRODUCTION = 31
• 2.2 OPTICAL HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY (OHI) AS A QUANTITATIVE TOOL = 32
• 2.2.1 Experimental procedure = 32
• 2.2.2 Response of press and specimen to uniaxial loading = 35
• 2.2.3 Uniaxial loading and creep = 36
• 2.3 GENERAL METHOD FOR FRINGE-PATTERN DETERMINATION = 39
• 2.3.1 Derivation of fringe-pattern shapes for rigid-body rotations = 40
• 2.3.2 Anisotropic thermal expansion of an inclined circular cylinder = 41
• 2.3.3 Torsion of a bar of circular cross-section = 42
• 2.3.4 Separating out rigid-body rotation = 43
• 2.3.5 Experiments and results = 44
• 2.4 THE USE OF OHI IN THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT FOR SEVERE ENVIRONMENTS = 47
• 2.4.1 Thermal expansion measurements on molten levitated aluminium = 47
• 2.4.2 Optical window design for high-pressure vessels = 49
• 2.4.2.1 Finite element calculations = 51
• 2.4.3 OHI inside a pressure vessel = 54
• 2.4.4 Strain measurements perpendicular to the viewing direction = 54
• 2.4.5 OHI through transparent samples = 57
• 2.5 A POSSIBLE BOREHOLE STRESS GAUGE = 57
• 2.6 FAILURE ZONE DEVELOPMENT IN BRITTLE AND DUCTILE ROCKS = 60
• 2.7 FAILURE ZONE DEVELOPMENT IN DUCTILE MATERIALS = 75
• 2.8 STUDY OF STRESS CONCENTRATION AS RESULT OF FRACTURING = 86
• 2.9 CONCLUSION = 100
• 3 Application of holographic interferometry to underground stress measurements / H. Mizutani ; S. Takemoto
• 3.1 INTRODUCTION = 106
• 3.2 CONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES = 108
• 3.2.1 Stress-relief method = 108
• 3.2.2 Hydraulic fracturing method = 110
• 3.3 HOLOGRAPHIC STRESSMETER DEVELOPED BY THE CALTECH GROUP = 112
• 3.3.1 Principle of operation = 113
• 3.3.2 Optical and mechanical designs = 116
• 3.3.2.1 Optics module = 116
• 3.3.2.2 Mechanical design = 118
• 3.3.3 Practical operation = 118
• 3.3.4 Laboratory tests and field experiments = 118
• 3.4 HOLOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT SYSTEM OF THE NAGOYA GROUP = 120
• 3.4.1 Fundamental principles = 120
• 3.4.2 Basic design = 123
• 3.4.3 Advantages and disadvantages of the system = 125
• 3.5 FURTHER DEVELOPMENT WITH THE ELECTRONIC SPECKLE PATTERN INTERFEROMETRY (ESPI) METHOD = 126
• 3.6 CONCLUSION = 127
• 4 Real-time holographic measurement of crustal deformation / S. Takemoto
• 4.1 INTRODUCTION = 129
• 4.2 CONVENTIONAL METHODS FOR MEASURING CRUSTAL DEFORMATIONS = 130
• 4.2.1 Rod strainmeter = 131
• 4.2.2 Wire strainmeter = 133
• 4.2.3 Laser strainmeter = 135
• 4.2.3.1 Short-span FM laser strainmeter = 135
• 4.2.3.2 Laser strainmeter with a Fabry-P$$\acute e$$rot Interferometer = 136
• 4.2.3.3 Methane-absorption-slabilized laser strainmeter = 139
• 4.2.3.4 Iodine-stabilized laser strainmeter = 139
• 4.2.3.5 Long-span laser strainmeter located on the surface = 140
• 4.2.3.6 Laser strainmeter with a simple laser source = 140
• 4.2.4 Borehole hydraulic strainmeter = 142
• 4.3 HOLOGRAPHIC METHOD = 144
• 4.3.1 Observation site = 145
• 4.3.2 Recording system = 147
• 4.3.3 Image-processing system = 151
• 4.3.4 Holographic fringe displacement and tunnel deformation = 153
• 4.3.5. Observational results = 157
• 4.4 IMPROVEMENT OF THE SYSTEM FOR MEASURING LONG-TERM STRAIN ACCUMULATION = 159
• 4.4.1 Thermoplastic recording system = 160
• 4.4.2 ESPI method = 161
• 4.4.3 Problems of image processing = 161
• 4.5 APPLICATION TO EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION AND RELATED SUBJECTS = 162
• 4.5.1 System description = 162
• 4.5.2 Expected fringe pattern geometry = 164
• 4.6 CONCLUSION = 165
• 5 Electronic speckle pattern interferometry and its applications in rock mechanics / Ole J. L$$\emptyset$$kberg = 168
• 5.1 INTRODUCTION
• 5.2 THE ESPI PRINCIPLE = 168
• 5.2.1 General description = 168
• 5.2.2 ESPI vs. hologram interferometry = 169
• 5.2.2.1 Holographic recording and reconstruction = 170
• 5.2.2.2 ESPI recording and 'reconstruction' = 171
• 5.2.3 Other ESPI principles = 171
• 5.3 THE PRACTICAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE SYSTEM = 172
• 5.3.1 ESPI recording, processing and display = 173
• 5.3.2 Elements of the ESPI setup = 174
• 5.4 THE MODES OF OPERATION = 177
• 5.4.1 Vibration analysis = 177
• 5.4.1.1 Harmonic vibrations = 177
• 5.4.1.2 Periodic vibrations = 183
• 5.4.1.3 Random, noise-like vibrations = 184
• 5.4.1.4 Appraisal of the ESPI technique for vibration testing = 184
• 5.4.2 Deformation measurements = 185
• 5.4.2.1 The technique = 185
• 5.4.2.2 Appraisal of the ESPI deformation technique = 187
• 5.5 MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS = 187
• 5.5.1 Directional sensitivity = 187
• 5.5.2 Shearing ESPI = 188
• 5.5.3 Comparative interferometry = 189
• 5.5.4 Automatic fringe analysis = 189
• 5.5.5 Distant observation = 190
• 5.5.6 High-temperature work = 190
• 5.5.7 Object size and resolution = 190
• 5.6 APPLICATIONS OF ESPI IN ROCK MECHANICS = 191
• 5.7 CONCLUSION = 196
• 6 Application of holography to flow visualization / T. Tsuboi ; M. Yano
• 6.1 INTRODUCTION = 199
• 6.1.1 Optical techniques for flow visualization = 199
• 6.1.2 The laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) = 200
• 6.1.3 The pulse luminescence method = 200
• 6.2 HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY IN FLUID MEDIA = 201
• 6.2.1 Velocity distribution measurement = 201
• 6.2.1.1 Single-exposure holography = 201
• 6.2.1.2 Double-exposure holography = 203
• 6.2.2 Density distribution measurement in a transparent fluid = 206
• 6.3 HOLOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT OF WATER FLOW VELOCITY = 207
• 6.3.1 Experimental method = 207
• 6.3.2 Seeding tracers = 210
• 6.3.3 Observed interferogram and its analysis = 213
• 6.4 IMPROVED HOLOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS FOR WATER FLOW = 215
• 6.4.1 Flow velocity measurement using light diffraction by ultrasonic waves = 215
• 6.4.2 Simultaneous measurement of velocity and density distributions = 219
• 6.5 LASER SPECKLE INTERFEROMETRY IN A FLUID MEDIUM = 221
• 6.5.1 Speckle pattern interferometry = 221
• 6.5.2 Fluid velocity measurement by laser speckle photography = 221
• 6.6 CONCLUSION = 222