Xenobiotics and inflammation

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Contributors = xiii
• Foreword = xv
• Preface = xix
• 1 Immunotoxicty and Inflammation: An Overview / Gary J. Rosenthal ; Michael I. Luster
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 1
• Ⅱ. General Mechanisms of Xenobiotic Immunotoxicity Relating to Inflammation = 2
• A. Systemic Immunosuppression = 2
• B. Hypersensitivity = 4
• C. Immune and Inflammatory Responses in the Lung = 6
• D. Immune and Inflammatory Responses in the Skin = 8
• E. Autoimmunity = 10
• Ⅲ. Immunotoxicity of Drugs = 11
• Ⅳ. Summary = 12
• References = 13
• 2 The Inflammatory Process / Elizabeth J. Kovacs ; Michelle R. Frazier-Jessen
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 17
• Ⅱ. Inflammatory Cells = 17
• A. Cells of Acuts Inflammation = 17
• B. Cells of Chronic Inflammation = 20
• Jonlymphoid Cells = 22
• Ⅲ. Inflammatory Process = 23
• A. Chemotaxis = 24
• B. Cell Adhesion Molecules = 24
• C. Actions of Effector Cells = 25
• Ⅳ. Resolution of Inflammation = 27
• Ⅴ. Summary = 27
• References = 28
• 3 Inflammatory Cytokines: An Overview / Mary E. Brandes ; Sharon M. Wahl
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 33
• Ⅱ. Inflammatory Cytokines: Biology and Biochemistry = 38
• A. Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins = 39
• B. Transforming Growth Factor β = 41
• C. Interleukin 1 = 44
• D. Tumor Necrosis Factor α = 46
• E. Colony Stimulating Factors = 48
• F. Interleukin 2 = 50
• G. Interferon γ = 50
• H. Interleukin 4 = 52
• I. Interleukin 6 = 53
• J. Cytokines Involved in Repair = 54
• K. Cytokine Mediators of Humoral Immunity = 56
• Ⅲ. Additional Considerations = 56
• References = 58
• 4 Induction of Inflammation: Cytokines and Acute-Phase Proteins / C.D. Richards ; J. Gauldie
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 71
• Ⅱ. Acute-Phase Proteins = 72
• A. Characteristics = 72
• B. Role in Homeostasis = 74
• Ⅲ. Regulation of Hepatic Responses = 75
• A. Cytokines = 75
• B. Interaction of Cytokines = 79
• C. Receptors = 81
• D. Signal Transduction = 81
• E. Gene Regulation = 82
• Ⅳ. Production of Cytokines at Tissue Sites = 83
• A. Cell Sources = 83
• B. Modulation of IL-6 = 84
• C. Action of Xenobiotics = 86
• Ⅴ. Summary = 87
• References = 88
• 5 Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor α in Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Responses: Novel Therapeutic Approaches / Carl K. Edwards Ⅲ ; Shawn M. Borcherding ; Jun Zhang ; David R. Borcherding
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 97
• Ⅱ. General Properties of Tumor Necrosis Factor α = 98
• Ⅲ. Regulation of TNFα Gene Expression = 98
• A. Transcriptional Regulation = 99
• B. Posttranscriptional Regulation = 101
• Ⅳ. Role of TNFα in Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Processes = 102
• A. Septicemia = 102
• B. Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome = 108
• C. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome = 110
• D. Inflammatory Bowel Disease = 114
• E. Bacterial Meningitis = 115
• F. Rheumatoid Arthritis = 117
• G. Malaria = 119
• Ⅴ. Design of TNFα Inhibitors = 120
• A. Potential Targets for the Design of TNFα Inhibitor = 121
• B. Signal Transduction, Transcription, and Translation of the TNFα Gene = 121
• C. TNFα Processing = 125
• D. Down-regulation of TNFα Receptors = 126
• E. Inhibition of TNFα Cytotoxicity = 127
• F. TNFα Inhibitors with Unknown Mechanisms of Action = 127
• Ⅵ. Evidence of a Pro-inflammatory Role for TNFα in Superantigen-Induced Arthritis = 129
• Ⅶ. Conclusion = 136
• References = 136
• 6 Bone Marrow Phagocytes, Inflammatory Mediators, and Benzene Toxicity / Laureen Maceachern ; Debra L. Laskin
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 149
• A. Microenvironment of the Bone Marrow = 150
• B. Developing Cells within the Bone Marrow = 151
• Ⅱ. Regulation of Hematopoiesis = 151
• A. Stem Cell Development and Myelopoiesis = 151
• B. Lymphopoiesis = 152
• Ⅲ. Effects of Benzene on Bone Marrow = 152
• A. Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells = 152
• B. Bone Marrow Stromal Cells = 153
• C. Stromal Macrophages = 154
• Ⅳ. Benzene-Induced Alterations in Bone Marrow Cell Proliferation = 160
• Ⅴ. Effects of Modifying Macrophage Function on Benzene Toxicity = 161
• Ⅵ. Model for Benzene-Induced Hematotoxicity = 162
• Ⅶ. Summary and Conclusions = 163
• References = 164
• 7 Dimethylnitorsamine-Associated Inflammation: Induction of Cytokines Affecting Macrophage Differentiation and Functions / Lawrence B. Schook ; Alice L. Witsell ; John F. Lockwood ; Michael J. Myers
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 173
• Ⅱ. Effects on Cytokine Production, Macrophage Differentiation, and Immune Responses = 177
• A. DMN-Induced Alteration of Stem Cell Response to Hematopoietic Growth Factors = 177
• B. Induction of Serum GM-CSF Activity after DMN Exposure = 179
• C. DMN-Induced IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6 Inflammatory Cytokine Expression = 179
• D. Transcriptional Changes in TNFα Expression after DMN Exposure = 180
• E. Alteration of Macrophage Antitumor Activity after DMN Exposure = 181
• F. Differential Immunocompetence of Macrophages Derived Using CSF-1 or GM-CSF = 181
• G. Enhanced Macrophage Antimicrobial Activity after DMN Exposure: Augmented Production of Reactive Oxygen Intermediates = 182
• H. Role of Acute Phase Reactants in DMN-Induced Inflammatory Responses = 183
• I. Augmented Macrophage PGE2 Production after DMN Exposure: Relevance to Suppressed T Cell Responses = 184
• Ⅲ. Role of Hematopoietic Growth Factors and Developmental Mechanisms in Macrophage Heterogeneity = 185
• Ⅳ. Paradox of Enhanced Macrophage Functions and Suppressed T Cell Responses = 187
• References = 189
• 8 Effects of Metals on Lymphocyte Development and Function / Michael J. Mccabe, Jr ; David A. Lawrence
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 193
• Ⅱ. Thymocytes and Mature T Cell Subpopulations = 195
• Ⅲ. Signal Transduction in Cells of the T Lineage = 196
• Ⅳ. Physiological Regulation of Thymocyte Maturation by Metal Ions = 198
• Ⅴ. Toxic Effects of Metals on Thymocytes = 201
• A. Organotin Compounds = 201
• B. Other Metals = 203
• Ⅵ. B Lymphocytes = 203
• References = 208
• 9 Xenobiotic-Induced Skin Toxicity / Jeffrey D. Laskin ; Diane E. Heck
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 217
• Ⅱ. Barriers to Xenobiotic Toxicity = 218
• Ⅲ. Responses of Skin to Xenobiotics = 219
• Ⅳ. Consequences of Xenobiotic Toxicity = 222
• Ⅴ. Cellular Defenses against Xenobiotic-Induced Tissue Damage = 223
• Ⅵ. Summary = 224
• References = 225
• 10 Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis: A Cytokine Hypothesis / George Ku ; Richard L. Jackson
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 233
• Ⅱ. 〃Response-to-Injury〃 Hypothesis = 233
• Ⅲ. Infiltration and Modification of Low Density Lipoproteins Hypothesis = 234
• Ⅳ. Minimally Modified Low Density Lipoprotein-Induced Expression of Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecules and Release of Chemotactic Factors = 236
• Ⅴ. Monocyte Infiltration and Fatty Steak Formation = 236
• Ⅵ. Induction of Cytokine Release by Modified Low Density Lipoproteins = 237
• Ⅶ. Interleukin-1β-Induced Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation = 237
• Ⅷ. Activation of T Lymphocytes during Atherogenesis = 238
• Ⅸ. Antioxidants as Antiatherosclerosis Agents = 238
• Ⅹ. Summary = 239
• XI. Future Direction in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis = 242
• References = 242
• 11 Ozone-Induced Inflammatory Response in Pulmonary Cells / Hillel S. Koren ; Robert B. Devlin ; Susanne Becker
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 249
• Ⅱ. Inflammatory Effects of Ozone on Humans and Animals Exposed in Vivo = 252
• A. Human Studies = 252
• B. Animal Studies = 256
• C. Variability among Individuals and Animal Strains in Response to Ozone = 261
• Ⅲ. In Vitro Studies of Pulmonary Cells after Exposure to Ozone = 262
• A. In Vitro Studies of in Vivo Exposed Cells = 263
• B. In Vitro Ozone Exposure Studies = 264
• Ⅳ. Discussion and Conclusions = 268
• References = 273
• 12 Pulmonary Fibrosis Induced by Silica, Asbestos, and bleomycin / Pierre F. Piguet
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 283
• Ⅱ. Bleomycin-Induced Fibrosis = 283
• A. Clinical Observations = 283
• B. Pulmonary Fibrosis in Animal Models = 284
• C. Involvement of the Immune Response = 284
• Ⅲ. Pulmonary Dust Diseases = 285
• A. Particle Clearance = 285
• B. Interaction Between Particles and Various Cell Types in Vitro = 286
• C. Involvement of the Immune Response = 288
• Ⅳ. Fibrogenic Cytokines Produced during Pulmonary Fibrosis = 288
• A. Methodological Considerations in the Evaluation of Cytokine Production = 290
• B. Correlations between Pulmonary Fibrosis and the Production of Fibrogenic Cytokines = 290
• C. Effect of Cytokine or Anticytokine Agents = 291
• Ⅴ. Is Tumor Necrosis Factor the Main Effector of Pulmonary Fibrosis? = 292
• A. Evidence for a Key Role for TNFα = 292
• B. Cellular Origin of TNF and Mechanism of Activation = 292
• C. Negative Correlations between TNF Overproduction and Fibrosis = 293
• Ⅵ. Conclusions: Pathogenesis and Outlook = 295
• A. Bleomycin = 295
• B. Dust Diseases = 295
• C. Outlook = 296
• References = 296
• 13 Nonparenchymal Cells, Inflammatory Mediators, and Hepatotoxicity / Debra L. Laskin
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 301
• Ⅱ. Hepatic Sinusoidal Cells = 302
• A. Kupffer Cells = 303
• B. Endothelial Cells = 304
• C. Fat-Storing Cells = 305
• Ⅲ. Role of Hepatic Macrophages and Their Mediators in Hepatotoxicity = 305
• A. Mechanisms of Macrophage Accumulation and Activation in the Liver = 309
• B. Effects of Modifying Macrophage Function on Hepatotoxicity = 310
• C. Role of Endothelial Cells and Fat-Storing Cells in Hepatotoxicity = 311
• D. Model of Hepatotoxicity = 312
• Ⅳ. Conclusion = 312
• References = 312
• 14 Central Nervous System: Viral Infection and Immune-Mediated Inflammation / Georgia Schuller-Levis ; Piotr B. Kozlowski ; Richard J. Kascsak
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 321
• Ⅱ. Autoimmunity in the Central Nervous System = 327
• A. Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis = 327
• Ⅲ. Cytokines in the Central Nervous System = 329
• A. TGF-β1 and IL-1 = 329
• B. IL-2, IL-6, TNFα, IFN-γ = 331
• C. Other Cytokines = 332
• Ⅳ. Virus Infection of the Central Nervous System = 332
• A. Viral Entry = 333
• B. Target Specificity = 333
• C. Virus-Mediated Immune Reaction = 334
• D. Virus-Induced Autoimmunity = 335
• E. Viral Persistence = 336
• F. Viral Latency = 337
• G. Chronic Progressive Noninflammatory Infection = 338
• Ⅴ. Conclusion = 339
• References = 340
• Index = 349