Positron emission tomography is a unique and an analytical nuclear medicine imaging technology that uses positron-labeled compounds to visualize and measure many biological processes in living subjects. PET imaging provides a way of obtaining informat...
Positron emission tomography is a unique and an analytical nuclear medicine imaging technology that uses positron-labeled compounds to visualize and measure many biological processes in living subjects. PET imaging provides a way of obtaining information non-invasively, while maintaining superior sensitivity in diagnosis, prognosis, and staging, as well as monitoring the effects of treatment. To improve the diagnostic accuracy of PET images, attenuation correction must be done by measuring attenuation factors. This is accomplished using a transmission source such as 68Ge or 137Cs, because the attenuation of photons is the most important factor in preventing the degradation of the PET image quality. Combined positron emission tomographycomputerized tomography (PETCT) scanners have been recently introduced, and it allows for both functional and anatomical images to be inherently co-registered. It is also possible to use the CT scan for attenuation correction. Recent studies show that metallic materials and contrast agents can produce inappropriate FDG uptake in conventional and the CT-based attenuation correction, which can cause misinterpretation of PET images. The purpose of this dissertation was to study the impact of metallic materials and contrast agents in PET and PETCT images. Simulation and experiments were done to study the severity of artifacts from aluminum and titanium when there is motion between emission and transmission scans. A variety of factors were evaluated, including size and density of the metallic materials, transmission and emission noise levels, image resolution, amount of shift, and transmission and emission processing. Simulation and experiments were done to study the effects of contrast agents. A variety of factors were estimated, including non-uniform enhancement of contrast agent, concentration and distribution size of contrast agent, noise level, image resolution, reconstruction algorithm, hypo-attenuation of contrast agent, and different time phases for contrast agent. The combination of motion between transmission and emission scans and small dense structures produced artifacts on attenuation-corrected PET images. The severity of the effects depends on a variety of factors, including the size and density of metallic materials, the transmission and emission noise levels, the amount of shift, and the transmission and emission processing. Contrast agents introduced artifacts and degraded image quality on the attenuation-corrected PET images. The severity of these effects depends on a variety of factors, including the concentration and distribution size of contrast agent, the noise levels, the image resolution, and the reconstruction algorithm. The non-uniform enhancement of contrast agent in transmission map produced inappropriate hyper-uptake on the attenuation-corrected emission images. Hypo-attenuation of contrast agent in tumors can degrade the tumor intensity on the attenuation-corrected emission images and degradation of the tumor intensity is influenced by different time phases. Our simulation and experimental results indicated that the impact of metallic materials and contrast agents should be considered with a full understanding of their potential problems in clinical PET and PETCT images.