(The)emergence of the speech capacity

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xv
• The Magic of Baby Talk = xv
• The Interpretation of Our Vocal Heritage = xvi
• Acknowledgments = xvii
• Chapter 1 : Interpretation of Communication Systems : The Role of Infrastructural Modeling = 1
• Babbling as a Step Toward Language = 1
• Alphabetical Transcription of Babbling and Other Sounds = 3
• Infrastructural Description in the Sciences = 6
• An Infrastructural Model for Human Phonology = 9
• Levels in an Infraphonological Scheme = 12
• Key Achievements in Infraphonological Modeling = 14
• The Importance of Distinguishing the Producer From the Receiver = 15
• New Directions : The Potential Role of Infrastructural Modeling in Comparative Ethology = 18
• Infrastructural Models of Both Signals and Communicative Values = 19
• Properties and Principles = 21
• A Hierarchy of Infrastructural Properties = 24
• How This Effort Differs From Prior Characterizations of Linguistic Evolution = 26
• Plan of the Book = 27
• Chapter 2 : Myths About Babbling and the Tradition of Transcription = 29
• Intuitions About Babbling and the Academic Pendulum = 29
• The Beginning of Systematic Research in Vocal Development : Dietrich Tiedemann = 30
• Historical Roots of the Shoe-Horning Approach to Description in Babbling = 33
• The Myths of Midcentury = 35
• The Legacy of Jakobson = 36
• Jakobson on Babbling = 38
• Discontinuity and Nativism = 42
• Deafness and Babbling = 42
• Babbling Drift and the Problem of Shoe-Horning = 45
• Phonetic Transcription as the Standard Tool of Babbling Description = 46
• Excursus on Phonetics and Phonemics = 46
• Irwin's Transcription-Based Studies = 47
• Chapter 3 : Reversing the Field : The Recognition of Protophones = 49
• An Initial Impression of Problems With the Phonetic Transcription of Babbling = 49
• Stages of Development in the Light of Protophone Categorization = 51
• Empirical Evaluation of the Claims of Jakobson = 51
• The Intuitive Plausibility of Reduplicated Sequences = 53
• Earlier Evidence Contradicting the Jakobsonian View = 53
• Importance of the Distinction Between Canonical and Precanonical Sounds = 57
• The Blinding Nature of Preconception = 58
• Chapter 4 : lnfraphonology : Overview and Central Results = 60
• Fundamental Theoretical Changes = 60
• An Initial Sketch of the Infraphonological Notion of Canonical Syllable = 61
• What Does Such a Simple Definition of the Canonical Syllable Buy Us ? = 63
• How Infraphonological Interpretation Elucidates the Protophone Stages = 67
• The Distinction Between Vocalizations in Deaf and Hearing Infants in Light of the Infraphonological Model = 68
• The Procedural Break With the Past Implied by the Recognition of the Canonical Stage = 71
• Chapter 5 : Keys to an lnfrastructural Approach : Infraphonology as a Basis for Vocal Comparisons = 75
• Development of Scientific Infrastructures and Infraphonology = 75
• Analogies Among Infrastructural Systems in the Sciences = 76
• How the Infraphonological Interpretation of Protophones Came Abour = 79
• Why the Initial Infraphonological Interpretations of Infant Sounds Were Focused on Syllables = 80
• Physical Parameters, Operational-Level Units, and Infrastructural Mediation = 81
• Why a Purely Physical Parameter-Based Approach Does Not Represent a Solution to the Interpretation of Babbling Sounds or Vocalizations of Nonhumans = 84
• The Role of Real Perceivers in Interpretation of Acoustic Data = 89
• Infraphonology as a Mediator = 90
• Universal Characteristics of Syllables in Natural Languages : The Empirical Basis for a Canonical Syllable Definition = 90
• Durations of Syllables = 91
• Amplitudes of Nuclei and Margins in Syllables = 92
• Phonatory Patterns in Speech = 93
• Pitch Patterns of Syllables in Natural Languages = 95
• Resonance Patterns and Formant Structures of Syllables = 96
• Formant Transitions and the Rapid Transmission of Speech = 96
• A More Formal, But Still Schematic Definition of the Notion of Canonical Syllable = 99
• On the Indefinite Size of the Potential Repertoire of Canonical Syllables = 100
• On Markedness of Canonical Syllables = 100
• On the Occurrence of Noncanonical Syllables in Mature Languages = 101
• The Intuitive Basis of Infraphonological Structures = 104
• The Need for External Definitional Elements-Avoiding Circularity = 104
• Infraphonology in the Perspective of the Nature-Nurture Matter = 105
• The Schematic and Provisional Nature of the Infraphonological Proposal = 109
• The Difficulty of Adopting the Infraphonological View of Description = 110
• Chapter 6 : The Grounding of Vocal and Gestural Development in Biology and Experience : Physical Foundations for Speech and Sign Language = 112
• Evidence of Canalization in Motoric Development = 112
• Babbling in the General Context of Motoric Development = 114
• Limits on Babbling Canalization = 115
• The Role of Auditory Experience in Vocalization Development = 115
• The Role of Motor Practice in Vocal Development = 117
• Infrastructural Modeling and the Relation Between Vocal and Manual Babbling = 119
• Chapter 7 : Canalization Results : The Stability of Protophone Development in a Variety of Contexts = 122
• Significant Outcomes of Infraphonologically Inspired Research on Vocal Development = 122
• Results on Canalization of Babbling = 123
• Quasivowels and Grunts = 158
• Gooing and Face-to-Face Vocal Interaction = 160
• Excursus on Infant Play in Humans and Other Mammals : A Background to Discussion of the Expansion Stage of Vocal Development = 165
• Exploratory Play tn Squealing and Growling = 168
• Expansion of the Repertoire With Yelling and Whispering = 171
• Exploration of Vowel-Like Sounds = 173
• Raspberries = 175
• Marginal Babbling = 176
• Early Imitation in the Expansion Stage = 179
• The Canonical Stage : The Emergence of Well-Formed Syllables = 179
• The Integrative Stage and the Onset of Real Speech = 182
• The Universality of Infant Vocalizations and the Naturalness of Their Recognition. = 184
• Chapter 10 : Protophones and Other Vocalizations = 187
• Protophones, the Mysterious Vocalizations of Human Infancy = 187
• The Fixed Vocal Signals = 187
• The Vegetative Sounds = 190
• The Apparent Evolutionary Relation Between Fixed Signals and Vegetative Sounds = 190
• Fixed Signals and Vegetative Sounds in Humans and Other Creatures = 192
• How Protophones Are Different From Other Sound Classes = 192
• Defining the Categories of Vocalization = 193
• Signifiant et Signifi$$\acute e$$ = 194
• Definition of Signaling Value = 197
• On the Size of Illocutionary Force Repertoires = 200
• The Scale of Vocal Communication Types and the Role of Protophones in Complex Communication = 201
• Chapter 11 : Primate Vocalizations in the Perspective of lnfraphonology and lnfrasemiotics = 204
• Historical Roots of Speculations on the Origin of Language = 204
• Vocal Gifts of Human Infants and the Historical Distinction Between Human and Nonhuman Communication = 207
• Infrastructural Properties (or Dimensions) of Communicative Capability and the Comparative Enterprise = 208
• A Comment on the Widely Publicized Skepticism About Interspecies Comparison = 211
• The Popular Current Comparison of Human and Nonhuman Primate Vocal Communication Systems in Terms of Properties = 211
• Chapter 12 : lnfrastructural Properties of Communication in Humans and Nonhuman Primates = 215
• The Importance of Infrastructural Comparison = 215
• The Inherent Abstractness of Infrastructural Properties of Communication = 216
• Epitome = 219
• Differences Between the Present Formulation of Properties and the Design Features of Hockett = 224
• On the Notion of Intentionality and the Ability of Humans to Speak and to Explore Vocalization at Will = 229
• Intentionality and the Tradition of Teleology = 230
• Property 1 : Contextual Freedom = 233
• Spontaneous Production of Vocalization = 234
• Inhibition of Vocalization = 239
• Exploration of the Vocal Space and Vocal Entertainment in Human Infants = 242
• Property 2 : Free Expressivity = 243
• Spontaneous Instrumental and Expressive Use of Protophones and Other Vocalizations = 244
• Creative Playful Vocalization = 246
• Instrumental Conditioning of Vocalizations = 247
• Property 3 : Social Connection Through Directivity : Face-to-Face Expression in Human Vocal Communication = 248
• Property 4 : Interactivity : Social Connection Through Vocal Turn-Taking in Human Communication = 254
• Property 5 : Imitability : Selective Matching in Vocalization = 257
• Property 6 : Designation : The Use of Vocalization to Indicate Entities in Comments, Requests, and Offers = 260
• Triadic Reference to Objects = 260
• Vocal Requests and Offers of Objects = 262
• Property 7 : Conventionality of Human Signals and the Limitation to Fixed (or Immutable) Signals in Nonhuman Primates = 264
• Property 8 : Arbitrarity of Values = 275
• Property 9 : Semanticity : Analytical Referentiality and the Transmission of Meaning = 276
• Property 10 : Displaceability of Reference = 281
• Property 11 : Propositionality = 283
• Property 12 : Signal Analysis in Human Vocalizations = 285
• Property 13 : Categorical Adaptation = 287
• Property 14 : Syllabification = 293
• Property 15 : Recombinability of Syllables = 297
• Property 16 : Rhythmic Hierarchy = 298
• Property 17 : Segmentation = 300
• Property 18 : Hot-Cool Synthesis = 304
• The Hierarchy of Infrastructural Properties of Potential Communication Systems = 307
• On Natural Logic = 314
• Chapter 13 : Possible Stages of Vocal Evolution in the Human Family = 316
• Protophone Stages and Natural Logic of Linguistic Evolution = 316
• On the First Steps That Differentiated Our Line From That of Other Primates = 318
• Neoteny as a Driving Force in Human Evolution of Communication = 319
• A Speculative Prehistory of Hominid Vocal Development = 321
• Scene 1 : The Neotenous Primates That Vocalized More Than Their Ancestors : Contact Calls Produced With Normal Phonation as a First Step = 322
• Scene 2 : The Neotenous Primate That Elaborated Vocalization as a Tool of Social Interaction = 324
• Scene 3 : The Neotenous Primate That Vocalized Freely and Found Ways to Use New Vocal Types Functionally = 325
• Scene 4 : The Hominid That Expanded Triadic Reference With Vocal Accompaniment and Elaborated Vocal Articulation = 329
• Scene 5 : The Hominid That Discovered Well-Formed Syllabification and Arbitrarity = 332
• Scene 6 : The Early Humans That Discovered Recombinability to Support a Rapidly Growing Need for Vocabulary = 334
• Scene 7 : The Early Humans That Began to Speak in Segmented Syllables and Short Sentences = 335
• Limitations and Advantages of the Speculative Prehistory = 337
• Chapter 14 : Comparing Fixed Vocal Signals Across Humans and Other Modern Primate Species = 339
• An Especially Useful Point of Comparison for Human and Nonhuman Vocal Systems = 339
• Four Types of Signals in Humans = 340
• Fixed Signals as a Point of Comparison = 342
• Operational-Level Comparisons With Speech in Prior Work = 344
• Prior Infrastructural Comparisons = 344
• An Especially Primitive Infraphonological Property : Signal Dimensionality = 346
• Infrastructural Comparison of Fixed Signals = 346
• Similarities With the Human System = 350
• On the Size of Fixed Signal Repertoires = 353
• A Comment on the Origins of Speech = 355
• Chapter 15 : lnfrastructural Pursuits in Vocal Development and Evolution = 356
• The Infraphonological Innovation = 356
• Infrastructural Description as a Tool in Comparative Ethology = 358
• The Growth of Control Over Both Infrasemiotic and Infraphonological Properties in Human Development = 359
• Similarities and Differences in Human and Nonhuman Primate Vocal Communication = 360
• Explosive Elaborations of Complex Vocal Communication = 363
• References = 365
• Author Index = 397
• Subject Index = 409