기술적 비관세조치(SPM, TBT)의 무역효과 분석 = Analyzing the trade effects of NTMs (Technical Measures) : A Review of the Empirical Literature

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Policy substitution NTMs(Non-tariff Measures) have been concerned with the potential Instrument for barriers under International Trde Regimes despite reciprocal reduction of conventional tariff barriers such as Tariff, Quata, Export subsidy. Research for the trade effects of NTMs(Technical Measures) focused on Technical Measures(TBT: Technical Barriers to Trade, SPM: Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures) which are mainly activating become important policy projects since these have continued to be disaggregated and sophisticated. The result in the trade effect of NTM(Trade barrier or Trade Catalyst) suggests that significant differences due to development level of Countries(or Income-level), Firm size and prior experience, tariff substitution or complementarity. To minimize Regulratory Heterogeneity, The developed-led IRC(International Regulatory Cooperation) mechanisms(e.g intergovernmental bodies like the Codex Alimentarius Commission) has to be more intensified; i.e. it is not to remove NTMs(regulations), but to make them compatible with country-specialized characteristic and respect the preservation of a level playing- field for all competitors to improve International Trde Regimes.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 류경임, "한국표준협회미디어" 2015

2 최보영, "한·중·일의 비관세장벽 완화를 위한 3국 협력방안 : 규제적 조치를 중심으로" 대외경제정책연구원 2015

3 "옥스퍼드 영한사전"

4 조문희, "신보호무역주의하에서의 비관세조치 현황과 영향에 관한 연구:UNCTAD 비관세조치 분류체계를 중심으로" 대외경제정책연구원 2017

5 한석호, "메가 FTA의 경제효과 분석 방법론 개선방향을 위한 기초연구" 경제·인문사회연구회 2016

6 조성주, "국제통상환경변화와 농업통상전략" 한국농촌경제연구원 2017

7 Webb, John Gibson, "market access implication of non-tariff measures: estimates for four developed country market" 42 (42): 376-395, 2019

8 "https://ntmsurvey.intracen.org/support-materials/understanding-ntms/"

9 강민지, "WTO SPS 분쟁사례 연구" 대외경제정책연구원 2016

10 Maertens, M., "Trade, standards, and poverty: Evidence from Senegal" 37 (37): 161-178, 2009

11 Trefler, D., "Trade liberalization and the theory of endogenous protection: An econometric study of US import policy" 101 (101): 138-160, 1993

12 Lee, J. ‐W., "Trade barriers and trade flows across countries and industries" 79 (79): 372-382, 1997

13 WTO, "Trade and public policies: A closer look at non‐tariff measures in the 21st century" World Trade Organization, Geneva 2012

14 Mansfield D., "The political economy of nontariff barriers: a cross-national analysis" 49 (49): 723-749, 1995

15 Crivelli, P., "The impact of sanitary and phytosanitary measures on market entry and trade flows" 39 : 444-473, 2016

16 Disdier, A. -C., "The impact of regulations on agricultural trade: Evidence from the SPS and TBT agreements" 90 (90): 336-350, 2008

17 Ghodsi, M., "The evolution of non-tariff measures andtheir diverse effects on trade" (419) : 2017

18 Ferro, E., "The effect of product standards on agricultural exports" 50 : 68-79, 2015

19 Winchester, N., "The Impact ofRegulatory Heterogeneity on Agri-Food Trade. The World Regulatory Heterogeneity on Agri-Food Trade" 35 (35): 973-993, 2012

20 Sung Ju Cho, "The Impact of Structure Similarity of Nontariff Measures on Agricultural Trade" MDPI 12 (12): 1-13, 2020

21 Dela‐Dem Doe Fiankor, "The Heterogeneous effects of Standards on agricultural trade flows" 72 (72): 25-46, 2021

22 Disdier, Anne-Célia, "The Combination of Gravity and Welfare Approaches for Evaluating Nontariff Measures" 92 (92): 713-726, 2010

23 Ronen, Eyal, "Tariffs and Non-Tariff Measures: Substitutes or Complements. A Cross Country Analysis" 48 (48): 45-72, 2017

24 Ray E., "Tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade in the United States and abroad" 63 (63): 161-168, 1981

25 Foletti, Liliana, "Stricter regulation boosts exports: the case of Maximum Residue Levels in pesticides" swiss NCCR 2014

26 Anders, S. M., "Standards as barriers versus standards as catalysts: Assessing the impact of HACCP implementation on US seafood imports" 91 : 310-321, 2009

27 Marion Dovis, "Standards Harmonization as Export Promotion" CEPII, PSE 2014

28 Otsuki, T., "Saving Two in a Billion: Quantifying the Trade Effect of European Food Safety Standards on African Exports" 26 : 495-514, 2001

29 Bhagwati, J. N., "Protectionism" MIT Press 1988

30 Fontagne, L., "Product standards and margins of trade: Firm level evidence" 97 (97): 29-44, 2015

31 Drogu´e, S., "Pesticide Residues and Trade, the Apple of Discord?" 37 (37): 641-649, 2012

32 Bradford, S., "Paying the price : final goods protection in OECD countries" 85 (85): 24-37, 2003

33 Broda, C., "Optimal tariffs and market power: The evidence" 98 (98): 2032-2065, 2008

34 Disdier, A. C., "North–South standards harmonization and international trade" 29 : 327-352, 2015

35 Josh Ederington, "Non-tariff Measures and The World Trading System" 2016

36 Reyes, J. D., "International harmonization of product standards and firm heterogeneity in international trade" World Bank 2011

37 UNCTAD, "International Classification of non-tariff measures. 2012 Version"

38 Rau, M. -L., "Index of Heterogeneity of Requirements inInternational Agri-Food Trade" 2010

39 조성주, "Impacts of SPS and TBT measures on Korean Agricultural Exports: An Analysis by Disaggregated Products" 한국국제통상학회 24 (24): 1-19, 2019

40 Kang, J.W, "Impact of sanitary and phytosanitary measures and technical barriers on international trade" 51 (51): 539-574, 2017

41 Kaoru Nabeshima, "Impact of Regulatory Burdens on International Trade" 59 : 101120-, 2021

42 Grundke, Robert, "Hidden protectionism? Evidence from non-tariff barriers to trade in the United States" University of Salzburg, Department of Social Sciences and Economics 2016

43 Czubala, Witold, "Help or Hindrance? TheImpact of Harmonized Standards on African Exports" 18 (18): 711-744, 2009

44 Dean, J. M., "Estimating the price effects of non‐tariff barriers" 9 (9): 1-41, 2009

45 Chen, M. X, "Do standards matter for export success?" World Bank 2008

46 Hoda El-Enbabya, "Do SPS measures matter for margins of trade? Evidence from firm-level data" 48 (48): 1949-1964, 2016

47 Bagwell K., "Can the Doha Round be a Development Round? Setting a Place at the Table, Globalization in an Age of Crisis: Multilateral Economic Cooperation in the Twenty-First Century" University of Chicago Press 2014

48 Alberto Portugal‐Perez, "Beyond the Information Technology Agreement: Harmonisation of Standards and Trade in Electronics" 33 (33): 1870-1897, 2010

49 Grant J., "Assessing the impact of SPS regulations on U.S.fresh fruit and vegetable exports" 40 (40): 144-163, 2015

50 Niu Z, "Are nontariff measures and tariffs substitutes? Some panel data evidence" 28 : 408-428, 2020