In enormous studies, it was reported that vitamin D from exposure to sunlight or from a usual diet have some beneficial effects on bone metabolism and other chronic diseases and the importance of vitamin D is continuously emerging. However, since ther...
In enormous studies, it was reported that vitamin D from exposure to sunlight or from a usual diet have some beneficial effects on bone metabolism and other chronic diseases and the importance of vitamin D is continuously emerging. However, since there are possibility for both deficiency and toxicity of vitamin D and calcium, guidelines on food fortifications need to be developed. For this, assessment of the current status of nutritional status and fortification are required. So this study was conducted to 1) develop the database of vitamin D and calcium content, 2) evaluation of vitamin D (diet and serum) and calcium status, and 3) review the CODEX and fortification policies and propose the draft guideline on fortification. As the results, a HPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of vitamin D (D2 and D3) and database of vitamin D (common and fortified foods) and calcium (fortified foods) content were developed. Through monitoring fortification levels of processed foods (total 105 items), there was no violation of policy. Intake of vitamin D and calcium was lower than dietary references intakes, but individuals who highly consumed milk and fishes might have sufficient vitamin D and calcium intake. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in winter season was lower than that in summer season, but it was positively associated with dietary vitamin intake. According to exposure assessment, it was observed that there was no concern of excessive intake in Koreans with mean intake although considering multiple intake from all possible dietary sources. However, due to lack of clinical/non-clinical studies, the general principles for fortification (but not specific guideline) derived from analysis of CODEX and fortification policies in other countries.