The Effect of Chlamydia pneumoniae on the Expression of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the change of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) after the infection of the human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCSMCs) with Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) and the effect of PPARγ agonist on the expression of PPARγ of C. pneumoniae-infected HCSMCs. Materials and Methods: To determine the effect of PPARγ agonist on the proliferation of C. pneumoniae-infected HCSMCs, rosiglitazone at various concentrations was applied 1 hour before inoculation of HCSMCs. Results: The expression of PPARγ mRNA in HCSMCs increased from 3 hours after C. pneumoniae infection and reached that of noninfected HCSMCs at 24 hours (p<0.05). The expression of PPARγ protein in HCSMCs also increased from 3 hours after C. pneumoniae and persisted until 24 hours as compared with that of noninfected HCSMCs (p<0.05). The pretreatment of HCSMCs with rosiglitazone followed by the infection with C. pneumoniae augmented the expression of PPARγ mRNA and protein (p<0.05) and decreased cell proliferation. Conclusion: Our results showed that the expression of PPARγ increases in response to C. pneumoniae infection and rosiglitazone further augmented the expression of PPARγ. It is suggested that rosiglitazone could ameliorate the chronic inflammation in the vessel wall induced by C. pneumoniae by augmenting PPARγ expression.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Marx N, "peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activators inhibit gene expression and migration in human vascular smooth muscle cells" 83 : 1097-1103, 1998

2 Murao K, "Thiazolidinedione inhibits the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in cytokine- treated human vascular endothelial cells" 454 : 27-30, 1999

3 Duval C, "The role of PPARs in atherosclerosis" 8 : 422-430, 2002

4 Gaydos CA, "Replication of Chlamydia pneumoniae in vitro in human macrophages, endothelial cells, and aortic artery smooth muscle cells" 64 : 1614-1620, 1996

5 McGuire JC, "Production of prostaglandin D2 by murine macrophage cell lines" 30 : 949-967, 1985

6 Wakino S, "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands inhibit retinoblastoma phosphorylation and G1→S transition in vascular smooth muscle cells" 275 : 22435-22441, 2000

7 Leininger MT, "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 1 expression in porcine white blood cells: dynamic regulation with acute endotoxemia" 263 : 749-753, 1999

8 Goetze S, "PPAR gamma-ligands inhibit migration mediated by multiple chemoattractants in vascular smooth muscle cells" 33 : 798-806, 1999

9 Lin TM, "Monocyte-endothelial cell coculture enhances infection of endothelial cells with Chlamydia pneumoniae" 181 : 1096-1100, 2000

10 Pasceri V, "Modulation of vascular inflammation in vitro and in vivo by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activators" 101 : 235-238, 2000

11 Marx N, "Macrophages in human atheroma contain PPAR gamma: differentiation-dependent peroxisomal proliferator- activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) expression and reduction of MMP-9 activity through PPAR gamma activation in mononuclear phagocytes in vitro" 153 : 17-23, 1998

12 Da Costa CU, "Heat shock protein 60 from Chlamydia pneumoniae elicits an unusual set of inflammatory responses via Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 in vivo" 34 : 2874-2884, 2004

13 Konturek PC, "H. pylori infection, atrophic gastritis, cytokines, gastrin, COX-2, PPAR gamma and impaired apoptosis in gastric carcinogenesis" 9 : SR56-SR66, 2003

14 Ricote M, "Expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) in human atherosclerosis and regulation in macrophages by colon stimulating factors and oxidized low density lipoprotein" 95 : 7614-7619, 1998

15 Law RE, "Expression and function of PPAR gamma in rat and human vascular smooth muscle cells" 101 : 1311-1318, 2000

16 Moazed TC, "Evidence of systemic dissemination of Chlamydia pneumoniae via macrophages in the mouse" 177 : 1322-1325, 1998

17 Leinonen M, "Evidence for infectious agents in cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis" 2 : 11-17, 2002

18 Casteleijn E, "Endotoxin stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver by means of intercellular communication" 263 : 6953-6955, 1988

19 Huang B, "Effect of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and hyperlipidaemia on the expression of PPAR gamma, P50 and c-Fos in aortic endothelial cells in C57bL/6J mice" 60 : 43-49, 2005

20 Hill MR, "Decreased expression of murine PPAR gamma in adipose tissue during endotoxemia" 138 : 3073-3076, 1997

21 Hsueh WA, "Control of vascular cell proliferation and migration by PPAR-gamma: a new approach to the macrovascular complications of diabetes" 24 : 392-397, 2001

22 Fryer RH, "Chlamydia species infect human vascular endothelial cells and induce procoagulant activity" 45 : 168-174, 1997

23 Liu L, "Chlamydia pneumoniae infection significantly exacerbates aortic atherosclerosis in an LDLR-/- mouse model within six months" 215 : 123-128, 2000

24 Dechend R, "Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells activates NF-Kappa B and induces tissue factor and PAI-1 expression: a potential link to accelerated arteriosclerosis" 100 : 1369-1373, 1999

25 Moazed TC, "Chlamydia pneumoniae infection accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E- deficient mice" 180 : 238-241, 1999

26 Gibbs RG, "Chlamydia pneumoniae and vascular disease" 85 : 1191-1197, 1998

27 Danesh J, "Chlamydia pneumoniae IgG titers and coronary heart disease: prospective study and meta-analysis" 321 : 208-213, 2000