사헬지역의 불안정과 아프리카중심주의 시각에서 본 프랑스의 다지역·다자간 협력의 필요성 = Instability in the Sahel Region and the Necessity for Multiregional and Multilateral Cooperation of France Through the Afrocentric Perspectives

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The problem in the Sahel region, which has lasted for more than a decade since the civil war in Mali in 2012, threatens security in Europe as well as the Sahel region due to the proliferation of Islamic extremist organizations and refugees. France, which had previously colonized, has actively intervened in the Sahel region over the past decade to maintain its influence in the Sahel region, but has not fundamentally changed the situation. In addition, international and regional responses have also failed to address security and humanitarian crises, raising concerns.
This paper argues that the French-led approach to the Sahel region does not fundamentally address the Sahel region, and that it needs to reevaluate and reset its strategic approach to solving the Sahel region. As an alternative, France would suggest from an Afrocentric perspective that the Sahel region, North Africa and the Mediterranean and Europe need to consider solving the problem through multi-regional and multilateral cooperation.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김광수, "프랑스어권 니제르의 디파(Diffa)와 마라디(Maradi)의 나이지리아 난민 문제에 대한 고찰" 한국프랑스문화학회 47 (47): 151-193, 2020

2 BBC 코리아, "프랑스 성당서 또 ‘참수’ 사건... 마크롱 ‘이슬람 테러 공격’"

3 한·아프리카재단, "사헬지역 안보현황 - 주요 국가 행위자들을 중심으로"

4 이신화, "분쟁과 난민의 역학 : 아프리카 난민의 인도적 위기와 안보적 위협" 21세기정치학회 27 (27): 151-176, 2017

5 변웅, "말리사태의 원인과 현황"

6 The Mixed Migration Centre, "What is Mixed Migration?"

7 Mogire, E., "Victims as Security Threats: Refugee Impact on Host State Security in Africa" Routledge 2013

8 AFRCOM, "United States Africa Command"

9 Sandner, P., "US-Africa policy: President Joe Biden seeks to turn a new leaf"

10 Baldwin-Edwards, M., "The politics of evidence-based policy in Europe’s ‘migration crisis’" 45 (45): 2139-2155, 2018

11 Cristiani, D., "The Sahelian Crisis and the Arab Spring. In Africa and the Mediterranean: Evolving Security Dynamics after the Arab Uprisings" German Marshall Fund of the United States 1-11, 2014

12 Raineri, L., "State, Secession and Jihad: The Micro-Political Economy of Conflict in North Mali" 8 (8): 249-271, 2015

13 Bakewell, O., "South-South Migration and Human Development Reflections on African Experiences" University of Oxford 2009

14 Skrettebreg, R., "Sahel: The World’s Most Neglected and Conflict-ridden Region"

15 Reuters, "Sahel Summit Agrees Need to Intensify Campaign Against Jihadists"

16 European Commission, High-Representative and Vice-President of the EU, "Review of the European Neighborhood Policy. (Joint Communication, JOIN(2015) 50 final)" EU Commission 2015

17 Devermont, J., "Rethinking Crisis Responses in the Sahel"

18 Kiswii, Evelyn M., "Refugee Influx and (In)security: Kenya’s Experience, 1991-2012" University of Nairobi 2012

19 Le Monde, "Pour préparer l’après-“Barkhane”, la France doit être davantage à l’écoute des sociétés civiles au Sahel"

20 Avedi, Judith E., "Post 9/11 Security-Humanitarian Dilemma: Analysis of Refugee and Asylum Policies in Africa" Sookmyung Women’s University 2018

21 Remix News Staff, "Poll: Nearly 9 in 10 French citizens say terrorism and security are major issues in 2022 election"

22 The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, "Organized Crime and Illicit Trafficking in Mali: Past, Present and Future (Policy brief)" Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime 2014

23 Lacher, W., "Organized Crime and Conflict in the Sahel-Sahara Region (the Carnegie papers)"

24 Boeke, S., "Operation ‘Serval’: A Strategic Analysis of the French Intervention in Mali, 2013–2014" 38 (38): 801-825, 2015

25 El Kamouni-Janssen, F., "Only God Can Stop the Smugglers. Understanding Human Smuggling Networks in Libya (CRU Report)" Clingendael 2017

26 Boege, V., "On Hybrid Political Orders and Emerging States: State Formation in the Context of ‘Fragility’"

27 Bach, D., "Neopatrimonalism in Africa and Beyond" Routledge 2012

28 Akl, Z., "Militia Institutionalisation and Security Sector Reform in Libya" IeMed 2017

29 Bagayoko, N., "Masters of the Land: Competing Customary and Legal Systems for Resource Management in the Conflicting Environment of the Mopti Region, Central Mali"

30 Kajjo S., "Malians Divided Over France's Decision to Close Bases, Reduce Forces"

31 Radio France Internationale, "Macron announces major overhaul of France's operation in Sahel"

32 Institut de Relations Internationales et Stratégiques, "L’avenir de la France au Sahel : ≪Rester autrement≫"

33 Bobin, F., "L’Algerie veut restaurer son role de puissance regionale"

34 United Nations High Commission for Refugees, "Looking Beyond the Emergency Toward Development"

35 The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, "Libya: A Growing Hub for Criminal Economies and Terrorist Financing in the Trans-Sahara" Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime 2015

36 Smith, S., "La Ruée vers l’Europe. La jeune Afrique en route pour le Vieux continent" Grasset 2018

37 Shaw, M., "Illicit trafficking and Libya’s transition. Profits and Losses" United States Institute of Peace 2014

38 Strazzari, F., "Hybrid Eonomies and Statebuilding: On the Resilience of the Extralegal" 18 (18): 57-72, 2012

39 Klute, G., "Horizons nomades en Afrique sahélienne Société, développement et démocratie" Karthala 167-181, 1999

40 Cristiani, D., "From Disfunctionality to Disaggregation and Back? The Malian Crisis, Local Players and European Interests"

41 Al Jazeera, "France and allies establish new task force in Sahel"

42 Pietz, T., "Flexibility and ‘Stabilisation Actions’ : EU Crisis Management One Year After the Global Strategy(Policy briefing)"

43 United Nations High Commission for Refugees, "External Operational Update: UNHCR Sahel Crisis Response"

44 Boserup, Rasmus A., "Europe and The Sahel-Maghreb Crisis" Danish Institute for International Studies 2018

45 Shaw, M., "Enforcing ‘Our Law’ When the State Breaks Down: The Case of Protection Economies in Libya and Their Political Consequences" 7 (7): 99-110, 2015

46 Briscoe, I., "Crime After Jihad: Armed Groups, the State, and Illicit Business in Post-Conflict Mali (CRU report)" Clingendael 2014

47 Gaye, Serigne B., "Connections Between Jihadist Groups and Smuggling and Illegal Trafficking Rings in The Sahel" Friedrich Ebert Stiftung 2008

48 Lacher, W., "Capital of Militias. Tripoli’s Armed Groups Capture the Libyan State(Briefing paper)"

49 Thurston, A., "Boko Haram: The History of an African Jihadist Movement" Princeton University Press 2018

50 Recchia, S., "A Legitimate Sphere of Influence: Understanding France’s Turn to Multilateralism in Africa" 43 (43): 508-533, 2020

51 Kishi, R., "10 HIDDEN CONFLICTS IN AFRICA: #9 THE SAHEL AND THE MERGER OF ISLAMIST FACTIONS"

52 Raineri, L., "(B)ordering Hybrid Security? EU Stabilisation Practices in the Sahara-Sahel Region" 18 (18): 544-559, 2019