(A) study on the tourism industry in Korea : the role of tourism marketing to attract Japanese tourists

윤수인 Graduate School of International Studies, Korea Un 2010 국내석사

This paper is conducted to describe the tourism industry in Korea, specifically about the role of tourism marketing to attract Japanese tourists. The tourism industry in Korea since 2000 has been gradually growing and Japanese tourists have been regarded as one of the greatest tourist populations sharing geographical proximity and cultural similarities. In 2004, there were increased numbers of Japanese tourists in Korea due to the Korean Wave. However, statistics show that the number of Japanese tourists to Korea has been fluctuating and unstable, which calls for a strategic marketing concept to develop and sustain the tourism industry. As part of the research objectives, there are three main approaches: the analysis of current status of the tourism industry between Korea and Japan, the establishment of better tourism marketing strategies toward Japanese tourists visiting Korea, and then the application of those marketing strategies to the main target markets to attract more Japanese tourists. By utilizing statistical data, research papers, related journals and articles as well as interviews, it has found that there are four marketing strategies specifically designed to attract Japanese tourists and three case studies of ongoing projects by the Korean government. This paper concludes and considers ‘Spreading Foreign Tourists to the Provinces’ as a critical marketing strategy. To make this strategy successful, there are two challenges to be considered: ‘Transportation System’ and ‘Consumer Segmentation.’ Building appropriate marketing strategies toward the specific possible target markets will be desirable to develop and sustain the tourism industry. Furthermore, it will be a good chance for Korea to establish a positive relationship with Japan as a tourism partner by using a proper tourism marketing concept.

Residents' Attitudes Towards Social Impacts of Tourism in the East Coastal Area of Korea

김영표 The University of Queensland 2004 해외박사

Tourism and travel has become one of the most popular activities in Korea in the last twenty years. Demands for enjoying a vacation have increased as a result of rising income levels, more leisure time, and increased private ownership of cars. With the increase of tourists in various destinations, social impacts of tourism have occurred. To achieve successful tourism development, residents’attitude should be identified. This thesis investigates residents’attitudes towards the social impacts of tourism. In 2001, a questionnaire was used to survey residents’attitude towards these social impacts. To facilitate completion of the survey questionnaire, it was translated into Korean. The purpose of this was to obtain the more accurate perception of social impacts. There were three major outcomes. Firstly, the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and social impacts was examined and results identified which sociodemographic characteristics were significant. Secondly, through cluster and factor analysis, various issues were identified and these analyses showed residents’attitudes towards social impacts of tourism. Thirdly, the parameters that play a significant role in residents’perception were examined. The most significant factor obtained from this study was the length of residency. Several theories were considered to explain social impacts. Social exchange theory could explain residents’attitude towards social impacts but this theory was not enough to explain all the results. Thus, carrying capacity was considered the most suitable theory to investigate the relationship between visitor and resources. From the conclusion and discussion social carrying capacity proposes more opportunities for this further study.

A Study on the Tourism Eco-Efficiency of China's Forest Park : Based on DEA Model and Spatial Disparity

장유유 원광대학교 일반대학원 2023 국내박사

Efficiency reform is the core goal of high-quality economic development. Improving the efficiency of the tourism industry is conducive to realizing the high-quality development of the tourism industry, so as to realize the transformation and upgrading of the tourism development. Forest park is an important tourist destination in China and the main position of the development of forest tourism. Forest parks are playing an increasingly important role in realizing the economic, social, and ecological benefits. But in recent years, the effective utilization degree of resources in the development of forest park tourism is not high. The management mode of forest parks is relatively sloppy and other problems are becoming increasingly prominent. The development of forest tourism urgently needs to be transformed and upgraded. The improvement of the ecological efficiency of forest park tourism is the key to the sustainable development and transformation and upgrading of forest tourism areas. However, the current research on the ecological efficiency of forest parks has not attracted enough attention. There is also little systematic research on the ecological efficiency of tourism in provincial unit forest parks. The research purposes of this paper are as follows: (1) To calculate the tourism ecological efficiency of forest park. The tourism ecological efficiency value of each province is analyzed respectively. The characteristics of tourism ecological efficiency of forest park are analyzed from the space. (2) To analyze whether the tourism ecological efficiency of forest parks in each province has been improved in multiple periods, whether the technology has been improved, and further explain the dynamic characteristics of the change of tourism ecological efficiency. (3) To explore the spatial distribution characteristics of the tourism ecological efficiency of forest parks. On the basis of measuring the tourism ecological efficiency of the provincial unit forest park, the spatial distribution characteristics of various tourism efficiency are analyzed through spatial autocorrelation analysis. (4) To analyze the spatial differences and changes of tourism ecological efficiency in forest parks. Analyze whether the tourism ecological efficiency of forest parks will converge over time. Then analyze whether the area with low tourism ecological efficiency is higher than the region with high efficiency, whether the growth rate is fast, and finally become the same development speed. Finally, analyze whether convergence still exists between different regions after controlling for a range of other influencing factors. This research follows the main research line of "index construction, efficiency measurement, efficiency spatial characteristics analysis, efficiency temporal characteristics analysis, efficiency spatial distribution characteristics, convergence analysis, and improvement strategy", by using 30 provincial units (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and Tibet) of forest parks as the research object. On the basis of constructing scientific and reasonable indicators, the panel data of the ten years from 2011-2020 are used, and the DEA model, the Malmquist model, the spatial exploratory analysis, the spatial autocorrelation, and the convergence analysis method are comprehensively used. Finally, we put forward the countermeasures to improve tourism ecological efficiency. To a certain extent, this research expands the research perspective of forest park tourism, extends the research theme of tourism ecological efficiency, enriches the research content of human geography, and provides some theoretical reference for the improvement of ecological efficiency and sustainable development of tourism ecological efficiency in forest parks. Therefore, it has important theoretical and practical significance. The structure of this paper mainly consists of three parts: one is the basic theoretical research in Chapter 1, Chapter 2, and Chapter 3. The second is the empirical research in Chapter 4. The third part is the promotion and application of research in Chapter 5. Through theoretical and empirical analysis, this paper mainly draws the following conclusions: (1) We measured the ecological efficiency of forest park tourism. On the basis of accurately defining the connotation of forest tourism ecological efficiency, scientifically established an input-output index system, and used the DEA model to measure the tourism ecological efficiency of 30 provincial unit forest parks from 2011 to 2020. The value of tourism eco-efficiency of each province was analyzed separately, and the characteristics of tourism eco-efficiency of national forest parks were analyzed spatially. The overall tourism ecological efficiency of forest park is generally at a medium level. The tourism ecological efficiency has been improved to a certain extent in the fluctuation. The tourism development of forest parks has shown a trend of transformation and upgrading. The stage of connotative development is coming soon. In the past ten years, the average tourism technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency, and scale efficiency of provincial unit forest parks are 0.478, 0.536, and 0.865, respectively. There is still a lot of room for improvement in tourism efficiency. Few provinces have reached the optimal state of efficiency during the whole research period, and only Zhejiang, Hunan, Shanghai, Beijing, and Chongqing have always maintained the optimal state of tourism efficiency. From the perspective of time sequence change, each efficiency has been improved to a certain extent in the fluctuation. The pure technical efficiency fluctuates greatly, while the technical efficiency and scale efficiency fluctuate less. The technical efficiency and pure technical efficiency were greatly improved in 2012, 2016 and 2018, respectively. In 2011, the state issued the "Measures for the Management of National Forest Parks", "Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Forest Tourism" and other relevant policies to promote the development of forest parks, the operating area and capital investment of forest parks were further expanded, so the tourism efficiency was improved. In 2016, the State Forestry Administration issued the National Suburban Forest Park Development Plan (2016-2025), which pointed out the direction for the development of forest park tourism and actively promoted the development of forest park tourism into a new historical period. However, by 2020, the technical efficiency and pure technical efficiency will decrease significantly, mainly due to the great impact of COVID-19. (2) The development of tourism ecological efficiency in forest parks is on the rise, and technological progress is the key factor to promote its improvement. From 2011 to 2020, the average annual growth rate of the total factor production index of forest parks in 30 provinces of China was 31.7%. The technological progress and technological efficiency also showed a trend of annual improvement in the annual average, and the overall development trend of tourism ecological efficiency in forest parks was good. Among them, technological progress and efficiency is the key factor to promote the improvement of total factor productivity. This shows that the rapid development of forest tourism in recent years has contributed the core force to the improvement of the ecological efficiency of forest park tourism. Therefore, we should pay attention to the technological innovation of forest tourism in the follow-up work. Strive to provide greater development power for the improvement of the ecological efficiency of forest park tourism. According to the Malmquist index and decomposition index of tourism ecological efficiency of forest parks in different provinces, we can find that the total factor productivity and technological progress efficiency in most provinces are greater than 1. This cannot be separated from the Chinese government's attention and technical support for forest park tourism. (3) We explored the spatial distribution characteristics of forest park tourism eco-efficiency. On the basis of measuring the tourism eco-efficiency of provincial unit forest parks, the spatial distribution characteristics of various tourism efficiencies were analyzed by means of spatial autocorrelation analysis. The global Moran's I index was used to judge whether there is any clustering of tourism eco-efficiency in forest parks across the country, and then the local Moran's I index was used to analyze in which areas there are clusters of tourism eco-efficiency. The ecological efficiency of forest park tourism presents a certain spatial evolution law. This paper focuses on the spatial analysis of the technical efficiency. The overall spatial change trend of the tourism ecological efficiency of China forest parks is analyzed. The global autocorrelation Morans' I index for the tourism ecological efficiency of forest parks in China from 2011 to 2020 was calculated using the ArcGIS software. The results show that the global Moran's I index was all positive and fluctuated in a small range between 0.059 and 0.298. Each annual Moran's I index passed the 5% significance test, except for 2011 and 2019. This result indicates that there is a significant positive spatial correlation of tourism ecological efficiency of forest parks in China. From the perspective of spatial differentiation characteristics, the high level of comprehensive tourism efficiency is mainly distributed in the southeast coastal area and the central region. The efficiency of tourism among the three regions is characterized by the spatial differentiation of eastern region, central region and western region from high to low. From the perspective of the characteristics of spatial agglomeration, the spatial agglomeration effect of the comprehensive tourism efficiency gradually increases, forming a high-high agglomeration area dominated by the economically developed areas such as the Yangtze River Delta, Bohai Rim, and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The Matthew effect of positive agglomeration in space is relatively significant. (4) We analyzed the spatial difference and change of tourism ecological efficiency in forest parks. According to the convergence model of classical economics, it conducts the convergence analysis of forest parks in different regions, analyzes the different change of tourism ecological efficiency of forest parks in different regions, and provides theoretical guidance for the balanced and coordinated development of forest parks in different provinces and regions. The σ convergence method was used to analyze whether the tourism ecological efficiency of forest parks will converge over time. Absolute β convergence was then used to analyze whether areas with low tourism ecological efficiency have higher growth rate than those with high efficiency, whether the growth rate is fast, and finally become the same speed of development. Finally, conditional β convergence was used to analyze whether there is still convergence between different regions after controlling a series of other influencing factors. There is a convergence trend of the tourism ecological efficiency of forest parks in the whole country and the three major regions. In all regions, provinces with low tourism ecological efficiency catch up with provinces with high level. The difference in tourism efficiency among the provinces has been reduced, but this difference will not be completely eliminated in the short term. From the perspective of σ convergence, the tourism ecological efficiency of forest park presents a regular fluctuation state of "divergence to convergence" cycle. The national region diverged from 2014 to 2018, and converged from 2018 to 2019. The three regions diverged from 2013 to 2015, and converged from 2015 to 2019. The country and three regions are divergent from 2019 to 2020. The tourism ecological efficiency of forest parks from 2011 to 2020 was analyzed by SEM model and OLS regression analysis respectively. The absolute β convergence state found that the β coefficients were negative and passed the significance test. This shows that the tourism ecological efficiency of forest parks in the whole country and the three major regions have an absolute convergence. In all regions, provinces with low tourism ecological efficiency catch up with provinces with high levels. With the passage of time, finally catch up with provinces with high tourism ecological efficiency. However, the convergence rate varied in different regions. The convergence rate of the whole country and the three regions are the central region (0.278), the whole country (0.247), the eastern region (0.206), and the western region (0.151). This indicates that the convergence rate is the fastest in the central region. Convergence is slower in the western than in other regions. For the convergence cycle, the central and eastern regions will take two to three years. But the convergence cycle in the western takes nearly five years. Ols regression analysis was used for the tourism ecological efficiency of forest parks in China and in the three major regions from 2011 to 2020. Under the condition βconvergence, we found that the β coefficients were negative and all passed the significance test. This shows that the ecological efficiency of forest parks in China and the three regions has conditional β convergence. The ecological efficiency of tourism in provinces with different development bases and characteristics will gradually converge to their own steady state, indicating that the gap between provinces with low ecological efficiency of tourism and provinces with high efficiency will be narrowed, but the gap in the ecological efficiency of tourism in provinces will not be completely eliminated in a short time. The national-wide convergence rate was 0.230. This indicates that the tourism ecological efficiency of forest parks varied at a convergence rate of 0.23% per year from 2011 to 2020. The provinces with low ecological efficiency of forest parks are catching up with efficient provinces at a rate of 0.23% per year. At this rate, it will theoretically reach a stable state of development after 3.010 years. The convergence rates of the three regions were respectively in the eastern region (0.335), the central region (0.235), and the western region (0.162). In the eastern region, the convergence rate is the fastest, with a convergence period of 2.068 years. This is mainly because the tourism ecological efficiency of the eastern forest park is the least different from each other, so the convergence rate is the fastest. The convergence rate was the slowest, with a convergence period of 4.267 years. Mainly because the tourism ecological efficiency of forest parks varies the largest among the western provinces, so it takes a long time to reach a relatively stable state. This aspect is related to the lack of tourism resources in the western region. The government should pay more attention to the tourism development in the western region. (5) On the basis of the systematic research of the tourism eco-efficiency of forest parks, combined with the actual situation of tourism development of forest parks, the tourism eco-efficiency of forest parks is put forward from five aspects: government policy support, talent team construction, improvement of tourism facilities, attention to environmental protection and development according to local conditions. 효율성 혁신은 고품질 경제 발전의 핵심 목표이다. 관광 산업의 효율성을 향상시키면 관광 산업의 고품질 발전을 실현하여 관광 발전의 전환 및 업그레이드를 실현하는 데 도움이 된다. 삼림 공원은 중국의 중요한 관광 목적지이며 삼림 관광 발전의 주요 장소이다. 삼림 공원은 경제적, 사회적, 생태적 이익을 실현하는 데 점점 더 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 그러나 최근 몇 년 동안 삼림 공원 관광의 발전에서 자원의 효과적인 활용은 높지 않다. 삼림공원의 경영모델이 비교적 조방한 등의 문제가 나날이 두드러지고 있다. 삼림 관광의 발전은 전환과 업그레이드가 시급하다. 삼림공원 관광의 생태 효율성을 높이는 것은 삼림관광지의 지속 가능한 개발, 변형 및 업그레이드를 실현하는 중요한 요인이다. 그러나 현재 삼림공원 관광의 생태적 효율성에 대한 학계의 연구는 충분히 주목받지 못하고 있다. 지역 단위 삼림 공원 관광의 생태 효율성에 대한 체계적인 연구는 상대적으로 적다. 본문의 연구 목적은 다음과 같다. (1) 삼림공원 관광생태효율성을 측정한다. 각 성의 관광생태효율성 값을 분석하다. 삼림공원 관광생태효율성의 특징을 공간적으로 분석한다. (2) 각 성의 삼림공원의 관광생태효율성이 여러 기간에 걸쳐 개선되었는지, 기술이 발전했는지 분석하고 관광생태효성 변화의 동태적 특징을 추가로 설명한다. (3) 삼림공원 관광생태성의 공간적 분포 특징을 탐색한다. 성을 단위로 삼림공원 관광생태효율성 측정을 바탕으로 공간자기상관분석을 통해 다양한 관광생태효율성의 공간분포 특징을 분석한다. (4) 삼림공원 관광생태효율성의 공간 차이와 변화를 연구하고 분석한다. 삼림공원의 관광생태효율성이 시간의 흐름에 따라 수렴되는지를 분석한다. 그리고 관광생태효율성이 낮은 지역이 효율성이 높은 지역보다 성장속도가 높은지, 성장속도가 빠른지 분석한다. 마지막으로, 다른 영향을 통제하고 난 후 서로 다른 지역 간에 수렴이 존재하는지를 분석한다. 본 연구는 ‘지표구축, 효율성측정, 효율성공간분석, 효율성시간분석, 공간분포분석, 수렴분석, 향상전략’의 연구주선을 따라 중국 30개 성(홍콩, 마카오, 대만, 티베트 제외)의 삼림공원을 연구대상으로 하여 과학적이고 합리적인 지표구축을 바탕으로 2011~2020년 10년간의 패널데이터를 활용하고 DEA모형, Malmquist모형, 공간자기상관, 수렴성 분석법을 종합적으로 채택하여 중국 30개 성의 삼림공원 관광생태효율성의 시공간진화패턴, 수렴성에 대한 체계적인 연구를 진행하고 마지막으로 관광생태효율성 향상대책을 제시한다. 이 연구는 삼림공원 관광의 연구 관점을 어느 정도 확장하고 관광생태효율성의 연구주제를 확장하며 인문지리학의 연구내용을 풍부하게 하고 삼림공원 관광생태효율성의 향상과 지속가능한 발전을 위한 일정한 이론적 참고자료를 제공하므로 중요한 이론과 현실적 의미가 있다. 이 논문의 구조는 크게 세 부분으로 구성되며 하나는 논문의 제1장에서 제3장까지 기초 이론 연구를 설명한다. 그 다음에는 실증 연구부분이며 논문의 제4장에서 제시한다. 마지막은 향상 및 응용 연구 부분이며 제5장에서 설명한다. 이론 및 실증 분석을 통해 본 논문은 주로 다음과 같은 결론을 도출한다. (1) 삼림공원 관광생태효율성은 전체적으로 중간 수준이다. 관광생태효율성은 변동 속에서 어느 정도 향상되었다. 삼림공원 관광의 발전은 이미 변화하고 업그레이드되는 추세를 보이고 있다. 내포적 발전 단계가 곧 도래할 것이다. 지난 10년간 중국 각 지역 삼림공원 관광종합효율성, 순수기술효율성, 규모효율성의 평균값은 각각 0.478, 0.536, 0.865였으며 관광효율성은 여전히 개선의 여지가 많다. 전체 연구 기간 동안 효율성이 가장 좋은 상태에 도달한 지역은 많지 않으며 저장, 후난, 상하이, 베이징, 충칭만이 관광에서 가장 효율적인 상태를 유지했다. 시계열 변화의 관점에서 볼 때 모든 효율성은 변동 중에 어느 정도 향상되었다. 그 중 순수기술효율성은 변동이 크고 종합효율성과 규모효율성은 변동이 적다. 종합 효율성과 순수기술효율성은 각각 2012년, 2016년, 2018년에 크게 향상되었다. 2011년 중국정부는 ‘국가 삼림공원 관리대책’, ‘삼림관광 발전 가속화에 관한 의견’ 등 삼림공원 발전을 촉진하기 위한 관련 정책을 발표한 후 삼림공원 운영면적과 자본투자가 더욱 확대되어 관광 효율성이 향상되었다. 2016년 중국 정부는 ‘국가 도시 외곽 삼림공원 발전계획(2016-2025)’을 발표하여 삼림공원 관광의 발전 방향을 제시하고 삼림공원 관광의 발전을 새로운 역사적 시기로 적극 추진하였다. 그러나 2020년에서 종합효율성과 순수기술효율성은 코로나19의 영향을 크게 받기 때문에 많이 낮아졌다. 2) 삼림공원 관광생태효율성의 발전은 성장세를 보이고 있으며 기술진보는 개선을 촉진하는 핵심요소이다. 2011년부터 2020년까지 중국 30개 성의 삼림공원 Malmquist 생산성 지수의 연평균 성장률은 31.7%였으며, 기술변화와 기술효율성도 연평균 성장세를 보이고 있으며, 삼림공원 관광생태효율성의 전반적인 발전추세는 양호하다. 그 중 기술 진보의 효율성은 전체 요소의 생산성 향상을 촉진하는 핵심 요소이다. 이는 최근 몇 년 동안 삼림 관광 산업의 급속한 발전이 삼림 공원 관광생태효율성을 향상시키는 데 핵심 역량에 기여했음을 보여준다. 따라서 후속 작업에서 삼림 관광 산업의 기술 혁신에 지속적으로 주의를 기울여야 한다. 삼림 공원 관광생태효율성을 향상시키기 위해 더 큰 발전 동력을 제공하기 위해 노력한다. 지역 간 삼림공원 Malmquist 생산성 지수와 분해지표를 조사하면 대부분의 지역에서 기술효율성 변화와 기술변화가 1보다 크다는 것을 알 수 있다. 이는 중국 정부의 삼림공원 관광에 대한 관심과 기술 지원과 불가분의 관계이다. (3) 삼림공원 관광생태효율성은 일정한 공간적 진화 법칙을 보여준다. 본 논문에서는 주로 포괄적인 효율성에 대한 공간 분석을 수행했다. 글로벌 공간 자기 상관 관계분석을 사용하여 중국 삼림 공원 관광생태효율성의 전반적인 공간 변화 추세를 분석했다. ArcGIS 소프트웨어를 사용하여 2011-2020년 중국 삼림공원 관광생태효율성에 대한 글로벌 Morans'I 지수를 분석했다. 그 결과 글로벌 Moran's I 지수는 10년 동안 모두 양수였으며 0.059~0.298 사이에서 소폭 변동했다. 2011년과 2019년을 제외하고 각 연도의 Moran's I 지수는 5% 유의성 테스트를 통과했다. 이 결과는 중국 삼림공원 관광생태효율성의 공간적 양의 상관관계가 있음을 보여준다. 공간적 특성 측면에서 관광 종합효율성이 높은 지역은 주로 동남 해안 지역과 중부 지역에 있다. 3대 지역 간 관광효율성은 일반적으로 동부>중부>서부의 공간적 구별 특성을 보였다. 공간집적 특성으로 볼 때 관광 종합효율성의 공간집적효과가 점차 증가하여 장강삼각주, 환발해, 북경천진하 등 경제발달지역을 중심으로 높은 집적지대를 형성하고 있으며, 공간적으로 긍정적인 집적효과가 더 크다. (4) 중국 전국 및 3대 지역에서 삼림공원 관광생태효율성은 동일한 경향을 보였다. 각 지역의 관광생태효율성이 낮은 지역에서 높은 지역으로 추격하는 현상이 있다. 지역별로 관광효율성의 차이는 줄었지만 단기간에 이런 차이가 완전히 해소되지는 않을 것으로 보인다. σ 수렴에서 볼 때 삼림공원 관광생태효율성은 ‘발산-수렴’ 순환이 반복되는 규칙적인 변동 상태를 나타냈다. 전국 지역은 2014년부터 2018년까지 발산하고 2018년부터 2019년까지 수렴되었다. 3대 지역은 2013년부터 2015년까지 분산되었고 2015년부터 2019년까지 수렴되었다. 전국 및 3대 지역은 2019년부터 2020년까지 모두 발산상태를 보였다. 2011년부터 2020년까지 중국 전국 및 3대 지역의 삼림공원 관광생태효율성을 더 깊게 분석하기 위해 SEM 모형과 최소자승법(OLS)을 사용해서 회귀분석을 했다. 절대 수렴 상태를 연구 및 판단한 결과 β계수가 모두 음수이고 유의성 테스트를 통과한 것으로 나타났다. 이는 전국 및 3대 지역의 삼림공원 관광생태효율성에 절대적인 수렴이 있음을 보여준다. 각 지역의 관광생태효율성이 낮은 지역에서 높은 지역으로 추격하는 현상을 보인다. 그리고 시간이 지남에 따라 결국 높은 관광생태효율성을 따라잡는다. 그러나 수렴 속도는 지역에 따라 다르게 나왔다. 전국과 3대 지역의 수렴 속도는 중부(0.278), 전국(0.247), 동부(0.206), 서부(0.151)이었다. 중부지역의 수렴 속도가 가장 빠르다. 서부 지역은 다른 지역에 비해 수렴 속도가 느리다. 수렴 주기는 중부지역과 동부지역이 2~3년 걸린다. 그러나 서부 지역의 수렴 주기는 5년이다. 2011년부터 2020년까지 전국 및 3대 지역의 삼림공원 관광생태효율성에 대한 OLS 회귀분석을 채택하였다. 조건부 β수렴 상태를 연구 및 판단한 결과 β계수가 모두 음수이고 유의성 테스트를 통과한 것으로 나타났다. 이는 전국 및 3대 지역의 삼림공원 관광생태효율성에 수렴 여건이 있음을 보여준다. 다른 개발 기반과 특성을 가진 지역의 관광생태효율성은 점차 각자의 정상 상태로 수렴되어 관광생태효율성이 낮은 지역과 효율성의 격차가 줄어들 것이지만 단기간에 각 지역의 관광생태효율성의 격차가 완전히 해소되지 않을 것임을 나타냈다. 전국지역의 수렴 속도는 0.230입니다. 이는 2011년부터 2020년까지 전국 삼림공원 관광생태효율성이 연간 0.23%의 수렴률로 변화했음을 보여준다. 전국지역 삼림공원의 관광생태효율성이 낮은 지역은 연 0.23%의 비율로 고효율 지역으로 추격하고 있으며, 이 속도라면 이론적으로 3.010년 후에 안정적인 발전 상태에 도달할 것이다. 3대 지역의 수렴 속도는 동부(0.335), 중부(0.235), 서부(0.162)이다. 그 중 동부 지역은 수렴 속도가 가장 빠르며 수렴 주기는 2.068년이다. 이는 주로 동부삼림공원의 관광생태효율성이 서로 가장 작은 차이를 보여 수렴 속도가 가장 빠르기 때문이다. 서부 지역에서 수렴 속도가 가장 느리고 수렴 주기는 4.267년이다. 주로 삼림공원 관광생태효율성은 서부 지역 간 차이가 가장 크기 때문에 비교적 안정적인 상태에 도달하려면 오랜 시간이 걸릴 것이다. 이 측면에서는 서부 지역의 관광 자원 부족과 관련이 있어 보인다. 정부는 반드시 서부 지역의 관광 발전을 더욱 중시해야 한다. (5) 삼림공원 관광효율성 시스템에 대한 연구를 바탕으로 삼림공원 관광발전의 실제와 결합하여 정부정책지원, 인재 건설, 관광시설향상, 환경보호중시, 지역여건에 따른 발전 등 5가지 방면에서 삼림공원 관광효율성 향상대책을 제시한다.

A comparative study on tourism impact of cultural city : a case study of Yogyakarta, Indonesia and Gyeongju, South Korea

Surya, Imron Rosadi 서울시립대학교 국제도시과학대학원 2024 국내석사

Tourism, particularly in culturally and historically significant cities, has been a major driver of economic growth. Yogyakarta in Indonesia and Gyeongju in South Korea are renowned for their historical significance and cultural wealth. This thesis aims to conduct a comparative study of the tourism impact of two cultural cities. The findings of this study will provide insights into the impact of tourism on cultural cities, and the factors that contribute to the success of tourism in these cities. The results of this study will be useful for tourism industry stakeholders, policymakers, and academics interested in the tourism impact on cultural cities. This research conducted in two distinct stages. The initial stage entails conducting a comprehensive literature review to identify and comprehend all the pertinent criteria established in prior research. The second stage involves the analysis and comparison of primary and secondary data between Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and Gyeongju, South Korea, focusing on a qualitative research design encompassing specific criteria. Based on the results of the study, Both Yogyakarta and Gyeongju have a similar focus on conservation elements, emphasizing historical buildings, landscapes, and intangible heritage. However, the priority given to these elements may differ. For instance, Yogyakarta might focus more on intangible heritage such as traditional art forms, while Gyeongju might put more emphasis on the conservation of physical structures and historical sites. The difference in the priority given to conservation elements in Yogyakarta and Gyeongju is influenced by several factors, including historical significance, cultural identity, and tourism considerations. While their priorities may differ, the conservation efforts in both cities aim to strike a balance between safeguarding physical structures and nurturing living traditions. Both Yogyakarta and Gyeongju should explore a more balanced approach to heritage preservation. Yogyakarta could integrate tangible heritage conservation alongside its intangible treasures, providing visitors with a more holistic cultural experience. Conversely, Gyeongju could place greater emphasis on intangible heritage preservation, fostering community engagement and enriching cultural tourism. Striking a balance between tangible and intangible heritage can enhance the authenticity of cultural narratives in both cities. 특히 문화적으로나 역사적으로 중요한 도시에서 관광은 경제성장의 주요 원동력이었다. 인도네시아의 족자카르타와 한국의 경주는 역사적 중요성과 문화적 풍성함으로 유명하다. 본 논문은 두 문화도시의 관광영향을 비교 연구하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 본 연구결과는 관광이 문화 도시에 미치는 영향과 이러한 도시 관광의 성공에 기여하는 요인에 대한 이해을 도모할 것이다. 본 연구의 결과는 관광이 문화도시에 미치는 영향에 관심이 있는 관광산업 이해관계자, 정책입안자, 학계에 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다. 본 연구는 두 가지 단계로 진행되었다. 초기 단계에서는 이전 연구에서 인정한 모든 관련 기준을 식별하고 이해하기 위해 포괄적인 문헌 검토를 수행하였다. 두 번째 단계에서는 특정 기준을 포괄하는 질적 연구 설계에 중점을 두고 인도네시아 족자카르타와 한국 경주 간의 1차 및 2차 데이터를 분석하고 비교하였다. 연구 결과에 따르면 족자카르타와 경주 모두 역사적 건물, 경관, 무형유산을 강조하는 등 보존 요소에 초점을 맞추고 있으나, 이러한 요소에 부여되는 우선순위는 다를 수 있다. 예를 들어, 족자카르타는 전통예술 형식과 같은 무형유산에 더 중점을 두는 반면, 경주는 물리적 구조물과 역사적 유적지의 보존에 더 중점을 둔다. 족자카르타와 경주의 보존요소에 부여되는 우선순위의 차이는 역사적 중요성, 문화적 정체성, 관광적 고려 등 여러 요인에 의해 영향을 받는다. 우선순위는 다를 수 있지만 두 도시의 보존 노력은 물리적 구조 보호와 생활속의 전통 육성 사이의 균형을 맞추는 것을 목표로 하고 있다. 족자카르타와 경주 모두 문화유산 보존에 대해 보다 균형잡힌 접근방식을 모색해야 한다. 족자카르타는 무형유산과 함께 유형유산 보존을 통합하여 방문객에게 보다 총체적인 문화적 경험을 제공할 수 있다. 반대로, 경주는 무형유산 보존, 지역사회 참여 촉진, 문화 관광 강화에 더 중점을 둘 수 있다. 유형유산과 무형유산 간의 균형을 맞춤으로써 두 도시 모두 문화 서사의 진정성을 높일 수 있을 것이다.

Tourism development in Uzbekistan : Current problems in the field and ways to overcome them

Kurbanov Gayratjon 중부대학교 일반대학원 2018 국내석사

빠르게 발전해가는 오늘날의 세계에서는 사람들의 아이디어, 사람들의 활동 및 사람들이 삶을 즐기는 방법들이 점차 변해가고 있다. 사람들은 휴식을 취하고 건강을 재충전하며 세계, 전통 및 국가의 다양한 가치에 대해 배우면서 여가 시간을 보내려고 한다. 이러한 사람들의 욕구에서 나타난 서비스와 시설에 관련된 산업이 관광 산업이다. 인류는 꾸준히 행동 영역을 변화시키며 새로운 땅과 대륙을 발견해 왔다. 지난 19세기 동안 이러한 노력은 심화되었고 이는 관광 개발의 필요성을 자극해왔다. 일부 국가에서 관광 산업은 매우 안정적이며 매년 8~10 %의 성장률을 보이고 있다. 이것은 국가 경제에서 관광의 중요성에 대한 증거이다. 국가 관광 개발은 교통, 시장 인프라, 무역, 식음 산업, 건설, 장인 정신 및 기타 서비스 등이 동반 개발을 이끌어내게 될 것이다. 이는 미개발 지역에서 특히 중요한 의의를 갖는다. 관광은 경제 잠재력이 상대적으로 낮은 지역 개발에 더욱 중요한 역할을 한다. 그것은 그 지역에서의 고용을 촉진하고 유능한 사람들을 위한 일자리를 제공하며 일자리의 범위를 확장시킨다. 또한 경제 발전을 촉진하고 지역 자원을 효율적으로 사용하며 서비스 인력의 전문성을 향상시킨다. 많은 비용이 필요하다는 사실에도 불구하고, 관광 산업에 대한 투자는 매우 유익하며, 투자 된 비용은 빠른 시간 안에 복구 될 수 있다. 외국인 관광객과 관광산업에서 창출된 현금의 흐름은 지역 주민들의 소득으로 전환하고 국가 경제의 다양한 분야에 영향을 미치게 된다. 우즈베키스탄은 21 세기를 맞이하여 한 걸음 더 나아가고 있다. 금세기 관광은 국가 경제에서 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 예상된다. 우즈베키스탄은 관광산업의 발전을 위한 충분한 기회를 가지고 있으며 발전 여건도 충분하다. 우즈베키스탄 에서 관광은 새로운 분야가 아니다. 비록 오래된 과제이지만, 우리는 새로운 전략에 기반한 국가 관광을 개발하고 예측하여야 한다. 본 연구는 우즈베키스탄의 관광의 잠재력, 산업 발전 단계, 국가 경제를 강화하는데 있어서의 그 역할과 중요성에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 또한 우즈베키스탄의 풍부한 문화 유산, 유적지, 국가의 가치와 전통, 유네스코의 세계 문화 유산 목록에 등록된 고대 도시, 내국인 관광객과 외국인 관광객을 유치 할 수 있는 독특한 자연 및 기타 관광 명소에 대한 세부 정보를 다루었다. 우즈베키스탄의 관광 잠재력과 관광 자원을 직접 탐구하면서 새로운 개발 방식을 개발하고 더 많은 관광객을 끌어 들이기 위해 관광 지역에서 추가적인 기회를 활용할 필요성을 분석하였다. 한편 관광 개발에 중요한 요인에 대한 상세한 연구와 분석 작업이 수행되었다. 연구 결과에 따르면 우즈베키스탄은 관광 가능성에 비해 관광에 대한 접근성이 떨어지는 것으로 파악되었다. 이미 존재하고 있는 문제점들은 관광지의 매력으로 인해 관광객의 방문에 영향을 미치지 않을 수도 있지만, 산업, 새로운 동향이나 개발 방법 등에 영향을 미칠 것이다. 본 연구에서는 이 점을 중요시 하였다. 즉, 우즈베키스탄에 상존하고 있는 문제는 현대의 기준에 따라 이를 식별하고 제거할 필요가 있다는 것이다. 세 번째 섹션에서 이러한 아이디어를 바탕으로 분석적이고 실제적인 결과를 다루었다. 분석 결과에 따르면 우즈베키스탄 관광 개발의 경로가 점차 확대되고 있다. 현대 기술과 향상된 서비스 품질은 관광개발의 성과를 이끌어내기 위해 필요한 요소이다. 기존의 문제점과 단점들의 해결이 미래를 향해 진일보하는 중요한 단계이다. In today's rapidly developing world, people's ideas, their actions, and ways to enjoy life are changing gradually. They are trying to spend their leisure time on resting, restoring their health, learning about the world, traditions and various values of nations. These services and facilities are represented by tourism industry. Humanity has always changed its sphere of action and discovered new lands and continents. In the last century these efforts have been intensified and have stimulated the development of tourism. In some countries tourism industry is very stable and annual growth rate is between 8% and 10%. This is the proof to the importance of tourism in the country's economy. As a result of development of national tourism, transport, market infrastructure, trade, food industries, construction, craftsmanship and other services will be developed together. This is especially important for undeveloped areas. Tourism plays an important role in the development of regions with relatively low economic potential. It promotes employment in the regions, provides jobs for able-bodied people, and expands the scope of labor exploitation. It also intensifies the development of the economy, promotes the efficient use of regional resources and enhancement of the professionalism of service personnel. Despite the fact that much money is needed, investments in the tourist industry are very beneficial, invested money will be recovered quickly. Cash flow from foreign tourists and local residents turns into income and deals with various sectors of the national economy. Uzbekistan entered the 21st century with a step forward. In this century tourism was expected to play a major role in the national budget. There are enough opportunities and grounds in our country. Tourism in Uzbekistan is not a new branch. This is an old-fashioned task, but our task is to develop and forecast national tourism based on a new strategy. This research focuses exclusively on the tourism potential of Uzbekistan, the stage of development of the industry, its role and importance in strengthening the country's economy. Also this research work focuses the rich cultural heritage of the country, its historical monuments, national values and traditions, ancient cities where registered on UNESCO's world’s cultural heritages list, detailed information on the unique nature and other touristy opportunities that attract inner and foreign tourists. Directly exploring the tourist potential of Uzbekistan and its tourist resources, we have analyzed the need to develop new ways of development and use additional opportunities in tourist areas to attract more tourists to the country. In the second part of the research, the detailed study and analytical work on the factors crucial to the development of tourism have been done. The results of the study show that Uzbekistan has less access to tourism than its tourism potential. Existing problems may not affect the flow of tourists due to tourist attractions, but it will have an impact on the development of the industry, new trends and methods. That is one of the main goals of this research. That is, the existing problems in the field are to identify them and eliminate them on the basis of modern criteria. As you read the third section, you will witness the analytical and practical results of these ideas. Researches, analysis have shown that the path of development of tourism in Uzbekistan is gradually expanding. Modern technologies and improved service quality are the guarantors of achievement. The existing problems and shortcomings are an important step forward for the future.

관광소비가치, 장소애착과 몰입이 행동의도에 미치는 영향

박인영 경기대학교 대학원 2024 국내박사

소비가치는 소비 행동을 유발하는 근본적이고도 결정적인 동기이며, 내면에 잠재한 추상적인 속성이다. 그렇기 때문에 관광 측면에서의 소비가치를 관찰하는 것은 다소 어려우나 현대 소비사회와 코로나19 이후 변화한 소비 패턴 및 관광 트렌드를 이해하는데 중요한 변수임에는 틀림없다. 따라서 본 연구는 관광소비가치, 장소애착과 몰입이 행동의도간의 영향관계를 규명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구의 목적달성을 위해 관광소비가치, 장소애착, 몰입 및 행동의도에 대한 선행연구를 고찰하고 관광소비가치의 구성요인은 상황적 가치, 기능적 가치, 감정적 가치, 진귀적 가치, 사회적 가치 요인으로, 장소애착은 장소정체성과 장소의존성 요인으로, 몰입은 행위적 몰입과 인지적 몰입 요인으로 행동의도는 추천의도와 재방문의도 요인으로 구분하였다. 선행연구를 토대로 가설을 설정하였으며, 가설 검증을 위해 최근 1년 이내 국내 관광지를 방문한 성인을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 2023년 5월 8일부터 7월 7일까지 약 두 달에 걸쳐 1,041부의 설문지를 회수하였으며, 이중 응답이 불성실한 15부를 제외하고 총 1,026부의 설문지를 본 연구의 실증분석에 활용하였다. 분석은 SPSS Ver 22.0 통계 프로그램을 이용하였다. 실증분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 관광소비가치가 장소애착에 미치는 영향을 살펴보면, 상황적 가치, 감정적 가치, 사회적 가치는 장소애착의 구성요인인 장소정체성에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 반면 장소의존성에는 상황적 가치, 기능적 가치, 감정적 가치가 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.. 둘째, 관광소비가치가 몰입에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과, 상황적 가치와 감정적 가치만 행위적 몰입에 영향을 미치는 것을 보여주었다. 또한 진귀적 가치를 제외한 상황적 가치, 기능적 가치, 감정적 가치, 사회적 가치는 인지적 몰입에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 특히 감정적 가치가 몰입에 가장 큰 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 장소애착이 몰입에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과, 장소의존성만 행위적 몰입과 인지적 몰입에 유의한 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 장소애착이 행동의도에 미치는 영향을 살펴보면, 장소의존성만이 추천의도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 장소정체성과 장소의존성 모두 재방문의도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 몰입은 행동의도에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 연구결과를 종합해보면 본 연구는 다음과 같은 시사점을 보여준다. 첫째, 소비자가 아닌 관광자 관점에서의 소비가치 연구를 진행하였다. 기존의 소비가치 연구에서는 제품, 브랜드 등 쇼핑과 관련된 소비가치에 초점을 둔 유형상품 위주의 연구가 진행되었다. 그러나 본 연구의 조사대상자는 최근 1년 이내에 국내 여행을 다녀온 성인을 대상으로 하여 관광소비가치를 연구하는데 주 목적을 두었다. 둘째, 현 관광시장에 맞는 관광객의 행동 변화에 대한 연구 결과를 보여주었다. 관광소비가치, 장소애착과 몰입이 행동의도에 미치는 영향에 대한 분석을 통해 코로나19 이후 변화한 관광소비가치 연구 결과를 도출하였다. 셋째, 관광소비가치의 구성요인 중 상황적 가치와 감정적 가치 요인이 장소애착과 몰입에 중요함을 규명하였다. 넷째, 관광 행동의도를 높이기 위한 방안제시와 관광 관련 인구통계학적 자료와 분석 결과를 근거로 SNS나 20-30대에 맞는 관광 마케팅 활용방안 제시가 가능하였다. 마지막으로 본 연구는 문헌 및 선행연구 내용을 근거로 관광소비가치, 장소애착, 몰입, 행동의도의 영향관계를 규명하여 학술적, 실무적으로 기여하였으나 다음과 같은 한계점을 보여주고 있다. 첫째, 본 연구는 조사대상자의 인구통계학 특성을 반영한 분석 결과를 기술하였으나 광범위한 관광지를 방문한 사람을 대상으로 진행되었다. 따라서 지역적 특색을 반영한 관광소비가치 연구, 특정 관광지에 대한 장소애착과 몰입 연구, 성별이나 연령에 따른 연구과 같은 세부적인 추가 연구의 진행이 필요하다고 사료된다. 둘째, 본 연구에서의 조사대상자는 20-30대가 47.4%로 상대적으로 많이 표집 되었다. 이는 디지털 환경에 익숙한 MZ세대를 대표하고 있으므로 SNS로 관광 마케팅을 시도하려는 시사점에서 굉장히 긍정적인 표본으로 볼 수 있다. 다만 전 연령을 대표한 결과라 하기에는 다소 어렵다고 판단된다. 셋째, 관광소비가치를 독립변수, 장소애착과 몰입을 종속변수로, 장소애착과 몰입을 독립변수, 행동의도를 종속변수로 연구를 진행하였다. 향후 관광지 선택속성, 태도, 소비성향, 만족도 등 다양한 변수의 적용으로 보다 의미 있는 연구결과가 도출될 수 있기를 기대한다. The purpose of this study is to find the influential relationships between tourism consumption value, place attachment and commitment and behavioral intention. To achieve that, this researcher analyzed related works of tourism consumption value, place attachment, commitment, and behavioral intention, and set the factors of tourism consumption value as conditional value, functional value, emotional value, epistemic value, and social value; the factors of place attachment as place identity and place dependence; the factors of commitment as behavioral commitment and cognitive commitment; the factors of behavioral intention as recommendation intention and revisit intention. Based on previous works, this study established hypotheses. For the verification of the hypotheses, a questionnaire survey was conducted with adults who visited tourist attractions over the last three years. From about two months from May 8 to July 7, 2023, 1,041 questionnaire data had been collected. Of them, 15 with insincere answers were excluded. As a result, a total of 1,026 data were utilized in the empirical analysis of this study. For the data analysis, SPSS Ver 22.0 program was applied. The following results were drawn. First, according to the analysis of the effects of tourism consumption value on place attachment, among factors of tourism consumption value, conditional value, emotional value, and social value significantly affected place identity as a factor of place attachment; functional value and epistemic value were not significantly influential. Among factors of tourism consumption value, conditional value, functional value, and emotional value among positively and significantly affected place dependence as a factor of place attachment, whereas epistemic value and social value were not influential. Second, according to the analysis of the effects of tourism consumption value on commitment, among factors of tourism consumption value, conditional value and emotional value affected behavioral commitment as a factor of commitment. All the factors of tourism consumption value but epistemic value-conditional value, functional value, emotional value, and social value-positively influenced cognitive commitment as a factor of commitment. In particular, emotional value had the most influence on commitment. Third, according to the analysis of the effects of place attachment on commitment, among factors of place attachment, only place dependence significantly affected behavioral commitment and cognitive commitment as factors of commitment. Fourth, according to the analysis of the effects of place attachment on behavioral intention, among factors of place attachment, only place dependence significantly affected recommendation intention as a factor of behavioral intention, and both place identity and place dependence significantly influenced revisit intention as a factor of behavioral intention. Given all, the more place attachment, and the more revisit intention, but recommendation needs to be considered. Fifth, according to the analysis of the effects of commitment on behavioral intention, commitment positively affected behavioral intention. This study has the following indications: First, the main purpose of this study is to analyze tourism consumption value with the use of the adults who took domestic trips over the last three years. Previous studies focused on consumption value from the perspective of consumers, whereas this study did so from the perspective of tourism. Accordingly, the factors of consumption value that this study put in first were different. Second, by analyzing the effects of tourism consumption value, place attachment, and commitment on behavioral intention, this study presented behavioral intention in line with the current situations. Third, this study defined that among factors of tourism consumption value, conditional value and emotional value were key to place attachment and commitment Fourth, it is possible to suggest a plan for improving behavioral intention of tourism, and to suggest a tourism marketing application plan for SNSs or for those in their 20s and 30s on the basis of demographic data and analysis results related to tourism. Lastly, based on the literature and related works, this study defined the influential relationships between tourism consumption value, place attachment, commitment, and behavioral intention and made academic and practical contributions. Nevertheless, it has the following limitations: First, although this study described the analysis results in consideration of the demographic characteristics of the study subjects, it was conducted with the persons who visited a broad range of tourist attractions with no selection of a specific tourist attraction. Therefore, the samples are not representative enough. Second, among the subjects of this study, those in their 20s and 30s accounted for 47.4%, relatively high. It means that since they are typical Generation MZ familiar with the digital environment, they are highly positive samples in terms of SNS based tourism marketing. Nevertheless, it is hard to determine that the analysis results were drawn with all age groups. Third, this study was conducted in the way of setting tourism consumption value as an independent variable, place attachment and commitment as dependent variables; place attachment and commitment as independent variables and behavioral intention as a dependent variable. Therefore, in the follow-up research, it will be necessary to widen a range of study subjects and draw more meaningful results.

Exploring authentic tourism experiences reflected in online travel reviews : a grounded theory approach

박지연 경희대학교 대학원 2017 국내박사

Understanding what tourists attempts to have more memorable experiences is crucial in destination marketing. Tourism experiences tend to form perceptions of tourists toward certain destinations and attractions. Therefore managing destination image properly is very complicated yet important for inducing tourists. Moreover, tourism experiences directly influence tourists’ satisfaction and revisit intention. Many destinations and tourism attractions seem to focus on exploration of different factors affecting and composing tourism experiences. In this sense, authenticity is often raised as an important keyword for explaining diverse tourism experiences. The advance of the Internet Communication Technology is conspicuously attracting tourists to express and share their tourism-related activities including experiences at destinations. Online communication channels provide opportunities to identify phenomenological theme of tourism experiences, influencing overall travels patterns including decision making process on travel destinations as well. In this regard, this study attempts to review various tourism experiences discussed in one of the reputable online travel communication platforms, TripAdvisor. Moreover, this study aims to explore what tourism experiences tourists recall voluntarily based on their visit experience. Also, how those are reflected in online travel reviews are identified. The ultimate objective of this study is to extract new phenomenon of tourism experiences contextualized in online travel reviews. Therefore Grounded Theory (GT), an explorative-deductive approach, is applied to this study. Unlike confirmative-inductive methodologies which focus on testing existing theories, the main goal of GT is to explore new concepts and develop new themes based on systematic set of accumulated data. Thus, GT is utilized in this study to investigate new concepts of tourism experiences by following systematic coding procedures and a paradigm model suggested by Strauss & Corbin (1999). In order to achieve the goal of identifying new phenomenon, online travel reviews on major Seoul attractions were collected from TripAdvisor and deconstructed for open coding analysis by using NVivo 11. Then, categorization according to semiotic terms of tourism experiences was conducted during axial coding. Relationship among categories were also identified by utilizing paradigm model which finally extracted a core phenomenological theme, “Emergence of Authentic Tourism Experiences”. As a result of final procedure, selective coding, six different authentic tourism experiences (ATEs) were drawn: Empathized ATE; Assimilated ATE; Explored ATE; Staged ATE; Contrived ATE; and Diversified ATE. While Empathized and Assimilated ATE tend to reveal high emotional attachment as well as high cognitive value, Staged and Contrived ATE show low emotional attachment and low cognitive value. Explored ATE only has high cognitive value where Diversified ATE has high emotional attachment. This difference is due to an attitude and perception formed by tourists toward various tourism experiences. Various and new terms on tourism experiences are expected to suggest both theoretical and practical implications in tourism studies and industry. First of all, Grounded Theory was applied to online resources. On the other hand, new dimensions on authentic tourism experiences were explained according to different ATEs in three dimensional quadrant. In addition, online reviews may imply and be used as online marketing tools for understanding different perspectives by the tourists.

Tourism Demand and Competition Parameters in Heilongjiang,China

맹번호 중부대학교 일반대학원 2010 국내석사

Tourist resources are the material foundation of development of tourist trade. Good understanding and correct evaluation are premise to develop and utilize tourist resources .Closely related to development model of the resources, to development contents, to utilization form, as well as to construction scope, evaluation of tourist resources has a directive effect on developing tourism. The thesis elaborated a research background and purpose, research present condition and related theories home and abroad, and analyzed the present condition and existent outstanding problems and reasons of tourism industry of Heilongjiang . Besides it put forward solutions and suggestions about these problems. The Article summarizes the elements which influence the competitive power based on the theory of competition and tourism including tourism productive elements, market demand of tourists, tourism industry and supplementary industry, tourism enterprises or tourism environment. The strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of Heilongjiang province tourism system are analyzed combining the effects on them. Primarily the strategic suggestions are put forward on Heilongjiang province tourism to make it gain the advantage in the competition of Heilongjiang province tourism and make it develop quickly For the value assessment of tourist trade in Heilongjiang Province, it is pointed out that because of special geographical position , there are many natural landscapes in the province.Also,because Heilongjiang Province is the origin of Man Dynasty , there are many historical sites in the province , for development condition aspects , it is pointed out in the paper that the geographical position of Heilongjiang Province has advantage and disadvantage . The disadvantage is that the province is far away from the center of China. However, advantage of the province is that there is a long boundary line and international tourist trade can be developed. In communication and transportation, the province has formed a transportation system including railway, highway and airline and formed a system of post and communication. The combination condition of the scenery in the province is not quite good but a few of them are attractive. In investment aspect, financial support is not enough. Also,construction condition is not very good since there is frozen soil layer . In Spite of the disadvantages, the potential of development of tourist resources in Heilongjiang Province is quite attractive and can produce great benefit for the economy of the province. Heilongjiang province is rich in tourism resources, but simple in production structure, unreasonable in industrial structure, inferior in enter ability, and deficient in professional talents, whichrestrict the advancement of competitive ability of tourism. There fore, we should take a series of measures to raise our competitive ability of tourism such as developing new tourism pattern, strengthening production innovation, establishing business group, building up image construction, and intensifying professional talents’ training.

A study on relationships between tourism development and selected macro variables of Saudi Arabia :

Alghamdi Mashael Saeed R 인제대학교 일반대학원 2023 국내석사

Tourism is critical to the development of many economies worldwide. Tourism contributes to the growth of a country in two ways: primarily by bringing in a variety of economic values and advantages and secondly by supporting in the development of the country's brand value, reputation, and identification. Tourism has been the subject of extensive research for many years. The significance of the tourism sector globally has been granted many various studies. Unfortunately, there has been inadequate research on this topic in the context of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia declared in December 2013 that it would offer tourist visas for the first time in the country's history. However, on September 27, 2019, Saudi Arabia formally started the issuance of tourist visas to visitors from 49 countries. A decade back, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) was not perceived to be a joint tourism destination, with the exception of religious purposes (Hajj and Umrah). The two holy cities of Makkah and Medina play a significant role in Saudi Arabia's non-oil economy because of their significance in the Muslim world and the millions of pilgrims they attract. Every year, the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages are carried out, bringing in about $12 billion in revenue from the worshippers' fees, food, transportation, and lodging. The economy of Saudi Arabia functions as an oil state, and the country plays a significant role in OPEC. The Saudi government launched its Saudi Vision 2030 plan in 2016 in order to reduce the country’s reliance on oil and diversify its economic resources. This plan’s objectives include developing the Saudi private sector to build a thriving society; diversifying the economy to create economic prosperity; and making investments to position Saudi Arabia for international trade and competition. The key to achieving much of this vision is tourism. Furthermore, in recent years, the KSA government has been proactive in developing new goals, adjusting long-established policies, focusing on tourism and hospitality education, and revamping its image in order to attract domestic and international tourists. The objectives of this study are to determine the long-run and the short-run relationships among GDP and independent variables, including tourism receipts, the number of international tourist arrivals, and the nominal exchange rate, using annual time series data from 1970 to 2019. Unit roots, Johansen co-integration, VAR and VAR-ECM, Impulse Response, and Variance Decomposition are among the econometric approaches used in the study. ADF, PP, and KPSS statistics of Kwiatkowski, Phillips, and Schmidt were employed for unit root tests. Since the variables are not stationary, the Johansen Co-integration approach was applied. Based on the findings, we may conclude that all variables are nonlinearly integrated of order '1'. In the unit in-level test, the null hypothesis of non-stationarity is rejected for all variables; hence, all the variables are stationary in the first difference. According to the Johansen Co-integration test results, where the trace statistics indicate one cointegration equation at a 5% confidence, there is at least one cointegration vector among LGDP, LINTR, LTR, and LEXR. Therefore, it is said that the variables are integrated, and there is a long-run equilibrium relationship among them. After running the regression analysis, the results obtained showed that there is a unidirectional relationship between the number of international tourist arrivals and GDP. Another unidirectional relationship exists between tourism receipts and GDP. Tourism receipts and the number of international tourist arrivals have a bidirectional relationship. However, the exchange rate and the number of international tourist arrivals do not Granger cause each other. The same goes for the exchange rate, and tourism receipts meaning relationships do not exist between them. The VAR-ECM model findings state that a change in tourism receipts affects the change in the GDP positively; however, a change in the number of international tourist arrivals affects the changes in GDP negatively. Meaning that only tourism receipts are significant and positively related to economic growth. Therefore, the empirical results validate the concept that tourism promotes economic growth in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Aside from enhancing current knowledge, the findings also recommended to policymakers that the tourism industry be improved and sustained to generate better economic growth. Keywords: Economic Growth, VAR Model, Impulse Response, Tourist Arrivals, Tourism receipts, real exchange rate, Saudi Arabia, Unit Root Test, Johansen Cointegration, Lag length selection, Granger causality, Variance Decomposition.

북한?쿠바 관광정책에 관한 연구 : -김정은?라울 시기를 중심으로-

윤연선 동국대학교 일반대학원 2022 국내박사

North Korea and Cuba are located on different continents, far away from each other, but they have several things in common. First of all, North Korea and Cuba suffered the failure of the planned socialist economy in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. He also experienced an 'economic crisis' called 'the march of hardship' and a 'special period'. In addition, North Korea and Cuba attempted an open policy to the outside world to overcome the economic crisis caused by US sanctions. In particular, in the era of Kim Jong-un and Raul, tourism policies were implemented as one of the pillars of the open policy, and North Korea and Cuba are facing very different situations in the tourism industry. Cuba's tourism industry has grown high despite U.S. sanctions, while North Korea's tourism industry has shown very little performance so far. Therefore, the question of this study was raised as to why the tourism industry of the two countries is different. In addition, the goal was to study the promotion of tourism policy, what was the background, and what the results were like, and to suggest the direction of North Korean tourism policy by deriving similarities and differences. In 2012, North Korea implemented an open-door policy to revitalize the domestic economy. It was an open-door policy to revitalize the economy throughout North Korea by designating 24 special economic zones throughout North Korea. Behind it, efforts were also made to build tourism infrastructure while carrying out tourism-related projects in all special economic zones. However, international sanctions imposed by the international community over the continued nuclear tests and missile tests have only been announced and are no longer being carried out. Cuba showed negative growth similar to North Korea in the early 1990s after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Socialist bloc, but it has steadily grown since 1994 when reforms have paid off. In particular, from 2011, during the Raul period, economic and social reform plans were promoted to recognize private property, allow self-employment, and revive the private economy through the liberalization of travel. This policy greatly affected the tourism industry and became a stepping stone to Cuba's economic growth. In addition, since the normalization of relations with the United States in 2014, the tourism industry has become a vital force for the economy as steady tourists have visited. North Korea and Cuba, which started in the early 1990s under the same environment and conditions, promoted different external opening policies, but at the center of it, the opening policy of external tourism through changes in reform occupies an important factor. In Cuba, the economy has grown rapidly since the 1990s due to the promotion of open policy policies for foreigners and active tourism policies using natural tourism resources. However, in the case of North Korea, the designation of special economic zones and tourism development policies for external opening policies have been proposed, but the results are still insignificant. There are several similarities between North Korea's Kim Jong-un and Cuba's tourism policy during the Raul period. First, the two countries have maintained a socialist system so far, and there has been a reform and opening policy related to tourism to revitalize the difficult economy. During the Kim Jong-un period in North Korea, economic development zones related to tourism were designated throughout the country, and tourism was revitalized by establishing infrastructure accordingly. During the Raul period, Cuba announced economic and social reform plans to revitalize self-employed people related to tourism and revise the immigration law to liberalize Cuban travel. As a result of this, the Cuban tourism industry has made a leap forward. Second, during the Kim Jong Un and Raoul period, North Korea designated 24 new special economic zones to attract foreign investors, and Cuba promoted special economic zones such as the development of the special economic zone, and announced new laws. However, North Korea was sanctioned by the international community, and Cuba was not very successful due to the inefficiency of its internal employment policy. Third, North Korea and Cuba are still under sanctions by the United States and the international community. Cuba has been under U.S. sanctions since the 1960s, and the tourism industry developed rapidly due to the normalization of diplomatic relations with the U.S. during the Raul period. However, the emergence of the Trump administration has adversely affected the entire industry as restrictions have been strengthened. North Korea's special zone policy related to overseas investment did not shine due to U.N. sanctions imposed by Kim Jong-un due to nuclear development and missile tests. Fourth, North Korea and Cuba were very active in building tourism infrastructure related to the tourism industry. Efforts were made to cultivate tourism professionals while constructing or renovating tourism facilities, and various tourism products were developed. Fifth, The two countries are adjacent to the huge tourism markets of the United States and China, so they have a very advantageous geographical advantage in attracting tourists. However, although there are these similarities, several differences are also found in the background of the decision on tourism policy due to the specificity of the two countries. First, the scope of opening to tourism in the two countries is different. Cuba is open to tourist attractions across the country due to its travel liberalization policy, but North Korea is dominated by tourism products only in designated areas, and residents cannot travel. However, recent North Korean tourism products are also being developed for experience products that can be accessed by residents. Second, tourism resources in North Korea and Cuba are different. Cuba promotes tourism with even temperatures and natural tourism throughout the year, but North Korea has four distinct seasons, following the seasonal limitations of summer and winter. Therefore, it is necessary to develop tourism products using seasonal tourism resources. Third, Cuba acted as a vital force for the tourism industry and economy due to the revitalization of the private economy and the resulting increase in tourism-related self-employed people as a policy to encourage overseas Cuban diaspora tourism. However, North Korea has shown no open policy toward South Korean separated families or residents who have fled the country and has focused on South Korea's tours to Mount Kumgang. Fourth, North Korea's Cuba differs in the tourism infrastructure development process in tourism policy. Cuba is open to tourists from all over the world as a tourist destination, but in the case of North Korea, only some airlines such as China and other national airlines operate, making it less accessible internationally. In addition, in the case of hotels, which are tourist accommodations, Cuba attracts international tourists in collaboration with international brand hotels, but North Korea is very disadvantageous in attracting international tourists due to its low international recognition as its own brand hotels. Fifth, North Korea and Cuba have differences in international market diversification policies. Cuba attracts tourists from all over the world, including the United States, Canada, Europe, and Asia, but North Korea has more than 90 percent of tourists from China, which is still within the limits of the market. 6, North Korea and Cuba have different sanctions from the United States and the international community. Cuba was able to diversify the tourism market regardless of other regions as the United States imposed sanctions on the American people in terms of asset protection. However, North Korea has been unable to diversify its investment and international tourism markets as the U.N. and many countries are imposing sanctions. Despite the economic difficulties of North Korea and Cuba during the Raul period, political and economic conditions, reform and opening policies, and tourism policies were clearly different from those of Kim Jong-un during the Raul period due to various differences. Therefore, in order for North Korean tourism raised in this study to become a successful tourism industry like Cuba, the following implications are presented. First, in order for North Korea's tourism policy to succeed, it is to resolve the North Korean nuclear issue and incorporate it into a normal state of the North's international community. Second, like Cuba, North Korea's travel is open to tourists freely Third, North Korea's tourism infrastructure needs to be improved urgently Fourth, North Korea, like Cuba, needs an active tourism opening policy for diaspora. In conclusion, it can be seen that Kim Jong-un and Raul's efforts to improve external relations had a great influence on the success of foreign open policy or tourism policy. However, the difference between the two countries' tourism policies in the largest framework is that tourism policies are successful or failure determined by sanctions by the United States and the international community. Therefore, it is important to make efficient use of North Korea's tourism resources and to incorporate them into the international community while closely examining and applying the difference from Cuba's tourism industry development policy.