그리스도의 인성과 서구 중세 그리스도교 관상 실천 이론의 역사적 전개 = The Humanity of Christ and the Historical Unfolding of the Theory of Contemplative Practice in Western Medieval Christianity

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper provides a historical explanation of the phenomenon in which spiritual writers in the late Middle Ages in the West used the terms meditation and contemplation interchangeably for the prayer regarding the life (humanity) of Christ. The phenomenon was not just due to an inaccurate use of terms, but occurred as a result of a more significant historical process, i.e., that of reconsidering the mode of prayer practice in accordance with the great change in the terrain of Christian piety. In order to illustrate that point in detail, this paper, keeping in mind the perception of each era on the significance of Christ’s humanity, conducts a historical inquiry by examining the representative literature on the theory of contemplative practice in the history of Western medieval spirituality. Western medieval spiritual writers especially since the 11th century came to have a deeper interest and insight into the significance of Christ’s humanity in their spiritual life and prayer practice. Above all, Franciscan spiritual writers, under the influence of Francis of Assisi who revolutionized in the early 13th century the religious sensibilities of Western Christianity, came to take Francis’ spiritual life and religious experience as a model, and thus to rethink the ancient theory of contemplative practice that was formed under the influence of Neoplatonist philosophy and had been handed down through the monastic tradition. Those spiritual writers came to recognize the unique efficacy and high value of an incarnational prayer method using imagination and images in relation to Christ in his humanity, and, especially in the recognition that the prayer method generates an exalted contemplation of God. It caused meditation and contemplation of God come very close together. This is the spiritual and intellectual background that caused the phenomenon of mixed use of the terms meditation and contemplation. Thus, the present research reveals a long historical path through which Western medieval Christianity, in the light of the spiritual exercises and religious experiences, came to reflect on the practical significance of the core Christian doctrine (Incarnation) for the spiritual life so as to progressively gain deeper understanding and insight.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본고는 서구 중세 말 영적 저술가들이 그리스도의 생애(인성)에 대한 기도와 관련하여 묵상과 관상의 용어를 혼용하게 된 현상에 대하여 하나의 역사적 설명을 제공한다. 그 현상은 단지 부정확한 용어 사용에서 기인한 것이 아니라 더 의미 깊은 역사적 사실로서 그리스도교 신심 지형의 커다란 변천에 따른 기도 수행 방식의 재고 과정에서 발생하였다. 본고는 그 점을 구체적으로 밝히기 위해 서구 중세 영성사의 맥락과 함께 특별히 그리스도의 인성의 의의에 대한 각 시대의 인식을 염두에 두면서 관상 실천 이론의 대표적 문헌들을 검토하는 역사적 탐구를 수행한다. 서구 중세의 영적 저술가들은 특별히 11세기 이래 그리스도의 인성이 영적 삶과 기도 실천에 지닌 의의에 관해 더 깊은 관심과 통찰을 가지게 된다. 무엇보다 13세기 초 서구 그리스도교의 종교적 감수성에 혁명을 가져온 아씨시의 프란치스코의 영향으로 프란치스코회의 영적 저술가들이 프란치스코의 영적 삶과 종교 경험을 전범으로 삼으면서, 신플라톤주의 철학의 영향 아래 형성되어 수도승 전통을 통해 전수되어온 고대 관상 실천 이론을 재고하기에 이른다. 그들은 그리스도의 생애(인성)와 관련하여 상상과 이미지를 사용하는 육화적인 기도 방식의 고유한 효용성과 가치를 높이 평가하는 가운데, 그 기도 방식이 드높은 하느님 관상을 발생시킨다는 인식 안에서 그리스도의 생애(인성) 묵상과 하느님 관상을 매우 가깝게 근접시키게 하였다. 이것이 묵상과 관상의 용어 혼용 현상이 발생하게 된 영성적·지성적 배경이다. 본고는 서구 중세 그리스도교가 영적 삶에 대한 핵심 교의(육화)의 실천적 의의에 대하여 영적 훈련과 종교 경험에 비추어 성찰하면서 점진적으로 깊은 이해와 통찰을 얻게 된 역사적 도정을 드러내 준다.

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