Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are promising for grid-scale storage and safety-critical applications but are limited by sluggish Zn2+ transport and lattice degradation driven by its larger hydrated radius and strong Coulombic interactions. To addr...
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are promising for grid-scale storage and safety-critical applications but are limited by sluggish Zn2+ transport and lattice degradation driven by its larger hydrated radius and strong Coulombic interactions. To address these kinetic and structural challenges, this work employs an iron polyanion framework designed to enable reversible co-intercalation of Zn2+ and K+. In this dual-ion system, monovalent K+ interacts more weakly with the PO4/P2O7 structure and moves quickly through solid-state diffusion, boosting charge storage while maintaining the host lattice integrity.
Using [Zn1K2]Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7) as a model cathode, we show a discharge capacity of approximately 100.4 mAh g-1 at C/5 (1C = 100 mA g-1), which involves the extraction/insertion of 2 mol K+ and 0.5 mol Zn2+, and a retention of about 70 mAh g-1 at 5C, outperforming the Zn-only analog Zn2Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7) under the same conditions. Galvanostatic intermittent titration confirms enhanced apparent diffusion and reduced polarization due to co-intercalation, while ex-situ structural analyses reveal highly reversible lattice breathing over multiple cycles.
The dual-ion cathode retains 84.6% of its initial capacity after 100 cycles. In comparison, the Zn-only analog retains 56.1% of its original value, aligning with the observed reversibility of diffraction features and mitigation of strain accumulation. Collectively, these results establish that Zn2+/K+ co-intercalation within a durable polyanion framework is an effective strategy to balance fast kinetics combined with structural stability in AZIBs, providing a practical approach toward high-power, long-lasting aqueous energy storage systems.