교육비의 경제적 가치 향상과 적정규모 추정 : 교육전문직 종사자 직무수행 구조개선을 중심으로 Through Structural Reorganization of Educational Proffesionals' Job Performance System = A Study on Raising the Economic Value of Educational Expense and Forecasting its Optimum Scale

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In this study, the researcher aims to identify the essential task of the improvement of school education in Korea which is basic to educational development. Ki Hyoung Oh who is the founder and president of the Society for the Study of Human Education defines the human education as 'human interaction between the teacher and the learner facilitating value-oriented human development and the tranmission and creative development of a culture related to human development'. This definition implies that the essence of human education is interaction between the teacher and learner based on love and respect. Consequently, the basic task of educational development is to bring the essence into a reality. In the systematized school education, however, the children with heterogeneous backgrounds in terms of learning ability are grouped into classes each with a single teacher to teach them, and children are usally promoted on an annual basis.
Under such a school situation, it is difficult to make the essence of human education realized in the classroom. In order to overcome the difficulty, such alternatives as tutorial system, small group organization, reduction of class size and the number of children per teacher have been introduced and tried publicly and privately. But it is regretable that at this time when the 20th Century is coming closer to the end and the 21st Century is approaching, none of those alternatives have been proved to satisfy the expected outcomes. As early as 1939, Oh initiated a long term plan of a century for the rebirth of education, that is, to make education become truly human education.
The researcher recognized that the structural reorganization of job performance system of the professionals engaged in education was essential for the rebirth of education. He, therefore, focussed his research on the management of educational resources which is one of the major fields of Human Pedagogics, aiming to contribute to the raising of economic value of educational expense by improving its efficiency and productivity. Further he aimed to make a more precise projection of educational expense for the school management which may become basis for the better utilization of total educational expense including private sources. In addition, he aimed to contribute to the improvement of educational policy in finance.
In Human Pedagogics, efficiency of education is measured by the level of achievement of educational goals, with standard level of achievement. The level of achievement is not directly quantified in relation to productivity. But the number of children per teacher, who passed the standard level of achievement is measured to identify the productivity indirectly.
The level of achievement of learning can be quantified, in stead of grading, by the following formula.
LCH = F(S. D. R)
Tentatively, the standard level of achievement in the first system of learning contents is defined as follows :
LCH-S = F(S_0, D_0, R_1) / 80%
Out of the 15 years of experience from the mid 60s to 70s in the application of the EDP Teaching-Learning Model using conventional media including printed materials, color slides, and recorded tapes, it was clearly demonstrated that the Model helped to raise the level of achievement of classes even with over 60 children in average. In the application of the EDP Model at the time, teachers received systematic in-service training including the processing of the data mannually, which was the key to the success of this program. The quantified level of achievement in follows :
LCH-CA = F(S_0, D_+0.3, R_1.0) / 87.25%
Level of Mastery Learning = 78.8%
Out of 9 years of experience in the application of the DGPS(Data Generating and Proessing System) supported system, it was proved that it further raised the level
LCH-CA = F(S_0, D_+1.98, R_0.85) / 97.4%
Level of Mastery Learning = 95.4%
Self Managed Learning Index : raised from +0.88 to +2.09
Precision Index in Managing System : from 73.07/100 to 94.77/100
In addition to the quantified achievement seen in the above, improved achievement were observed which cannot be quantified at the present stage of the system development.
In order to raise the achievement to such a level, DGPS system assists teacher by supplying automated data generating and processing services equivalent to, in rough estimate, 192 hours per 40 minutes class period with 50 children. In precise estimate, 500 hours of automated GP(Generating and Processing) services are designed to be supplied to per class period with the same number of children. This implies that the reorganized structure of educational professionals' job performance can increase quantity of service time with additional input for DGPS. With the support of such automated GP services throughout the first, second, and the third systems of contents of learning, children can achieve ideal-substance-target goals of learning systematically. In short, the raising of efficiency by DGPS supported teaching-learning has been proved empirically. But the raising efficiency in management based on Human Pedagogics is not to be quantified directly in terms of input-output ratio.
Indirectly, the efficiency of management can be quantified for the estimation of proper number of children per teacher. In Korea, the smaller class size has been considered to be an important criteria for quality of education and classes with 40 children or more have been considred overcrowded. In this research, it is proved that, by the support of DGPS, classes with over 50 children have raised the level of achievement significantly beyond the tentative standard of achievement based on the national level of achievement surveyed by KEDI in 1974.
In consideration of the following two factors, the achievement of the excellence in education even in the class with about 45 children is both imperative and feasible. The first factor is the trends in population movement. Based on the statistics of the population movement from 1955 up to present and on the estimated movement of population, it is foreseen that at least until 2005 there will be a sizable number of classes with more that 45 children due to the migration of children to newly developing urban urban centers. The second factor is the efficiency of educational management due to the suppot of DGPS which has been developed to improve the conditions of education including economic reward of professional educators. In this study, it is proved that DGPS support will raise the quality of education in classes of 45 children. It is hoped that DGPS support may create infra-structure for doubling treachers' pay and promoting exellent educational environment.
In order to quantify economic values of educational input and output ratio, in this research the following equation is adopted.
EV hems = P. D. C.
Ev : Economic Value of educational expense
hems : human education management system
P : reduction rate of input for Production
D : reduction rate of input for Distribution
C : reduction rate of input for Consumption
Based on the above equation, the researcher already confirmed in 1977 that the reorganized structure of job performance system could improve the productivity of the educational input greatly, even though educational professionals used only conventional media. Considering the difference in the kinds of media, and the number of years the media were used, it was estimated that the econmic value had been raised to a minimum of 13.55 times to a maximum of 67.57 times.
DGPS supported educational professionals' job performance system, through automatic data generating and processing seuvices, increases quantity of service time by at least 200 times to about 1,000 times. But additional input in relatively small in case of primary mathematics education, and an additional input is estimated as 10% of private input for primary mathmatics education with an estimation error risk. In order to make more precise estimation based on at least 10 additional diversified alternatives, DGPS application will be limitted to the 10% of Korean education at most which is about 1/1,500 of population of learners in the world. With this as the optimum scale, it is suggested that the expansion of application of DGPS to language areas, social science and natural science education of primary to secondary education may contribute to much better structural reorganization of job performance system of education professional. This may also contribute to raise the econmic value of the educational inputs much higher.
One of the biggest barriers in the promotion of DGPS supported educational service has been the uniform and rigid style of mamagement in education which was pointed out by the Presidential Commission on Educational Reform in 1987. By overcoming the barrier and expending DGPS supported structural reorganization of the job performance, it is expected that Korean schools may demonstrate high efficiency and produtivity of educational input and equalize excellence in education both nationally and internationally.
Another important aspect will be the development of hardware and software industry and the automation service industry which supply educational resources and services to the job performance system supported by DGPS. This may result in the improvement of the economic value of the educational inputs worldwide.
The researcher concludes that the structutal reorganization of the job performance system of educational professionals supported by DGPS can raise the economic value of the inputs in education significantly, yielding high efficiency and productivity in the educational management.
Based on the findings and conclusion, it is proposed that :
1. Follow-up researches should be carried out in order to overcome the limitied range in the research.
① In order to measure precisely the scale of national needs of educational expense and to forcast meaningfully its dynamic trends, more systematic and integrated analyses of educational expense and financial management should be made both at national and school levels.
② In view of the fact that the current research was limitted to a few cases, the follow-up research should expand its scale to about 100 schools for each subject area ranging from primary level to secondary level covering math, language, social science, natural science at least.
③ The follow-up research should diversify its range of approaches other than DGPS, provided that the approaches are systematics, integrated and well grounded.
2. Since the system has been proved valid and feasible, a broader application of the system is recommended for the promotion of efficiency and productivity of the educational management.
① Considering the fact that a large amount of money is spent for private tutoring, parents should be encouraged to spend a small portion (about 10%) of that expense for the betterment of educational environment and the raising of the quality of education so that not only individual schools but also the local educational autonomy may be strengthened.
② Industries in the field of educational resourses and automation services should be promoted so that they may contribute to the equalization of excellence in education throughout the world, as a new field of educational service.
3. Adoption of DGPS by the current Civilian Government will be a step forward toward the successful reform of education promised by the President.
① Recognizing that the deep-rooted inertia of uniformity and rigidity in the educational management is considered detrimental to the educational reform promoted by the government, the research urges it to give a serious consideration to the adoption of the DGPS supported approach which has been proven valid and effective as one of the diversified alternatives.
② Last but most realistic proposal is that more individual schools utilize the catalytic school model for comprehensive demonstration supported by DGPS which was developed by the Society for the Study of Human Education. For this end, the government is urged to allow more flexibility in the educational management.
The DGPS supported catalytic model was created in the last decade from 1983 up to now with a long background since 1939. The application of the model is supported by the DGPS Comprehensive Service Center(DGPS-CSC) which supplies ESANET-STL-EMK(2-6 grades math system), professional services including consultation for field educational research and in-service teacher training by educational professionals including university professors, data processing services, administrative and financial arrangements etc.. Currently, supports are mostly provided by SSHE, but it has reached to a stage where public organizations should participate as a way of developing leadership for the new job performance system of educational professionals.
In conclusion, the researcher emphasizes again that the new Government overcome the uniformity in the educational management. The success of the educational reform that can cure HANKOOK-BYUNG(Disease of Korea) depends on whether it can overcome the current uniform and rigid educational management.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 교육발전의 핵심 과제
• Ⅱ. 연구의 설계
• Ⅲ. 개념적·체계적 준거
• Ⅳ. 실증적 자료의 분석 및 해석
• Ⅴ. 요약·결론 및 제의
• 참고문헌
• 부 록
• ABSTRACT