As social isolation has been widely recognized as a serious health risk, there is a burgeoning interest in examining the effects of social isolation in research and clinical practice. Comprehensive efforts have been made to analyze the association bet...
As social isolation has been widely recognized as a serious health risk, there is a burgeoning interest in examining the effects of social isolation in research and clinical practice. Comprehensive efforts have been made to analyze the association between social isolation and health. Yet, how the risk factors of social isolation lead to good or bad health depend on individuals’ personal or situational conditions has not yet been fully explained. In other words, previous studies have yet to adequately explain why some people still thrive and remain healthy alone while others are more vulnerable to isolation.
Accordingly, this research aims to identify and address the gaps in the extant literature by scrutinizing how the degree and direction of the influence of social isolation on health risks may differ depending on individuals’ socioeconomic conditions. This research goal can be achieved by investigating the moderating effects of socioeconomic status on the association between social isolation and health. With references to the existing studies focusing on the urban and rural differences when examining older adults’ well-being in Korean society, this research considers the regional factors as critical moderating variables along with the socioeconomic status.
Using the 2020 National Survey of Korean Elderly conducted by the Korean Ministry of Health, this study analyzes the association of social isolation and health across levels of income and education and across urban, suburban and rural settings among the older adults in Korea. Multiple regression analysis is conducted to examine the association between social isolation and both self-rated health and mental health. In order to fully incorporate the multifaceted feature of social isolation, this study concerns both the subjective and objective social isolation. Then, interaction terms between social isolation variables and interactive variables, representing different levels of income and education along with different regions, are included to examine how these exogenous variables moderate the impact of social isolation on health.
The results indicate that social isolation has deleterious effects on the health of older adults in Korean society. The absence of a close relationship is the most substantial factor in predicting older adults’ self-rated health while the perception of being isolated and left out of society is the most detrimental to older adults’ mental health. In addition, there are systemic differences in the relationship between social isolation and health according to the subject's socioeconomic status and regional factors. The impact of social isolation on self-rated health is significantly worse for those at the greatest disadvantage in terms of income. However, when examining the mental health of older, wealthier adults, the results revealed that this group is positively affected by objective social isolation. Another noteworthy result is that the level of education functions differently than the level of income since the effects of social isolation appears to be the most detrimental to mental health among subjects with the highest level of education. Lastly, regional factors also moderate the impact of social isolation on health in complex ways. Older adults who live in the capital or urban areas are vulnerable to the objective social isolation whereas older adults who live in rural provinces are vulnerable to the subjective social isolation.
Such findings confirm that the harmful effects of social isolation can be alleviated or intensified depending on the isolated older adult's unique, personal factors. In other words, all socially isolated people are not the same in terms of their degree of vulnerability. The general assumption that social isolation leads to worse health has led to policy implications wherein it is emphasized that all isolated people require equal assistance to be more sociable in order to be healthier. The findings of this paper, however, suggest that such an approach may be limited since the degree to which people are affected by social isolation actually differs vastly person to person depend on their socioeconomic and regional factors.