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목차 (Table of Contents)

CONTENTS
1 Infectious Microecology = 1
1.1 Conception of Infectious Microecology = 2
1.1.1 Definition = 2
1.1.2 Classification of Normal Microbiota α = 2

CONTENTS
1 Infectious Microecology = 1
1.1 Conception of Infectious Microecology = 2
1.1.1 Definition = 2
1.1.2 Classification of Normal Microbiota α = 2
1.2 History of Infectious Microecology = 5
1.2.1 The Embryonic Stage of Microecology = 5
1.2.2 The Lag Phase of Microecology = 6
1.2.3 The Developmental Stage of Microecology = 6
1.2.4 The Establishment and Development of Infectious Microecology = 7
1.3 The Subject Characteristics of Infectious Microecology = 8
1.3.1 Subject Relations = 8
1.3.2 Subject Core = 9
1.3.3 Infectious Microecology Is a Basic Subject = 9
1.3.4 Infectious Microecology Is an Applied Subject = 10
1.4 The Classification of Infection = 11
1.4.1 Types of Infection = 11
1.4.2 The Evolution of Infection = 13
1.4.3 The Outcome of Infection = 13
1.5 Microecological Characteristics of Infection = 13
1.5.1 Microecology Helps to Build and Maintain the Host's Immune Systems = 14
1.5.2 Dynamic Balances between Microecology and Host = 15
1.5.3 Many Infections are Correlated with Microecological Imbalance = 15
1.6 The Microecological Mechanism of Infection = 16
1.6.1 Occurrence of Infection = 16
1.6.2 Development of Infection = 17
1.6.3 Outcome of Infection = 17
1.7 Prevention and Control of Infections Using Infectious Microecology Theories = 18
1.7.1 The Revolution in Infection Prevention and Control Strategy = 18
1.7.2 Mechanisms for Preventing and Controlling Infections with Microecological Modulators = 19
1.7.3 Frequently Used Microecological Modulators = 19
1.7.4 Prospects of Infection Prevention and Control Using Infectious Microecology Theories = 19
References = 20
2 Human Microbiota and Its Function = 23
2.1 Metabolic Functions = 24
2.2 Trophic Functions = 27
2.3 Interaction between Gut Bacteria and Host Immunity = 27
2.4 Protective Functions : The Barrier Effect = 28
References = 29
3 Infectious Microecology and Immunology = 33
3.1 Infection and Immunity = 33
3.1.1 Immunity Response to Microbes = 34
3.1.2 Immune Responses to Extracellular Bacteria = 34
3.1.3 Immune Responses to Intracellular Bacteria = 35
3.1.4 Immune Responses to Fungi = 36
3.2 Infectious Microecology and Immunology = 36
3.2.1 Intestinal Microbes and Intestinal Barrier = 37
3.2.2 Intestinal Microecology and Host Immunity = 39
3.3 Hepatic Microecology and Immunity = 42
3.3.1 Liver Involvement in Innate Immunity = 42
3.3.2 Liver Involvement in Adaptive Immunity = 45
3.4 Liver's Immune Privilege = 46
References = 49
4 Microecology Disturbance and Infection = 59
4.1 Microecology Disturbance = 59
4.1.1 Concept of Microecology Disturbance = 60
4.1.2 Classification of Microecology Disturbance = 60
4.1.3 Influencing Factors of Microecology Disturbance = 64
4.2 Infection = 68
4.2.1 The Concept of Infection = 69
4.2.2 Types of Infection = 70
4.2.3 Etiologic Agent of Infection = 71
4.2.4 Epidemic Links of Infection = 74
4.3 The Relation between Microecology Disturbance and Infection = 75
4.3.1 Traditional Biological Pathogeny Theory = 76
4.3.2 Ecological Pathogeny Theory = 76
4.3.3 The Significance of Infection = 76
4.3.4 Microdysbiosis Induces Infection Diseases = 78
4.3.5 Mechanism of Microorganisms and Host = 79
References = 80
5 Nosocomial Infections and Bacterial Resistance = 83
5.1 Nosocomial Infections = 84
5.1.1 Introduction = 84
5.1.2 Epidemiology of Nosocomial Infections = 85
5.1.3 Pathogens of Nosocomial Infections = 89
5.1.4 Common Nosocomial Infections = 91
5.1.5 Prevention of Nosocomial Infections = 99
5.2 Bacterial Resistance = 103
5.2.1 Prevalence of Bacterial Resistance = 103
5.2.2 Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance = 110
5.2.3 Strategies to Control Bacterial Resistance = 124
References = 124
6 Microbial Culture and Its Clinical Application = 133
6.1 Conventional Microbial Culture and Clinical Application = 133
6.1.1 Clinical Blood Culture = 133
6.1.2 Clinical Body Fluids Culture = 135
6.1.3 Clinical Urine Culture = 136
6.1.4 Culture of Specimens from Gastrointestinal Tract = 137
6.2 Requirements for Collection of Cultural or Non-Cultural Specimens = 137
6.2.1 Conventional Principles for Collection and Transportation of Specimens Used for Culture = 137
6.2.2 Special Conditions for Collecting Specimens Used for 'Non-Routine' Culture = 139
6.2.3 Inoculating Samples in an Optimal Media : Selection of the Culture Media = 140
6.3 Clinical Choice of Microbial Culture or Non-Culture = 142
6.3.1 Overview of Microbial Culture and Non-Culture Based Methods = 142
6.3.2 Clinical Indication of Microbial Culture and Non-Culture = 144
6.4 Interpretation of the Microbial Culture Results = 146
6.4.1 Interpreting the Positive Results of the Microbial Culture = 147
6.4.2 Interpreting the Negative Results of the Microbial Culture = 149
References = 150
7 Molecular Microecological Techniques = 153
7.1 Introduction = 154
7.2 Size Pattern Analysis - T-RFLP Polymorphism Analysis of 16S rRNA Genes = 156
7.3 Melting Pattern Analysis - PCR-DGGE Analysis of 16S rRNA Genes = 159
7.4 FISH = 165
7.5 Microarray Applications in Microbial Ecology Research = 168
7.6 Cloning Library Construction and Sequencing = 172
7.7 Next-Generation Sequencing Techniques for Microbial Ecology Research = 174
7.8 Conclusion = 180
References = 180
8 Metabonomic Phenotyping for the Gut Microbiota and Mammal Interactions = 189
8.1 Mammals Are 'Superorganisms' = 189
8.2 Co-Metabolisms and the Mammal-Microbiome Interactions = 190
8.3 Metabonomic Phenotyping for Mammals = 191
8.4 Future Perspectives = 194
References = 194
9 Bioinformatics for Genomes and Metagenomes in Ecology Studies = 203
9.1 Introduction to Advances in Microbial Ecology = 203
9.2 16S rDNA in Ecology Studies = 204
9.3 16S rDNA Gene Analysis = 205
9.4 Metagenomics = 207
9.5 Recent Applications of Environmental Metagenomic Sequencing = 208
9.6 Analysis of Viral Communities = 209
9.7 Assembly of Sequence Data = 209
9.8 Assembly : Strategies = 211
9.9 Assembly : Future Directions = 212
9.10 Fragment Recruitment = 215
9.11 Taxonomic Classification = 216
9.12 MGTAXA = 216
9.13 High Performance Computing = 217
9.14 Functional Annotation = 218
9.15 Analysis of Eukaryotes in Ecology Studies = 218
9.16 Challenges Presented by Data Volume(Computational and Storage Requirements, Cloud Computing Solutions) = 219
9.17 Future Directions = 221
References = 222
10 Ecology of Oral Infectious Diseases = 227
10.1 Ecological Basis = 228
10.1.1 Oral Biotic Area = 229
10.1.2 Normal Oral Microflora = 231
10.1.3 Saliva and Dental Plaque Biofilm = 244
10.2 Oral Infectious Diseases = 253
10.2.1 Dental Caries = 253
10.2.2 Pulpal and Periapical Diseases = 267
10.2.3 Periodontal Disease = 273
10.2.4 Maxillofacial Infectious Diseases = 285
10.2.5 Oral Mucosal Infections = 287
10.2.6 Secondary Infection from the Wearing of Dentures = 290
References = 291
11 Gastrointestinal Infectious Microecology = 293
11.1 Microbiota in Health = 293
11.1.1 Normal Microbiota in the Stomach = 293
11.1.2 Normal Microbiota in the Intestine = 294
11.1.3 Physiological Functions of Gastrointestinal Microbiota = 295
11.1.4 Factors Affecting Gastrointestinal Microecological Balance of the Host = 296
11.2 Helicobacter Pylori and Gastroduodenal Disease = 298
11.2.1 Helicobacter Pylori and Chronic Gastritis = 298
11.2.2 Helicobacter Pylori and Peptic Ulcer = 298
11.2.3 Helicobacter Pylori and Gastric Cancer = 299
11.2.4 Diagnosis for H. Pylori Infection = 299
11.2.5 Treatment = 301
11.3 Inflammatory Bowel Disease = 301
11.3.1 Role of Microbiota = 301
11.3.2 Immune Response = 302
11.3.3 Clinical Findings and Diagnosis = 302
11.3.4 Treatment = 303
11.4 Infectious Diarrhea = 304
11.4.1 Diarrhea Caused by Toxins = 304
11.4.2 Diarrhea Caused by Invasive Pathogens = 305
11.4.3 Diarrhea Caused by Viruses = 305
11.4.4 Diagnosis = 305
11.4.5 Treatment = 306
11.5 Irritable Bowel Syndrome = 306
11.5.1 Etiology = 307
11.5.2 Clinical Findings and Diagnosis = 308
11.5.3 Treatment = 309
11.6 Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea = 309
11.6.1 Pathogenesis = 309
11.6.2 Clinical Findings and Diagnosis = 310
11.6.3 Treatment = 311
11.7 Colorectal Cancer = 311
11.7.1 Pathogenesis = 312
11.7.2 Symptoms = 313
11.7.3 Diagnosis = 313
11.7.4 Treatment = 314
11.8 Gastrointestinal Tuberculosis = 314
References = 315
12 Infectious Microecology in Liver Disease = 317
12.1 An Overview of Infectious Microecology in Liver Disease = 318
12.1.1 Liver Anatomy and Enterohepatic Recycling = 318
12.1.2 Gut-Liver Axis = 318
12.1.3 The Role of Kupffer Cells in Liver Disease = 319
12.1.4 Endotoxin Activates Kupffer Cells in Liver Disease = 319
12.1.5 Pathogenesis of Bacterial Translocation in Liver Disease = 321
12.2 Gut Microflora in the Pathogenesis of the Complications of Cirrhosis = 322
12.2.1 Bacterial Infections in Cirrhosis = 323
12.2.2 Sources and Types of Bacterial Infection in Cirrhosis = 323
12.2.3 Bacteria Translocation in the Pathogenesis of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in Cirrhosis = 324
12.2.4 Gut Flora and the Hyperdynamic Circulatory State in Cirrhosis = 324
12.2.5 The Gut Flora and Hepatic Encephalopathy = 325
12.3 Modulation of Intestinal Microbiota as a Therapeutic Strategy of Liver Disease = 326
12.3.1 Manipulation of Gut Flora and Its Effect on Infections in Cirrhosis = 326
12.3.2 Manipulation of Gut Flora and Its Effect on Infections in Liver Transplants = 329
References = 329
13 Biliary Infection, Pancreatic Infection and Microecology = 333
13.1 Biliary Infection and Microecology = 333
13.1.1 Microecology Foundation of Biliary Tract System = 334
13.1.2 Biliary Infection and Microecology = 338
13.1.3 Microecology Treatment of Biliary Tract Infection = 343
13.2 Pancreatic Infection and Microecology = 349
13.2.1 Microecology Foundation of the Pancreas = 350
13.2.2 Pancreatic Infection and Microecology = 351
13.2.3 Microecology Therapies for Pancreatic Infection = 359
References = 367
14 Infectious Microecology in Urinary Tract and Reproductive System = 377
14.1 Introduction = 377
14.2 Infections of the Urinary Tract = 378
14.2.1 Definitions = 378
14.2.2 Classification = 379
14.3 Diagnosis = 380
14.3.1 Upper Urinary Tract Infection(UUTI) = 381
14.3.2 Lowerr Urinaru Tract Infections(LUTI) = 390
14.3.3 Factors Increasing Morbidity and／or Mortality = 395
14.4 Prostatitis and Related Disorders = 396
14.4.1 Epidemiology = 397
14.4.2 Pathophysiology = 398
14.4.3 Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Evaluation = 398
14.4.4 Causative Pathogens in Prostatitis = 399
14.4.5 Treatment of Bacterial Prostatitis = 400
14.4.6 Conclusions = 403
References = 403
15 Infectious Microecology in the Diseases of the Respiratory System = 411
15.1 Ecological Space and Microecological Characteristics of the Respiratory System = 411
15.1.1 Non-Specific Defense Mechanism = 411
15.1.2 Specific Defense Mechanism = 413
15.2 Microecology and Microecology Changes in Respiratory System Infection = 414
15.3 Microecology of Respiratory System Fungal Infection = 416
15.3.1 Pulmonary Candidiasis = 416
15.3.2 Pulmonary Aspergillosis = 417
15.3.3 Pulmonary Cryptococcosis = 417
15.3.4 Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis = 418
15.4 Microecology of Respiratory System Viral Infection = 418
15.5 Microecology of Respiratory System Mycobacterial Infection = 419
15.5.1 Pulmonary Tuberculosis = 420
15.5.2 Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Disease = 424
15.6 Main Measures of Microecological Prevention／Treatment and Respiratory System Ecological Prevention／Treatment in Anti-Infective Therapy = 426
References = 428
16 Infectious Microecology of Skin = 431
16.1 Histological Structures of Skin = 431
16.1.1 Epidermis = 432
16.1.2 The Dermis = 433
16.1.3 Subcutaneous Tissue = 434
16.1.4 Cutaneous Appendages : The Adnexa = 434
16.2 Functions of Skin = 436
16.2.1 Biological Barrier Function of Skin = 436
16.2.2 Immune Function of Skin = 437
16.2.3 Functions of the Sweat Gland and Sebaceous Gland = 439
16.2.4 Nutritional Metabolism of Skin = 441
16.2.5 Thermo-Regulation of Skin = 442
16.3 Characteristics of Cutaneous Microecology = 443
16.3.1 Normal Microbial Community of the Skin = 443
16.3.2 Influential Factors of Cutaneous Normal Microflora = 448
16.3.3 Physiological Function of Normal Cutaneous Microfloras = 454
16.4 Microecological Disturbance and Cutaneous Disorders = 455
16.4.1 Bacteria and Cutaneous Diseases = 455
16.4.2 Fungi and Cutaneous Diseases = 457
16.4.3 Virus and Cutaneous Diseases = 463
16.4.4 Warts = 466
16.5 Ecological Prevention and Treatment of Cutaneous Diseases = 468
16.5.1 Protect the Macroecological Environment = 468
16.5.2 Improve the Microecological Environment = 468
16.5.3 Use Antibiotics Appropriately = 470
16.5.4 Apply the Microecological Reagents = 470
16.6 Prospects = 473
References = 474
17 Infectious Microecology of the Hematological System = 477
17.1 Defensive Function of Blood = 477
17.1.1 Cellular Components of Blood = 478
17.1.2 Non-Cellular Components of Blood = 479
17.2 Molecular Ecology and Hematological Disease = 480
17.2.1 Apoptosis and Hematological Disease = 481
17.2.2 Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes and Signal Conducting Molecules = 487
17.2.3 TelomereTelomerase = 491
17.3 Microecological Changes and Hematologic Diseases = 493
17.3.1 Helicobacter Pylori and Primary Gastric Lymphoma = 493
17.3.2 Microecological Changes and Erythrocyte Disorders = 495
17.3.3 Microecological Changes and Leukocyte Diseases = 499
17.3.4 Infection and Bleeding Disorders = 502
17.4 Treatment of Hematologic Diseases and Infective Microecology = 507
17.4.1 Predisposing Factors and Pathogens = 507
17.4.2 The Principles of Treatment = 509
17.5 Molecular Ecological Treatment = 510
17.5.1 Genic Ecological Treatment = 510
17.5.2 Immune Ecological Treatment = 513
References = 515
18 Infectious Microecology in Solid-Organ Transplantation = 519
18.1 Screening of Donor and Recipient Prior to Solid-Organ Transplantation = 520
18.1.1 Donor-Derived Infections = 520
18.1.2 Recipient-Derived Infections = 521
18.2 Timeline of Infection Post-Transplantation = 522
18.2.1 Early Period(1-4 weeks) = 523
18.2.2 Intermediate Period(1-6 months) = 523
18.2.3 Late Period(After 6 months) = 523
18.3 Prevention of Infection in Solid-Organ Transplantation = 524
18.3.1 Viral Infections = 524
18.3.2 Bacterial Infections = 527
18.3.3 Fungal Infections = 528
18.3.4 Parasitic Infections = 530
References = 531
19 Microecology of Infections Associated with Surgery and Trauma = 533
19.1 Main Pathogenic Bacteria Associated with Surgical and Trauma-Related Infections = 534
19.1.1 Changes to the Spectrum of the Pathogenic Bacteria = 534
19.1.2 Predominant Pathogenic Bacteria = 538
19.1.3 Primary Pathogenic Factors = 541
19.2 Post-Surgery- and Post-Trauma-Related Wound Infections = 542
19.2.1 Etiology and Pathogenesis of Wound Infections = 543
19.2.2 Prevention and Treatment of Wound Infections = 543
19.3 Intra-Abdominal Infections Associated with Surgery and Trauma = 547
19.3.1 Acute Peritonitis Resulting from Surgery and Trauma = 547
19.3.2 Intra-Abdominal Abscesses after Surgery and Trauma = 549
19.4 Enterogenic Infections Associated with Post-Surgery and Trauma = 550
19.4.1 Intestinal Barrier Function = 551
19.4.2 Intestinal Barrier Function and Bacterial Translocation = 554
19.4.3 Clinical Manifestations of Enterogenic Infections = 556
19.4.4 Prevention and Treatment of Enterogenic Infections = 557
19.5 Prevention and Prognosis of Surgical and Traumatic Infections = 558
19.5.1 Prevention of Post-Surgical and Post-Traumatic Infections = 559
19.5.2 Conventional Treatments Associated with Surgery and Wound Infections = 561
19.5.3 Complications of Severe Surgical and Wound Infections Prevention and Treatment of Sepsis and MOF = 563
19.5.4 Future Directions = 566
References = 566
20 Infective Microecology of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy = 569
20.1 Mechanism of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy = 569
20.1.1 Chemotherapy = 569
20.1.2 Radiotherapy = 572
20.2 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy Effect on Microecology = 574
20.2.1 Cancer Patients and Microecology = 574
20.2.2 Microdysbiosis in Cancer Patients = 578
20.3 Microecology of Infection Caused by Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy = 580
20.3.1 Prevention and Treatment of Infection-Related Chemotherapy Toxicity = 581
20.3.2 Prevention and Treatment of Infection-Related Radiotherapy Toxicity = 582
20.3.3 Prevention and Treatment of Cancer Patients Infection = 584
20.3.4 Microecological Control of Cancer Patients = 587
20.4 Prospects = 589
References = 590
21 Infectious Microecology in Immunodeficiency Diseases = 593
21.1 HIV, Immune Deficiency, Old View = 594
21.2 Immune Activation in HIV Infection = 595
21.3 Breakdown of Mucosal Immunity = 596
21.4 Solving the Problem from the Microecological Viewpoint = 598
21.5 HIV-1 Infection in Mucosa Scope = 600
21.6 Through Microbiota and Beyond = 601
21.7 Probiotics and HIV = 604
References = 605
22 Microecology Intervention in Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases = 611
22.1 Theoretical Basis of Microecological Prevention and Treatment = 611
22.1.1 The Principle of Microecology Balance = 612
22.1.2 Principles of Biological Antagonism = 612
22.1.3 Biological Oxygen Consumption Hypothesis = 613
22.1.4 Immune Activating = 613
22.1.5 Nutritional Effect = 613
22.1.6 Three Circulations Theory = 614
22.1.7 Continuous Succession Effect = 614
22.2 Microecological Modulators = 615
22.2.1 Probiotics Definitions = 615
22.2.2 Characteristics and Classification of Probiotics = 616
22.2.3 Bio-Safety of Probiotics = 617
22.2.4 Bifidobacterium Products = 619
22.2.5 Lactobacillus Products = 620
22.2.6 Bacillus Products = 622
22.2.7 Saccharomyces Preparations = 623
22.2.8 Enterococcus Preparations = 624
22.2.9 Clostridium Butyricum Preparation = 625
22.3 Prebiotics Preparation = 625
22.3.1 Definition = 626
22.3.2 Oligosaccharide as Prebiotics = 627
22.3.3 Physiological Function = 628
22.4 Application of Probiotics and Prebiotics = 631
22.4.1 Gastrointestinal Tract Infection Diseases Prevention = 631
22.4.2 Constipation Treatment = 632
22.4.3 Prevention and Treatment of Hepatic Diseases = 633
22.4.4 Prevention of Hypercholesterolemia = 635
22.4.5 Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome = 635
22.4.6 Prevention and Treatment of Vaginal Infection Diseases = 636
22.4.7 Application in Pediatric Diseases and Infant Care = 636
22.4.8 Application in Antitumor = 637
References = 638
23 Future Development of Infectious Microecology = 639
23.1 Evolving View of Infectious Disease = 639
23.2 Advances in Molecular Ecological Techniques = 640
23.3 Normal Human Microbiota = 641
23.4 Interactions between Infectious Diseases and Microbiota = 642
23.4.1 Disturbance of Normal Microbiota by Therapy = 642
23.4.2 Microbiota and Viral Infection = 643
23.4.3 Microbiota and Autoimmunity Disease = 644
23.5 Therapy = 644
23.5.1 Probiotics or Prebiotics = 644
23.5.2 Other Bacteriologic Therapy = 645
23.5.3 The Role of Microbiota in Drug Metabolism = 646
23.6 Summary and Prospects = 646
References = 647
Index = 649

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Infectious microecology : theory and applications

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