Association between Prenatal Exposure to Cadmium and Atopic Dermatitis in Infancy

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between intrauterine exposure to cadmium and the presence of atopic dermatitis in infants 6 months of age, adjusted for covariates including exposure to other heavy metals. The present research is a component of the Mothers’ and Children’s Environmental Health (MOCEH) study, a multi-center birth cohort project conducted in Korea. Study subjects were restricted to pregnant women in whom cadmium and lead levels were measured at delivery and whose infants were assessed for the presence of atopic disease at 6 months of age. The odds ratio (OR) for the presence of atopic dermatitis in 6-month-old infants whose cord blood had elevated cadmium levels,after adjustment for other covariates, was 2.350 (95% CI, 1.126-4.906). The OR for the presence of atopic dermatitis in infants whose cord blood had elevated lead levels was not significant. In the present study, the cord blood cadmium level was significantly associated with the presence of atopic dermatitis in 6-month-old infants; this was not true of the cord blood lead level. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first prospective study to show a relationship between prenatal exposure to cadmium and atopic dermatitis in infancy.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Taylor J, "Toxicological profile for cadmium US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service" Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 1999

2 Osman K, "Toxic and essential elements in placentas of Swedish women" 33 : 131-138, 2000

3 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, "Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices" ACGIH 2008

4 Munasir Z, "The role of allergic risk and other factors that affect the occurrence of atopic dermatitis in the first 6 months of life" 1 : 73-79, 2011

5 Shah PS, "The relationship between cord blood immunoglobulin E levels and allergy- related outcomes in young adults" 106 : 245-251, 2011

6 Hemdan NY, "The in vitro immune modulation by cadmium depends on the way of cell activation" 222 : 37-45, 2006

7 Kim BM, "The Mothers and Children’s Environmental Health (MOCEH) Study" 24 : 573-583, 2009

8 Jurasović J, "Serum selenium in relation to biomarkers of lead in men" Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers 675-678, 2000

9 Pizent A, "Serum calcium, zinc, and copper in relation to biomarkers of lead and cadmium in men" 17 : 199-205, 2003

10 Heinrich J, "Respiratory diseases and allergies in two polluted areas in East Germany" 107 : 53-62, 1999

11 Razi CH, "Relationship between hair cadmium levels, indoor ETS exposure and wheezing frequency in children" 40 : 51-59, 2012

12 유정석, "Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis in Korea: Analysis by Using National Statistics" 대한의학회 27 (27): 681-685, 2012

13 Fischbein A, "Phenotypic aberrations of CD3+ and CD4+ cells and functional impairments of lymphocytes at low-level occupational exposure to lead" 66 : 163-168, 1993

14 Schwarze PE, "Particulate matter properties and health effects: consistency of epidemiological and toxicological studies" 25 : 559-579, 2006

15 Koppen G, "Organochlorine and heavy metals in newborns: results from the Flemish Environment and Health Survey (FLEHS 2002-2006)" 35 : 1015-1022, 2009

16 Gavett SH, "Metal composition of ambient PM2.5 influences severity of allergic airways disease in mice" 111 : 1471-1477, 2003

17 Rusznak C, "Mechanism of pollution-induced allergy and asthma" 38 : 80-90, 1998

18 Jedrychowski W, "Intrauterine exposure to lead may enhance sensitization to common inhalant allergens in early childhood: a prospective prebirth cohort study" 111 : 119-124, 2011

19 Telisman S, "Interactions of essential and/or toxic metals and metalloid regarding interindividual differences in susceptibility to various toxicants and chronic diseases in man" 46 : 459-476, 1995

20 Sun L, "Influence of exposure to environmental lead on serum immunoglobulin in preschool children" 92 : 124-128, 2003

21 Lawrence DA, "Immunomodulation by metals" 2 : 293-302, 2002

22 Undeger U, "Immune alterations in lead-exposed workers" 109 : 167-172, 1996

23 Raghunath R, "Heavy metals in maternal and cord blood" 250 : 135-141, 2000

24 Al-Saleh I, "Heavy metals (lead, cadmium and mercury) in maternal, cord blood and placenta of healthy women" 214 : 79-101, 2011

25 Järup L, "Health effects of cadmium exposure: a review of the literature and a risk estimate" 24 : 1-51, 1998

26 "Factors influencing metabolism and toxicity of metals: a consensus report" 25 : 3-41, 1978

27 Glass DC, "Estimating mean exposures from censored data: exposure to benzene in the Australian petroleum industry" 45 : 275-282, 2001

28 오재원, "Epidemiological Change of Atopic Dermatitis and Food Allergy in School-Aged Children in Korea between 1995 and 2000" 대한의학회 19 (19): 716-723, 2004

29 Hossny E, "Environmental exposure of the pediatric age groups in Cairo city and its suburbs to cadmium pollution" 273 : 135-146, 2001

30 Lutz PM, "Elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in children with exposure to environmental lead" 134 : 63-78, 1999

31 Jelovcan S, "Effects of low concentrations of cadmium on immunoglobulin E production by human B lymphocytes in vitro" 188 : 35-48, 2003

32 Edenharter G, "Cord blood-IgE as risk factor and predictor for atopic diseases" 28 : 671-678, 1998

33 Lehmann I, "Cord blood immune status: predicting health or allergy?" 67 : 445-448, 2012

34 Haus M, "Cord blood and maternal total eosinophil counts in relation to infant allergy" 3 : 23-27, 1992

35 Eiríksson TH, "Cord blood IgE levels are influenced by gestational age but do not predict allergic manifestations in infants" 5 : 5-10, 1994

36 Sata F, "Changes in natural killer cell subpopulations in lead workers" 69 : 306-310, 1997

37 Pan J, "Cadmium levels in Europe: implications for human health" 32 : 1-12, 2010

38 Taïeb A, "Atopic eczema in infants, In Handbook of atopic eczema. 2nd ed" Springer 45-60, 2006

39 Weyermann M, "Alcohol consumption and smoking habits as determinants of blood lead levels in a national population sample from Germany" 52 : 233-239, 1997

40 Devalia JL, "Air pollutants and respiratory hypersensitivity" 86 : 169-176, 1996