유럽연합 경찰협력 체계 사례와 시사점 = Examples and Implications of the European Union Police Cooperation System

국문 초록 (Abstract)

유럽연합 체제가 완성되면서 회원국들은 새로운 내적 위협에 직면하게 되었다. 이에 대응하여 회원국 간 협력적 경찰활동을 강화하고, 유럽연합 차원의 공동대응을 추진하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 유럽연합 회원국 간의 경찰협력에 관한 EU 입법(규칙, 지침, 결정, 권고 및 의견)을 분석하고, EU 경찰 협력체계의 법·제도적 운영 및 정책 추진 사례를 검토함으로써 3가지 시사점을 도출하고 있다. 첫째, 유럽연합은 형사사법 분야에 대한 회원국의 국가 고권을 원칙적으로 보장하면서 유연한 방식으로 협력을 촉진하고 있다. 옵트 아웃(opt-outs, 선택적 이탈권)이나 보충 협약을 통한 자국 의회의 우선 결정권 등은 전통적인 경찰권과 사법권의 일부 기능을 회원국 고유권한으로 유보하는 제도이다. 둘째, 유럽연합의 경찰협력 체계는 ‘상호 운용성(Interoperability)’에 중점을 두고 있다. 상호 운용성은 유럽 입법기구의 입법과정에서 구현되고 있을 뿐만 아니라 유럽 경찰대학(CEPOL)의 교육목표 및 교육과정에도 반영되어 유럽 경찰협력 체계의 기본 철학이라고 평가할 수 있다. 셋째, 유럽연합은 EMPACT를 중심으로 유동적인 범죄 위협을 다양한 분야의 법집행기관 자료를 분석하여 중점 대응 범죄 우선순위를 정한다. 그리고 문제해결을 위해 4년 정책 주기로 예방, 진압, 선제적 접근, 전술·전략·실무 단위 등 통합적 관점에서 정책을 추진하고 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

With the establishment of the European Union system, member states are confronted with novel internal threats. In light of this, there has been an enhancement in collaborative police initiatives among member states, with a concurrent emphasis on fostering joint responses at the European Union level. This study analyzes EU legislation (Regulation, Directive, Decision, Recommendation, and Opinion) on police cooperation among member states and reviews the legal and institutional frameworks and provides an analysis of policy implementation cases. Three implications are derived from this. Firstly, the European Union facilitates cooperation in a flexible manner, ensuring, in principle, the Member States' sovereignty over the the realm of criminal justice through the utilization of diverse mechanisms, such as Opt-outs or the provision of supplementary agreements that grant national parliaments the right to prioritize their interests. Secondly, the police cooperation system of the European Union places emphasis on the concept of 'interoperability'. Interoperability is not only integrated into the legislative process of the European legislative body, but it is also evident in the educational objectives and curriculum of the CEPOL. This can be seen as the fundamental philosophy of the European police cooperation system. Thirdly, the European Union conducts an analysis of data obtained from law enforcement agencies across multiple domains, with the aim of assessing dynamic criminal threats. EMPACT assumes a prominent position and places a high priority on crime response, which is determined by the analysis findings. In addition, a comprehensive approach is adopted to promote all policies, encompassing prevention, suppression, proactive measures, tactics, strategies, and operations, with the aim of addressing the problem on a four-year cycle.

참고문헌 (Reference)

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2 "https://www.europol.europa.eu/about-europol"

3 "https://www.europol.europa.eu/about-europol"

4 "https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/156/police-cooperation"

5 "https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies/law-enforcement-cooperation/operational-cooperation/empact-fighting-crime-together_en"

6 "https://european-union.europa.eu/institutions-law-budget/law/types-legislation_en"

7 "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union(Consolidated version 2016)"

8 European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training, "Training Catalogue 2023"

9 "Regulation(EU) 2015/2219 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training (CEPOL) and replacing and repealing Council Decision2005/681/JHA"

10 "Regulation (eu) 2016/794 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2016 on the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation(Europol) and replacing and repealing Council Decisions 2009/371/JHA, 2009/934/JHA, 2009/935/JHA, 2009/936/JHA and 2009/968/JHA"

11 "REGULATION (EU) 2018/1727 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 14 November 2018 on the European Union Agency for Criminal Justice Cooperation (Eurojust), and replacing and repealing Council Decision 2002/187/JHA"

12 "Protocol(No.21) on the position of the United Kingdom and Ireland in respect of the area of freedom, security and justice, Protocol(No.22) on the position of Denmark"

13 "Protocol(No.1) on the role of national parliaments in the European Union, Protocol(No.2) on the application of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality"

14 European Commission, "Leaflet: What is EMPACT"

15 European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation, "Europol in Brief"

16 한종수, "EU의 내적 안전과 유로폴" 한국유럽학회 26 (26): 109-130, 2008

17 이현진, "EU 신이민난민 협정안의 주요 내용 및 전망" 3 (3): 1-10, 2020

18 "Council conclusions on the permanent continuation of the EU Policy Cycle for organised and serious international crime: EMPACT 2022⁺ - Council Conclusions"

19 "Council Decision 2008/615/JHA of 23 June 2008"

20 "Council Decision 200/820/JHA of 22 December 2000"

21 "Convention based on Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union, on the establishment of a European Police Office(Europol Convention)"

22 EMPACT, "10 EU Crime Priorities"