The Impacts of Regional Air Pollution Load and Mobility Characteristics on the Occurrence of Environmental Diseases from an Environmental Justice Standpoint - Focused on Young Age Asthma Disease -

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Environmental diseases (ENVDs) as diseases caused by environmental exposure. Therefore, for effective management, it is necessary to continuously monitor environmental pollution and health damage in vulnerable areas by adopting a "region-level approach" rather than a "disease-based approach." In addition, environmental benefits and burdens should be fairly shared according to the basic concept of environmental justice in Article 2 No. 2 of the Framework Act on Environmental Policy. The Act, in general, asks to identify the occurrence of ENVDs in and/or within the vulnerable classes, ages, and areas. This study intends to : First, analyze the relationship between air pollution load characteristics and the occurrence of ENVDs; Second, analyze the impacts of air pollution mobility characteristics on the relationships between air pollution load characteristics and the occurrence of ENVDs; Third, analyze impacts of the occurrence of ENVDs by spatiality outside the region in addition to air pollution load and mobility characteristics within the region; Fourth, analyze the impacts of age on the relationship between air pollutant load and mobility characteristics and the occurrence of ENVDs; Fifth, analyze the impacts of regional social and economic characteristics on clusters of occurrence of ENVDs. To this end, this study adopted principal component analysis, the testing of the moderating effect, negative binomial regression model, conditional autoregressive bayesian hierarchical model and random forest. This study found the following results : (1) The regional air pollution load characteristics have been shown to affect the occurrence of ENVDs. And the higher the concentration of A, which is the chemical manufacturing process, among air pollutants concentration the higher the occurrence of ENVDs. (2) The reigonal air pollution mobility characteristics act as a moderating effect in the relationship between air pollution load characteristics and the occurrence of ENVDs. In addition, the lower the wind speed and the higher the emissions of hazardous chemicals, the greater the impacts of air pollutants concentration on the occurrence of ENVDs. (3) There is a spatial autocorrelation relationship between the air pollution load and mobility characteristics in the region and the occurrence of ENVDs, and the goodness of fit in model considering the spatial impact is found to be more suitable. Therefore, in addition to the characteristics within the region, spatiality outside the region affects the occurrence of ENVDs. (4) In the case of a young age, the impacts of air pollution load and mobility characteristics on the occurrence of ENVDs has significant association, and the impacts of air pollution load and mobility characteristics on the occurrence of ENVDs is different by age groups. (5) the higher the vulnerability of the social and economic characteristics of the region, the more likely it is to be classified as HH regions of the occurrence of ENVDs clusters. These results suggest that the ENVDs occurs disproportionately where low income and vulnerable class people are disproportionately exposed to air pollutants.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

환경성 질환은 환경 노출에 의하여 발생하는 질환이다. 따라서 실효적인 관리를 위해서는 ‘질환단위 접근방식’이 아닌 ‘지역단위 접근방식’을 채택하여 취약지역의 환경오염 및 건강피해를 지속적으로 모니터링 할 필요가 있다. 또한 환경정책기본법 제2조 2항 환경정의 기본이념에 따라 환경적 혜택과 부담은 공평하게 나눠져야 하며, 본 법에 따라 계층, 연령 및 지역의 취약성에 따른 환경성 질환 발생을 파악할 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 논문의 목적은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대기오염물질 부하 특성과 환경성 질환 발생과의 관계를 분석한다. 둘째, 대기오염물질 이동 특성이 대기오염물질 부하 특성과 환경성 질환 발생과의 관계에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 셋째, 지역 내 대기오염 특성 외에도 지역 외 공간이 환경성 질환 발생에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 넷째, 질환자의 연령이 대기오염물질 부하·이동 특성과 환경성 질환 발생과의 관계에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 다섯째, 지역의 사회·경제적 특성이 환경성 질환 발생 군집에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 이를 위해서 본 연구는 ‘음이항 회귀 모형’, ‘조건부 자기회귀 베이지안 위계모형’, 그리고 ‘랜덤 포레스트’을 채택하였다. 본 연구의 분석결과는 다음과 같다. (1) 지역의 대기오염물질 부하 특성은 환경성 질환 발생에 영향을 미치며, 대기오염 농도 특성 중 주요 배출원이 화학물질 제조공정인 , 농도가 높을수록 환경성 질환 발생에 미치는 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. (2) 지역의 대기오염 이동 특성은 대기오염물질 부하 특성과 환경성 질환 발생 간 영향 관계에서 조절효과로서 작용하며, 풍속이 낮은 지역일수록, 유해화학물질 배출량이 높은 지역일수록 대기오염물질 농도가 환경성 질환 발생에 미치는 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. (3) 지역의 대기오염물질 부하·이동 특성과 환경성 질환 발생 간 영향 관계에는 공간 자기상관성이 존재하며, 공간 영향을 고려한 모형이 설명력이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 지역 내 특성 이외에도 지역 외 공간이 환경성 질환 발생에 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있다. (4) 유소년 인구집단일 경우 대기오염물질 부하·이동 특성이 환경성 질환 발생에 미치는 영향에 유의한 연관성을 가지며, 연령별로 대기오염물질 부하·이동 특성이 환경성 질환 발생에 미치는 영향은 상이한 것으로 나타났다. (5) 지역의 사회·경제적 특성이 취약함에 따라 환경성 질환 발생의 HH지역으로 분류되는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 저소득층, 취약계층과 대기오염에 노출 가능성이 높은 지역에서 환경성 질환이 불균형적으로 발생함을 시사한다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• I. Introduction 1
• 1. Research Backgrounds and Purpose 1
• (1) Research Backgrounds 1
• (2) Research Purpose 4
• 2. Research Scope and Flow 5
• (1) Research Scope 5
• (2) Research Flow 6
• II. Literature Review 7
• 1. Environmental Diseases (ENVDs) 7
• (1) Definitions and Scope 7
• (2) Regional Characteristics and ENVDs 10
• (3) Air Pollution and ENVDs 11
• 2. Environmental Justice 18
• (1) Concept and Scope of Environmental Justice 18
• (2) ENVDs and Environmental Justice 19
• 3. Spatial Distribution Pattern Analysis 21
• (1) Global Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis 22
• (2) Local Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis 23
• 4. Impact Analysis Model 24
• (1) Principal Component Analysis 24
• (2) Negative Binomial Regression Model 25
• (3) Conditional Autoregressive Bayesian Hierarchical Model 28
• (4) Test of the Moderating Effect 31
• (5) Decision Tree and Random Forest 33
• 5. Review of Preceding Studies 35
• (1) Studies on ENVDs at the Regional Level 35
• (2) Studies on ENVDs Considering Regional Air Pollution Load and Mobility Characteristics 36
• (3) Studies on ENVDs Considering Social and Economic Characteristics from the Perspective of Environmental Justice 38
• (4) Differences with Preceding Studies 40
• (5) Research Questions 44
• III. Research Methods 44
• 1. Hypothesis Setting 44
• (1) Hypothesis Setting 44
• 2. Hypothesis Testing Method 47
• (1) Variable Selection 47
• (2) Constructing Data 50
• (3) Setting the Research Model 54
• (4) Methods of Hypothesis Testing 56
• IV. The impacts of Regional Air Pollution Load and Mobility Characteristics and Social and Economic Characteristics on the Occurrence of ENVDs 63
• 1. Basic Statistics and Principal Component Analysis 63
• (1) Basic Statistics 63
• (2) Principal Component Analysis 65
• 2. The Impacts of Air Pollution Load Characteristic on the Occurrence of ENVDs According to Air Pollution Mobility Characteristics 67
• (1) Results of Analysis on Negative Binomial Regression Model in Consideration of Moderators 67
• (2) Testing of Spatial Autocorrelation of Residuals 69
• (3) Results of Analysis on Conditional Autoregressive Bayesian Hierarchical model 70
• (4) Results of Analysis on Conditional Autoregressive Bayesian Hierarchical Model by Age Groups 73
• 3. The Impacts of Social and Economic Characteristics on the Occurrence of ENVDs cluster 76
• (1) Global and Local Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis of the Occurrence of ENVDs 76
• (2) Basic Statistics of HH/LL Regions 78
• (3) Results of Classification of the Occurrence of ENVDs Clusters According to Social and Economic Characteristics 80
• 4. Discussions 82
• (1) Hypothesis 1 : Testing of the impacts of Air Pollution Load Characteristics on the Occurrence of ENVDs 82
• (2) Hypothesis 2 : Testing of the impacts of Air Pollution Load Characteristic on the Occurrence of ENVDs According to Air Pollution Mobility Characteristics 83
• (3) Hypothesis 3 : Testing of the impacts of Spatiality Outside the Region Characteristics on the Occurrence of ENVDs 84
• (4) Hypothesis 4 : Testing of Model's Goodness of Fit According to the Age of Environmental Patients 85
• (5) Hypothesis 5 : Testing of the Classification of Cluster Type of the Occurrence of ENVDs According to Regional Social and Economic Characteristics 85
• (6) Implications 86
• V. Conclusion 88
• 1. Conclusion 88
• 2. Limitations and Further Studies 89
• References 92