The need to ban animal testing for the safety evaluation of cosmetics and develop alternative test methods is growing across the world. The OECD published its Test Guidelines (TGs 442A and 442B) for the Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA), which has the abi...
The need to ban animal testing for the safety evaluation of cosmetics and develop alternative test methods is growing across the world. The OECD published its Test Guidelines (TGs 442A and 442B) for the Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA), which has the ability to detect substances inducing allergic contact dermatitis as an alternative test method for skin sensitization. The LLNA: 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine-flow cytometry method (LLNA: BrdU-FCM) is also under development in Korea. The LLNA: BrdU-FCM evaluates lymph node proliferation caused by skin sensitizing substances. This study aims to provide a scientific basis for assessing skin sensitization potential by analyzing biomarkers associated with an immune mechanism. We conducted the LLNA: BrdU-FCM in order to compare CBA/J and BALB/C using the 22 reference chemicals suggested in OECD TG 429. The test results indicated that the correlation between the SI and BrdU incorporation was r=0.7950 (p<0.0001) and that the performance of the test method using CBA/J was comparable to that with BALB/C. We also analyzed 13 cytokines using flow cytometry for the 9 reference chemicals with a view to identifying a secondary indicator for the assessment of skin sensitization potential. As a result, a significant change in IFN-γ and IL-2, which are involved in pre-inflammatory immune responses, occurred for moderate sensitizers (IE, MBT and HCA) and weak sensitizers (EUG and IU), compared with vehicle controls. Therefore, IFN-γ and IL-2 could be used as a secondary indicator for borderline chemicals in evaluating skin sensitization potential. In addition, the statistical correlation between the SI and a cytokine related to skin sensitization induction (IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-13) was r=0.8119, 0.6809, 0.5281, 0.6070 and 0.6185, respectively. That enabled us to identify that those cytokines could act as a secondary indicator for additional evaluation of skin sensitization potential based on an immune mechanism. Overall, this study provided a scientific basis for demonstrating that the performance of the LLNA: BrdU-FCM using CBA/J was equal to that with BALB/C, and suggested that IFN-γ and IL-2 could serve as a secondary indicator for moderate or weak sensitizers.