Introduction: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have emerging role in many cancer types. A certain proportion of patients who are treated with ICI have long-term durable response but finally progress and show acquired resistance to ICI. However, acqu...
Introduction: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have emerging role in many cancer types. A certain proportion of patients who are treated with ICI have long-term durable response but finally progress and show acquired resistance to ICI. However, acquired resistance mechanism of ICI has not yet been elucidated. This study analyzed the changes after acquisition of resistance to ICI through genomic, transcriptomic, and pathologic analyses of tumor samples of patients who were diagnosed as ICI-eligible type of cancer such as head and neck cancer or genitourinary cancer, in a comprehensive manner that takes into account both tumor-side (tumor-intrinsic) and immune-side (tumor-extrinsic)
Materials and Methods: The patients with immunogenic tumors (renal cell carcinoma, urothelial cell carcinoma, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma) who received ICI between Dec 2013 and June 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients who experienced response to ICI (complete response, partial response, or stable disease > 6 months) followed by progression and had available formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues were enrolled. Whole exome sequencing, RNA sequencing and multiplex immunohistochemistry were performed on pre-treatment and resistant tumor samples. Tumor mutation burden, mutational signature and acquired resistance-associated somatic mutation were identified. Immune infiltrates, immune-related parameters such as immune checkpoints and immune activation markers, and the components of tumor microenvironment were evaluated. Evaluated parameters were classified into tumor-intrinsic and tumor-extrinsic – local immunity and systemic immunity.
Results: A total of 6 patients were analyzed. The median time to acquired resistance was 370 days (range, 210 to 739 days). Patient #1, who was diagnosed as human papillomavirus-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, exhibited evident APOBEC-associated mutational signature in both pre-treatment and post-treatment samples. Resistance tumor tissue of the patient harbored a missense mutation (E542K) in gene encoding PI3KCA, which can activate PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and may result in AR. In this patient, tumor mutational burden increased after ICI, whereas levels of cytotoxic CD8-positive T cells and immune checkpoints such as PD-1, LAG3, or TIM3 were all decreased during AR. In patient #2, multiplex immunohistochemistry and RNA sequencing revealed the higher level of expression of alternative immune checkpoints including PD-1, LAG3 and TIM3 as well as CD8-positive tumor infiltrating lymphocytes were observed in post-treatment tumor than in pre-treatment tumor. Patient #3 showed a stop-gain mutation in gene encoding AXIN2, and patient #4 showed a frameshift deletion mutation in gene encoding TET2. In any of the patients, no significant mutations or copy number alterations of antigen presenting machinery or interferon-γ pathway were detected.
Conclusion: This study found that alternative immune checkpoint molecules were elevated after acquisition of resistance to ICI. Moreover, APOBEC-mediated PIK3CA mutagenesis might be a potential mechanism of acquired resistance.