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Load loss coefficient and power loss tracing in power systems
Dihn, Thi Thuong Graduate School, Korea University 2013 국내석사
This Dissertation presents a load loss coefficients (LLCs) calculation method and power loss tracing algorithm in power system. LLCs calculation method bases on result of transmission loss allocation by Bialek power tracing using gross flows method. This method may be applied in electric power system for evaluating the power loss occasioned by a unit of an individual load. It may be also applied for finding the appropriate location for building the new plants to reduce the power system loss. Power loss tracing algorithm based on combine of result of power tracing using gross flows and net flows. By using this algorithm, the power was lost in the transmission system for supplying power from an individual generator to an individual load in the system can be determined. This method may be applied in electricity market for distributing the load loss power (or generator loss power) to each of generators (each of loads) in the system. It may be also applied to evaluate the contribution of each of generators to an individual load loss or contribution of each of loads to an individual generator loss in the system. The 39-bus test system and KEPCO system are used for calculating the LLCs of each load and tracing the power loss.
Yogendra Balayar 강원대학교 대학원 2016 국내석사
네팔의 대부분의 사람들은 전기를 공급 받을 기회가 없고 일부의 공급도 간헐적인 경우가 많다. 수요를 위한 발전도 충분하지 않을 뿐 더러 발전된 전력도 효율적으로 사용 되지 않고 있다. 전력 분야는 상업적, 기술적 손실 등에 다양한 비효율성으로 인해 홍역을 치르고 있다. 전력시스템에서 전기적 손실 이외에도, 현재 겪고 있는 전력 부족현상에 큰 영향을 미치는 전기 절도, 청구서 오류와 같은 비기술적 손실이 존재한다. 이러한 기술적 손실의 원인이 되는 주요한 이유들은 송배전 계통 용량의 부족, 많은 단계의 변전 그리고 불균형 부하 분포 있다. 발전된 전력은 송전선을 통해 많은 배전 선로로 보내진다. 배전의 목적은 송전계통으로부터의 전력을 가지고 와서 소비자가 요구하는 만큼 공급하는 것이다. 하지만, 무시 할 수 없는 만큼의 전력을 배전과정에서 비 기술적 손실에 의해 잃어버린다. 전력계통에서 기술적인 손실은 전력 계통의 시설의 물리적 특성에 의한 전력 손실을 의미한다면 때론 ‘상업적 손실’이라고 불리는 비기술적 손실은 공공사업자에게 요금이 지불되지 않는 전력이 매우 큰 원인이 되기 때문에 매우 중요하다. 이 논문의 목적은 전력계통에서 비기술적 손실을 소개하고 네팔의 사례 연구를 통해 비 기술적 손실의 원인을 알아보고자 한다. 또한, 손실들을 분석하기 위한 Newton-Raphson 반복법은 MATLAB을 이용하였고 이 때 송전선로 리액턴스와 단위 길이 당 저항 값은 네팔 전력 공사가 제공한 송전 선로 설명서를 참고 하였다. 그리고 부하들은 3상이 평형이라고 가정하였고 이러한 손실을 줄이기 위해 다른 전기 관련자가 사용한 방법을 연구하였다. 또한, 경제 비기술적 손실의 가능성과 함께 비기술적 손실의 원천을 연구하였다. The colossal population of Nepal does not have access to electricity and the ones who have access get irregular supply. The amount of energy generated is not enough to meet the total demand and whatever amount of energy is produced is also not being used efficiently. The power sector is beleaguered with accumulating commercial losses due to innumerable inefficiencies, colossal commercial and technical losses. On top of the technical losses intrinsic to the electric system, there are significant non-technical losses like electricity theft, billing inefficiencies, which ultimately contribute to the ongoing power shortage. Major reasons contributing to such high losses are considered as lack of T&D capacity, too many transformation stages, unsuitable load distribution and widespread rural electrification. The electric power generated at generation stations is transmitted through the transmission lines to the many distribution circuits, which ultimately supply to consumers, that the utility operates. The sole function of the distribution network is to take that electric energy from the substations and distribute it to the consumers to meet daily needs of people and industries. However, enormous amount of electricity a utility generates gets lost in the distribution process. Technical losses in power systems mean power losses incurred by physical properties of components in the power systems’ infrastructure. Non-technical losses, which at times called ‘commercial losses’, are also considered of significant importance as they often contribute to an enormous extent towards loss of utilities. Because this is the financial amount for which the utility is not paid for. The primary objective of this research is to conduct an preliminary investigation of Non Technical Losses in power system and their sources with the help of a case study in Nepal. Newton-Raphson iterative method is used with help of MATLAB to analyze the losses. The values of transmission line reactance and resistance were considered from transmission line specifications provided by NEA. These values are per unit length. For the sake of analysis, the loads are assumed balanced between all three phases. Some measures taken by the electricity utility to reduce such losses are studied as well. Additionally, the source of NTLs along with the possible impacts of NTLs on the economy is also considered.
민경일 Graduate School, Yonsei University 2010 국내박사
This study presents a new algorithm of accurate bus-wise transmission loss allocation based on path-integrals and analyzes various path types to consider path-dependency of transmission loss allocation. With rigorous theoretical analysis, a new path integral method is developed by integrating the partial differential of the system loss along a path reflecting the transaction strategy. This path integral enables us to remarkably enhance the accuracy in loss allocation with full consideration of nonlinearity. The accuracy has been further improved by using the AC power flow. Determining the integral path is discussed to reflect various situations of the power market. Given an integral path, the proposed algorithm provides a unique and accurate solution to the loss allocation. We propose various path types which are modeled to embody path-dependency of practical power systems. The path types are classified into two categories: generation increase pattern and transaction strategy. Generation increase pattern implies the information of buswise generation increase rates and amounts, which makes it possible to consider path-dependency by generator commitment order and base points of generators and loads. The path-dependency of power transaction can be realized by various transaction strategies in both bilateral and pool markets. These path types can be politically utilized to satisfy the stakes among power market participants. An effective method is proposed to reduce the computation time remarkably in the integration of bus-wise differential loss. The proposed algorithm has been tested and the results showed that on-line application is possible to large power systems.
적응형 가중치를 적용한 물리 정보 신경망 이용 전달 손실 예측
해양 환경에서의 음파 전달 특성 분석은 음향 신호의 탐지 거리 추정 및 음영 구역 파악에 중요한 역할을 한다. 음파 전달 이론 기반의 BELLHOP, KRAKEN, RAM과 같은 전통적인 수치 모델링 기법이나 해상 시험 기반의 음파 전달 분석은 필수 환경 자료의 확보를 필요로 하지만, 실제 해역 전반을 포괄하는 자료 수집에는 근본적인 한계가 존재한다. 본 연구에서는 적응형 가중치 알고리즘이 적용된 물리 정보 신경망 (Physics-Informed Neural Network, PINN)을 활용하여, 필수 환경 자료가 부족한 상황에서도 물리적 일관성과 신뢰성을 갖춘 전달 손실 예측을 수행하였다. 기존의 고정형 가중치 접근법은 PDE(Partial Differential Equation) 손실 항의 가중치를 고정해야 하므로, 최적의 가중치 조합 탐색에 수동 조정이 필요하고 새로운 해양 환경에 대한 일반화 성능이 제한되는 한계를 가진다. 이를 개선하기 위해 본 연구에서는 각 손실 항의 기울기 크기(gradient norm)에 기반하여 상대적 기여도를 자동으로 조정하고 지수 이동 평균(Exponential Moving Average, EMA)을 적용하여 안정적인 가중치 갱신을 수행하는 적응형 가중치 알고리즘을 제안한다. 또한 Adam 최적화 기법을 병행하여 손실 항 간의 규모 차이가 큰 학습 환경에서도 안정적인 학습을 보장하였다. 제안된 알고리즘은 기준값(KRAKEN) 대비 평균 절대 오차(MAE) 약 2 dB 수준의 전달 손실 예측 정확도를 보였으며, 복소 압력장의 진폭과 위상 정보를 모두 일관되게 재현하였다. 특히, 위상 보정 없이 약 30 % 수준의 낮은 상대오차를 기록하여 물리적 일관성을 확보하였다. An adaptive loss-weighted Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) is presented to predict underwater acoustic transmission loss (TL) with enhanced physical consistency and reliability under limited environmental data. Conventional fixed-weight approaches employ a constant weight for partial differential equations (PDE) and other loss components, necessitating manual tuning to identify near-optimal combinations and often limiting generalization to new ocean environments. To address these issues, the method automatically adjusts the relative importance of each loss component based on its gradient norm and applies an Exponential Moving Average (EMA) to ensure stable weight updates during training. The Adam optimizer is additionally employed to mitigate scale imbalances between loss components and enhance training stability. Relative to the KRAKEN reference model, the approach achieves a mean absolute error (MAE) of approximately 2 dB in TL prediction, consistently reproduces both the magnitude and phase of the complex acoustic pressure field, and attains a low relative error of about 30 % without additional phase correction, demonstrating physically consistent and reliable TL prediction.
Since 40 years ago, multibeam echo-sounders (MBES) have been utilized as a method to accurately measure the depth of the seabed and has been collected vast amounts of data. The MBES is an efficient and rapid remote sensing technique that allows for a comprehensive evaluation of the entire seafloor with minimal gaps. The MBES system provides not only bathymetric information of the seafloor, but also offers acoustic characteristics, and qualitative and quantitative analysis methods of sediment deposition, making it an important tool for seafloor sediment analysis research. The backscatter acoustic intensity obtained from the MBES is influenced by both the equipment characteristics of the employed system and the environmental factors of the marine environment, such as water temperature and salinity. Typically, the post-processing of backscatter acoustic data involves commercial software provided by the manufacturers, which follows a standard procedure. This study aims to quantitatively analyze the backscatter data obtained from the MBES by performing analyses specific to the characteristics of the different manufacturers' equipment, as well as removing compensation values applied to raw data, including TVG (time-varying gain), source level, beam pattern, and transmission loss, to extract the acoustic intensity. For this purpose, a study area was selected, and data acquisition was conducted. The processed bathymetric data were utilized for the study. A self-implemented program in Python was used for calibration and intensity extraction, and during this process, the changes in acoustic intensity due to variations in the source level were correctly adjusted. Additionally, the results obtained from sediment particle size analysis of surface deposits collected from the study area, combined with the results from this study, provided meaningful achievements in securing independent techniques for analyzing backscatter acoustic data. In the future, for the standardization of backscatter acoustic data analysis, it is deemed necessary to conduct research and validation on compensating for transmission loss considering field marine environmental variables, compensating for incidence area based on seafloor slope, and correcting for angular response dependencies. These efforts will be essential for further advancements in the analysis techniques of backscatter acoustic data.
슬랙모선에 독립적인 패널티 계수를 이용한 모선별 손실 계산 알고리즘에 관한 연구
최근에, 탈 규제(deregulation)가 전력 시장에서의 경쟁 체제를 소개하는데 중요한 문제가 되고 있다. 탈 규제와 연관된 중요한 주제 중에 하나가 정확한 전송 선로 손실의 분석이 필요한 곳에서의 지역 경쟁 체제(spot pricing)이다. 이런 지역 경쟁 체제의 (spot pricing) 도입에 있어 해결해야 할 중요한 문제 중의 하나가 다수의 독립발전사업자 (IPP : Independent Power Producers)에 대하여 공정하고 정확한 전력 요금을 책정하는 것이다. 송전 손실률을 나타내는 계수로는 페널티 계수가 널리 사용되고 있다 기존의 페널티 계수를 구하는 방법은 슬랙 모선의 위치에 매우 의존적이어서, 이에 의거 모선별 전력 손실 분담을 계산하면 다수의 독립발전사업자에겐 불공평함을 야기할 수 있다. 이 논문은 슬랙 모선의 변화에 독립적인 정확하고, 믿을만한 페널티 계수를 계산하는 방법을 소개한다. 또한, 이 논문은 적분 방법을 이용해서 정확하고 믿을만한 각 모선별 손실을 계산하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안된 방법은 IEEE 14 모선시스템, New England 39 모선시스템 그리고 IEEE 118 모선 시스템에 시험되어 졌고, 실험 결과는 제안한 알고리즘이 지역 경쟁 체제에서 믿을 만한 각 모선별 손실에 관한 정보를 주는 것을 보여 준다. Recently, the deregulation has been a hot issue in electric power industries with the introduction of the bidding system to electric power markets. One of the main topics associated with the deregulation is spot pricing where the exact analysis of transmission loss. Penalty factors calculated with conventional methods is highly dependent on the location of the slack bus, which brings about unfair competition to IPPs (Independent Power Producers). This paper presents a new method of calculating the exact and reliable penalty factor in dependent of the change of the slack bus. this paper presents a new method of calculating the exact and reliable bus-wise loss evaluation algorithm by using an integration method. The proposed method is tested on IEEE 14 bus system, New England 39 bus system and IEEE118 bus system. The test results show that the proposed method can give reliable information of the bus-wise loss to the spot pricing system..
송전손실계수 취약점 분석을 통한 발전기손실계수 개발 및 응용
The TLF is one of the primary priority methods for providing a local signal in cost-based pool (CBP) market. The TLF is generally used to improve resource optimization, including transmission losses, and provide information about power plants to be built in the future. In addition, the TLF serves a very important role in efficient and systematic system operation for economic dispatch (ED) and unit commitment (UC). However, if the TLF value is changed, the cause of the TLF variation is very difficult to analyze. Because, the TLF simply indicates the loss sensitivity. In addition, the TLF depends on the generation amount, load amount, and network topology. This means that the TLF has a dynamic characteristic. Unfortunately, the main factors for TLF variation are difficult to analyze. The most important thing is that the TLF only show a loss of sensitivity relative to the swing bus or distance from load center. And the TLF is changeable by a swing bus. In order to solve these problems, I suggest using the generator loss coefficient (GLC) which is based on the loss tracing algorithm to analyze the cause of the TLF variation. The GLC is demonstrated to be the absolute loss value in the system, while the TLF is the relative loss value. Using the GLC, I can also determine where the loss has occurred. This paper suggests two kind of applications. First one is the TLF variation analysis. At this simulation, I used modified IEEE-39 bus test system and Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) system. The other one is a review of swing bus for the TLF with the GLC. At this simulation, I used IEEE-39 bus test system and KEPCO system. From these simulation results, the GLC is a very powerful and useful coefficient for the TLF variation. The GLC will utilize an auxiliary factor with the TLF in the future.
The deregulation problem has recently attracted attentions in a competitive electric power market, where the cost must be earmarked fairly and precisely for the Independent Power Producers (IPP). Transmission loss is the one of several important factors that determines power transmission cost. Because the cost caused by transmission losses compared with the total power system cost is about 4 %, it is important to allocate transmission losses into each bus in a power system. This paper presents the new algorithm to allocate transmission losses based on an integration method using the loss sensitivity. It provides the incremental transmission losses through the calculation of load ratios considering the transaction strategy of an overall system. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by the case studies carried out on the WSCC 9-bus and IEEE 14-bus systems. 최근에, 전력 시장에 경쟁 체제가 소개되면서 탈규제(deregulation)가 중요한 문제로 대두되고 있다. 이러한 경쟁 체제에서 해결해야 할 중요한 문제 중의 하나가 다수의 독립발전사업자(IPP : Independent Power Producers)에 대하여 공정하고 정확한 전력 요금을 책정하는 것이다. 전력을 송전하는 비용에 있어서 가장 비중 있는 요소 중 하나가 바로 송전 손실(transmission losses)에 관한 문제이다. 전체 전력 시스템의 비용에 대한 송전손실을 통해 발생하는 비용은 약 4% 정도로서 전력 소비 가격을 책정하는 데 무시 못 할 요소로써 고려되고 있다. 따라서 각 모선 별 전송 손실을 배분하는 것이 매우 중요하다.이 논문은 송전 손실을 배분하는 새로운 알고리즘을 제시한다. 각 모선의 송전 손실을 계산하는 데는 손실 감도를 이용한 적분방법이 이용된다. 송전 손실 배분은 전체 계통의 거래 전략(transaction strategy)을 고려한 부하 비율의 계산을 통해서 증분 송전 손실(incremental transmission losses)의 방법으로 계산된다. 제안된 방법은 9모선 계통, IEEE14모선 계통 등의 시스템에 시험되었고 이를 통해 제안된 방법이 신뢰할 만한 알고리즘임을 보여준다.
Computation of Nonlinear Transmission Loss of Simple Expansion Muffler Using Hybrid Model
In the present study, a hybrid method is proposed for predicting the performance of a silencer in terms of the transmission loss for a nonlinear incident wave. This method is developed by combining two models: (i) a frequency-domain model for the computation of the transmission loss of a silencer in a linear regime and (ii) a wavenumber space model for the prediction of the non-linear time-evolution of finite amplitudes of the acoustic pulse in a uniform duct of the same length as the silencer. The present method is proposed under the observation that the physical process of the nonlinear transmission loss of a silencer may be decoupled into two distinct mechanisms: (a) a linear transmission loss that owes to the mismatch in the impedance between reactive elements in a silencer and (b) a nonlinear transmission loss that is due to the energy-cascade phenomenon that arises from the nonlinear interaction between components of different frequencies. To establish the validity of the present model, the performance of simple expansion mufflers with nonlinear incident waves has been predicted. The results are compared with those from computational aero-acoustic techniques in a time-space domain that utilize a high-order finite-difference method. There is good agreement between the two predictions. The main advantage of the present method is that it can effectively compute the transmission loss of mufflers in non-linear regimes without time-space domain calculations that generally entail a greater computational burden. 본 논문은 비선형 입사 파에 대한 소음기의 투과손실을 해석하기 위해 하이브리드 모델을 제시한다. 이 하이브리드 모델은 음향학적 선형 이론을 바탕으로 한 소음기의 투과손실을 해석하는 주파수 영역 해석 모델(frequency-domain model)과 소음기와 동일한 길이를 가지는 단면적이 일정한 균일 관의 비선형 입사파로 인한 투과손실해석을 위한 파수 영역 해석 모델(wavenumber space model)로 구성된다. 균일 관의 비선형 투과손실은 파수 영역에서 유한한 크기를 가지는 입사파의 시간적분을 통해 얻어진다. 소음기의 비선형 투과손실은 다음과 같은 두 가지 물리적인 현상을 바탕으로 한다. 먼저, 소음기를 구성하는 구성요소들 사이의 음향학적 임피던스(acoustic impedance)의 차이로부터 발생하는 소음기의 선형 투과손실과 소음기에 비선형 입사파가 진행하면서 서로 다른 주파수 성분 사이의 비선형 상호작용으로 인한 에너지 이동 현상(energy-cascade phenomenon)으로부터 발생하는 비선형 투과손실이 두 가지 현상을 설명한다. 현 모델을 검증하기 위해서 비선형 입사파에 의한 단순확장관의 투과손실을 해석하였다. 하이브리드 모델을 통해 해석된 단순확장관의 투과손실은 고차의 유한차분법을 이용한 시간해석을 통해 해석된 투과손실과 비교 검증하였고 두 결과는 일치한다. 현 모델은 일반적으로 상당한 해석 비용을 가지는 시간영역해석 방법을 사용하지 않고 비선형 입사파에 의한 소음기의 투과손실을 해석할 수 있다는 장점을 가지고 있다.