Renewable energy : its physics, engineering, use, environmental impacts, economy and planning aspects

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface to second and first editions = ⅴ
• Contents = ⅸ
• Units and Conversion Tables = xv
• 1 Perspective
• 1.1 Introduction = 1
• 1.1.1 The energy scene = 1
• 1.1.2 Man's energy history = 3
• 1.1.3 The energy future = 10
• 1.2 Why renewable energy? = 16
• 2 The Origin of Renewable Energy Flows = 19
• 2.1 Solar radiation = 19
• 2.1.1 Energy production in the interior of stars like the Sun = 20
• 2.1.2 Spectral composition of solar rediation = 21
• 2.2 Net radiation flux at the earth = 26
• 2.2.1 Radiation at the top of the atmosphere = 26
• 2.2.2 Radiation at the Eatrh's surface = 33
• 2.3 Pysical and chemical processes near the Earth's surface = 50
• 2.3.1 The atmosphere = 50
• 2.3.2 The oceans and continents = 88
• 2.3.3 The climate = 117
• 2.4 The energy cycle of the Earth = 123
• 2.3.1 The flows of energy and matter = 123
• 2.3.2 Climate changes = 136
• 2.A Origins of stellar energy = 156
• 2.B Vertical transportin or near the boundary layer = 178
• 2.C Modelling the atmosphere and the oceans = 186
• 2.D Tides and waves = 199
• 2.5 Suggested topics for discussion = 210
• 3 The Individual Energy Source = 213
• 3.1 Solar radiation = 213
• 3.1.1 Direct radiation = 213
• 3.1.2 Scatterde radiation = 218
• 3.1.3 Total short-wavelenth radiation = 221
• 3.1.4 Long-wavelenth radiation = 230
• 3.1.5 Variability of solar radiation = 235
• 3.2 Wind = 240
• 3.2.1 Wind velocities = 240
• 3.2.2 Kinetic energy in the wind = 249
• 3.2.3 Power in the wind = 251
• 3.2.4 Variability in the wind power = 254
• 3.3 Ocean wave = 259
• 3.3.1 Wave spectra = 260
• 3.3.2 Power in the waves = 264
• 3.4 Water flows and tides = 268
• 3.4.1 Ocean currents = 268
• 3.4.2 River folws, hydropower and elavated water storage = 274
• 3.4.3 Tides = 278
• 3.5 Heat flows and stored heat = 281
• 3.5.1 Solar-derived har soueces = 282
• 3.5.2 Geothermal flows and stored energy = 289
• 3.6 Biological conversion and storage of energy = 296
• 3.6.1 Photosynthesis = 297
• 3.6.2 Productivity in differnet environments = 303
• 3.7 Other energy sources = 314
• 3.7.1 Atmosphere electricity = 314
• 3.7.2 Salinity differences = 316
• 3.7.3 Nuclear energy = 319
• 3.8 Suggested topics for discussion = 323
• 4 The Energy Conversion Processes = 325
• 4.1 Principles of energy conversion = 325
• 4.1.1 Conversion between energy forms = 325
• 4.1.2 Thermodynamic engine cycles = 334
• 4.1.3 Thermoelectric and thermonic conversion = 337
• 4.1.4 Trubines and other flow-driven converters = 341
• 4.1.5 Photovoltaic conversion = 346
• 4.1.6 Electrochemical conversion = 359
• 4.2 Conversion of solar radiation = 364
• 4.2.1 Heat generation = 364
• 4.2.2 Applications for cooling, pumping, ets. = 388
• 4.2.3 Electricity generation = 392
• 4.3 Conversion of wind energy = 413
• 4.3.1 Conversion of wind flow = 413
• 4.3.2 Propeller-type converters = 417
• 4.3.3 Cross-wind converters = 437
• 4.3.4 Augmenters and other "advanced" converters = 442
• 4.3.5 Heat, electrical or mechnical power, and fuel generation = 447
• 4.4 Conversion of wave energy = 449
• 4.4.1 Pneumatic converter = 449
• 4.4.2 Oscillation vane converter = 453
• 4.5 Conversion of water flows or elevated water = 456
• 4.6 Conversion of heat = 459
• 4.6.1 Application to heating = 459
• 4.6.2 Conversion of heat into work or electricity = 462
• 4.7 Conversion of fuels = 467
• 4.7.1 Fuel cell technologies = 467
• 4.8 Conversion og biological material = 471
• 4.8.1 Heat production from biomass = 473
• 4.8.2 Fuel production from biomass : overview and generation of gaseous fuels = 480
• 4.8.3 Fuel production from biomass : generation of liquid biofuels = 498
• 4.9 Other conversion processes = 506
• 4.9.1 Conversion of salinity gradient resources = 507
• 4.A Energy bands in semiconductors = 509
• 4.10 Suggested topics for discussion = 515
• 5 Energy transmission and Storage = 519
• 5.1 Energy transmisson = 519
• 5.1.1 Transmission of heat = 520
• 5.1.2 Transmission of electricity = 522
• 5.1.3 Other types of trasmission = 525
• 5.2 Energy storage = 525
• 5.2.1 Storage of heat = 526
• 5.2.2 Storage of high-quality energy forms = 551
• 5.3 Suggested topics for discussion = 585
• 6 Energy Supply Systems = 587
• 6.1 Energy systems = 587
• 6.2 Simaulation of system performance = 588
• 6.2.1 Treatment of the time variable = 588
• 6.2.2 Load structure = 591
• 6.2.3 Source data = 613
• 6.2.4 Photovoltaic power production = 615
• 6.2.5 Wind power production = 619
• 6.2.6 Food production = 616
• 6.2.7 Biofuel production = 631
• 6.2.8 System choice = 636
• 6.3 Examples of local system simulations = 638
• 6.3.1 Solar heat-producing systems = 638
• 6.3.2 Wind eletricity systems = 668
• 6.4 A global energy scenario = 695
• 6.4.1 Decentralised renewable energy 2050 scenario = 696
• 6.4.2 Centralised renewable energy 2050 scenario = 705
• 6.4.3 Implementation and resilience of scenario = 721
• 6.5 Suggested topics for discussion = 724
• 7 Socio-econommic Assessment of Energy Supply Systems = 729
• 7.1 Framework of socio-economic analysis = 729
• 7.1.1 Social values and the introduction of monetary economies = 730
• 7.1.2 Economic theory = 732
• 7.2 Direct cost evaluaion = 739
• 7.2.1 Treatment of inflation = 740
• 7.2.2 Present value calculations = 741
• 7.2.3 Cost profiles and break-even prices = 742
• 7.3 Indirect economics = 747
• 7.3.1 Resource and environmental management = 747
• 7.3.2 Regional economy = 752
• 7.3.3 National economy = 754
• 7.3.4 World economy = 760
• 7.4 Life-cycle analysis = 762
• 7.4.1 Defining purpose and scope of LCA = 763
• 7.4.2 Treatment of import and export = 766
• 7.4.3 What to include in an LCA? = 770
• 7.4.4 Choosing the context = 775
• 7.4.5 Aggregation issues = 776
• 7.4.6 Monetising issues = 782
• 7.4.7 Chain calculations = 785
• 7.4.8 Matrix calculations = 789
• 7.4.9 Communicating with decision-makers = 792
• 7.4.10 Application of life-cycle analysis = 796
• 7.4.11 LCA of greenhouse gas emissions = 796
• 7.4.12 LCA of power production chains = 809
• 7.4.13 LCA of energy systems = 834
• 7.5 Examples of break-even price estimations = 851
• 7.5.1 Wind power system without energy storage = 851
• 7.5.2 Energy systems with storage = 858
• 8 Winding Up = 865
• References = 868
• Subject Index = 900