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Silver nanoparticles are well known to have antimicrobial effects, but the mechanism(s) have not been revealed clearly. In this study, it was found that silver nanoparticles exerted its antifungal effect via apoptosis and synergistic effects. Candida albicans exposed to silver nanoparticles showed the increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, measured by DHR-123 staining and then we investigated that silver nanoparticles induced the accumulation of hydroxyl radicals on C. albicans as an oxidative stress response to the drug. There are many of studies have suggested that the accumulation of ROS induces and regulates the induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, hydroxyl radicas, which is one of the more active oxygen among the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed, are considered to be important thing for cell death. Therefore, we assumed that hydroxyl radicals are related to apoptosis and the effect of thiourea as hydroxyl radicals scavenger was investigated. In addition, the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential through flow cytometry analysis after staining these with DiOC6 or JC-1, and the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria were also assured. The apoptotic effects of silver nanoparticles were detected by fluorescence microscope using Annexin V-FITC, TUNEL, DAPI and FITC-VAD-FMK staining further confirmed diagnostic markers of yeast apoptosis including phosphatidylserine externalization, DNA and nuclear fragmentation, and activation of metacaspase. The results indicated that silver nanoparticles possess antifungal effects with another mechanism promoting such as apoptosis and we thought hydroxyl radicals generated by silver nanoparticles plays a significant role in mitochondrial dysfunctional apoptosis. Since then, the effects of a combination of silver nanoparticles with conventional antibiotics against various pathogenic bacteria were investigated. We showed the anti-microbial and anti-biofilm activities of silver nanoparticles alone or in combination with conventional antibiotics against pathogenic bacteria. Additionally, we conducted relevant experiments including the measuring of hydroxyl radical formation and permeability to investigate the important causative for synergy effects.
표면 증강 Raman 분광학 (surface-enhanced Raman scattering, SERS)은 최근 고감도의 화학분석, 재료 연구 등 여러 분야에서 주목 받고 있다. 특히 SERS 면역분석 (immunoassay)은 항원-항체결합을 바탕으로 질병과 관련된 단백질의 검출방법으로 연구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 패턴화 된 표면을 이용하여 샌드위치 타입의 SERS immunoassay를 실시했다. 패턴화 된 기질 (substrate)은 미세접촉인쇄 (micro-contact printing) 방법을 이용하여 제작하였으며 항원인 immunoglobulin G (IgG)와 선택적으로 결합하는 항체를 사용하였다. SERS substrate와 은 나노입자 (silver nanoparticles)는 전계방사형 주사전자현미경 (field emission scanning electron microscope, FE-SEM)과 전계방사형 투과전자현미경 (field emission scanning transmission electron microscope, FE-TEM), 광학현미경 (microscope), 자외선-가시광선 (UV-Vis)과 Raman 분광기 (spectrometer)를 통해 알아보았다. Silver nanoparticles에 흡착된 로다민 6G (rhodamine 6G, R6G)는 SERS 리포터 (reporter)로서 사용되었으며 substrate에서 이를 관찰함으로서 매우 낮은 농도 (∼0.5 ng/mL)의 IgG를 검출할 수 있었다. 뿐만 아니라 패턴화 된 substrate의 경우, silver nanoparticles가 흡착된 부분에서만 항원-항체 결합에 의해 rhodamine 6G의 밴드 (band)를 확인할 수 있었다. 이것을 Raman 맵핑 이미지 (mapping image)를 통하여 관찰하였으며, substrate의 패턴에 따라 immunoassay가 진행되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 샌드위치 타입의 SERS immunoassay는 질병관련 바이오센서 (biosenser)에 성공적으로 적용이 가능함을 알 수 있었다. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has recently received considerable attention as a powerful analytical tool in ultrasensitive chemical analysis, biological imaging, and material studies. Especially, SERS immunoassays based on antigen-antibody bonding have been investigated for biomarker of disease-related proteins. Silver nanoparticles which were prepared by reducing silver nitrate with hydroxylamine hydrochloride have excellent optical properties for detection of Immunoglobulin G (IgG). In this study, the sandwich type SERS immunoassay process using antigen-antibody bonding on the particular patterned surface was performed. The micro-contact printing method was applied to prepare a patterned substrate of a sandwich type SERS immunoassay in which antigens on the substrate selectively capture antibodies on a Raman reporter. The SERS substrate and SERS immuassay were investigated to use field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM), field emission scanning transmission electron microscope (TEM), UV-Vis and Raman spectroscopy. From the SRES immunoassay, it is possible to detect IgG at very low levels (∼0.5 ng/mL). SERS spectrum of the Raman reporter with antibody, which is rhodamine 6G adsorbed on silver nanoparticles, was observed only for the surfaces in which IgG is present of the substrate. This sandwich type SERS immunoassay can be successfully applied biosensors for disease-related proteins.
Preparation and Characterization of Protein Nanofibers Containing Silver Nanoparticles
오랜 기간 동안 사용되어 온 대표적인 기능성 금속 중 하나인 은(Ag)은 금속중에서 금(Au) 다음으로 전성과 연성이 큰 성질을 가지고 있으며, 공기나 물에 쉽게 산화되지 않고 전기 및 열적 전도도가 우수할 뿐만 아니라 유기물 및 고 분자 합성에 촉매로 사용될 정도로 촉매능력이 뛰어나다. 또한 650가지 이상의 세균을 죽일 수 있는 강력한 항균성으로도 많이 알려져 있다. 때문에 은을 포함하는 화합물들은 합금, 도금, 의약, 사진, 전기전자, 섬유, 세제, 가전 등 산업 전반에 걸쳐 두루 사용되고 있으며, 최근에는 나노기술의 발전과 함께 은 나노입자 등의 나노구조체의 형태로 그 응용범위가 점차 확대되고 있는 실정이다. 은 나노입자를 제조하는 방법에는 화학적 환원, 주형, 전기화학 및 초음파 환원, 마이크로파 환원, 생화학적 합성, 조사 환원, 빛이나 광촉매 환원 등의 다양한 방법들이 알려져 있다. 그 중, 화학적 환원은 수용액이나 유기용매 하에서 은 나노입자를 제조하는데 가장 널리 사용되는 방법으로 환원제(reducing agent)로는 sodium borohydride, citric acid, ascorbic acid, hydrazine, 수소기체 등이 주로 사용된다. 환원과정에서 은 이온(Ag+)은 은 원자(Ag0)을 형성하고 이들이 모여서 은 클러스터(cluster)를 이루고 최종적으로 은 나노입자의 형태로 성장한다. 은 나노입자는 주로 수용액에 분산되어 얻어지는데, 일반적으로 은 나노입자의 직경은 수 nm에서 100 nm의 미세한 입자크기를 가진다. 제조과정에 있어 가장 중요한 것은 수용액 중 나노입자들이 응집(aggregation)이나 침전(deposition)되지 않고 어떻게 안정화된 상태로 분산시키느냐가 핵심기술이다. 즉, 제조과정에서 형성되는 나노입자들의 응집이 일어나지 않도록 안정화시켜야 한다. 이를 위하여 일반적으로 안정제(stabilizing agent)가 환원제와 함께 사용된다. 본 연구에서는 formic acid를 물과 혼합하여 다양한 조성의 산수용액 내에서 은 전구체의 환원반응에 의한 은 나노입자의 형성거동을 관찰하고 안정제로서 젤라틴(gelatin)을 사용하여 은 나노입자의 형성에 미치는 안정제의 역할을 확 인하고자 하였다. 실험에 사용한 은 전구체는 silver acetate, silver tetrafluoroborate, silver nitrate, silver phosphate 등 4가지를 사용하였으며, 용매로는 formic acid와 물의 조성을 100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70, 0:100으로 변화시켜 사용하였다. 산성 용액 내에서 은 나노입자 형성거동을 확인하기 위하여 UV-vis spectrophotometer를 이용하였으며 UV-vis 흡수 스펙트럼을 통해 은 나노입자의 형성 시간, 형성된 나노입자의 크기와 양을 비교·분석하였다. 산성 용액의 조성 중 물의 함량이 많아질수록, 흡수 스펙트럼의 폭이 넓어지고 최대 흡수 피크가 장파장 영역으로 이동하며, 또한 최대 흡광도를 나타내는 시간이 점점 빨라짐을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 UV-vis 흡수 스펙트럼 거동을 종합하여 보면, 산성 용액 내에서 물의 함량이 많아 질수록 많은 양의 은 나노입자가 다양한 크기로 빠르게 형성되고 있음을 유추해 볼 수 있다. 특히 실험에 사용된 은 전구체 중에서 silver nitrate의 경우, F100 용액에 용해됨과 동시에 많은 양의 은 나노입자가 형성 되었으나 시간이 경과함에 따라 형성된 은 나노입자가 응집·침전되고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 산성 용액 내에 안정제인 젤라틴이 존재할 경우, UV-vis 흡수 스펙트럼은 존재하지 않을 때에 비해 폭이 좁고, 비교적 단파장 영역에서 최대 흡수피크가 관찰되었다. 또한 시간이 경과함에 따라 최대 흡광도가 점차적으로 증가 하였으며, 최대 흡수 피크의 위치도 장파장 영역대로 서서히 이동하였다. 이러한 경향은 산성 용액 중 물의 조성이 많을수록 두드러지게 발생하였다. 따라서 젤라틴이 용해된 산성 용액에서 형성된 은 나노입자는 젤라틴이 존재하지 않은 산성 용액에서 형성된 은 나노입자보다 작고 균일한 크기로 형성되었을 것이라 생각할 수 있다. 이러한 젤라틴의 안정화 효과는 나노입도분석 결과와 TEM image 상에서도 확인할 수 있었다. 최근 수많은 종류의 세균이나 바이러스에 의한 피해가 생활환경에서 빈번하게 발생하고 있어 인체에 무해하고 안정성이 뛰어난 무기계 항균물질이 각광을 받고 있으며, 그 중 특히 은에 대한 관심과 연구가 급증하고 있다. 나노기술의 급속한 발전으로 은 나노입자를 제조할 수 있는 다양한 방법이 알려지면서 은나노입자는 항균 기능을 필요로 하는 다양한 제품에 응용되고 있다. 본 연구에서 이용한 화학적 환원법을 이용하면 은 전구체가 수용액 상태에서 고분자와 결합되어 있다가 환원과정을 통해 나노입자를 형성하므로, 은 이온 및 나노입자를 균일하게 함유한 은 나노입자-나노섬유 복합 구조체를 제조하는 것이 가능하다. 실크 피브로인 (Silk fibroin)은 대표적인 섬유상 단백질의 하나로 생체적합성, 생분해성, 수분 및 산소투과성 등의 우수한 특성을 가지고 있어 생체재료로서 많은 관심과 연구의 대상이 되어왔다. 젤라틴 또한 자연계에 풍부하게 존재하는 천연 고분자로서 식품, 화장품, 의약품, 의료용구 등 다양한 분야에서 광범위하게 사용되고 있다. 오래전부터 항균작용이 우수한 것으로 알려진 은을 생체친화성이 뛰어난 천연고분자와 복합화하면 창상피복재, 인공피부, 치과용 레진, 항균 필터 등에의 적용이 가능하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 실크 피브로인과 젤라틴에 앞서 언급한 은 화합물을 첨가하여 은을 함유한 실크 피브로인과 젤라틴 나노섬유를 제조하고, TEM, EDS, XPS를 통하여 나노섬유에 존재하는 은 나노입자의 존재를 확인하고 그 특성을 분석하였다. 또한 은 나노입자를 함유하는 실크 피브로인과 젤라틴 나노섬유의 창상피복재로서의 응용가능성을 검토하기 위하여 normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK)와 normal human epidermal fibroblasts (NHEF) 세포를 배양하여 각 시료들에 부착된 세포의 수를 비교하였다. 은을 함유하지 않은 실크 피브로인 나노섬유의 경우 은이 함유된 나노섬유에 비해 월등히 많은 양의 세포가 부착되었으며, 첨가된 은 화합물의 종류에 따라 상이한 결과를 나타냄을 알 수 있었다. 실험에 사용된 은 화합물 중, silver sulfadiazine은 화상환자의 세균감염 및 창상 폐혈증 예방과 치료에 국소 항감염제로 사용되는 은 유도체이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 slver sulfadiazine을 함유하는 실크 피브로인 나노섬유의 창상치유 효과를 동물 모델에서 평가하였다. 모델 동물로서 7주령 수컷 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat을 사용하였으며, Biopsy punch를 이용하여 rat의 등에 지름 6mm 크기의 상처를 근막 위 부분까지 만들고, 상처 부위를 Silver sulfadiazine을 함유한 실크 피브로인 나노섬유와 시판 중인 창상피복재 Acticoat™로 처치하였다. 처치 후 14일까지 치유된 상처의 크기를 측정하고, 조직 표본을 통하여 회복된 상처의 재상피화 과정을 관찰한 결과, silver sulfadiazine 1.0 wt%를 함유한 실크 피브로인 나노섬유로 처치된 군에서 빠른 상처 치유를 보였다. 따라서 본 연구를 통하여, 항균 특성을 가지는 은 나노입자를 함유한 실크 피브로인 나노섬유가 창상피복재로서 응용가능성이 있음을 확인하였다. Ag metal has considerable interest because of their good conductivity, chemical stability, and catalytic and antibacterial activities. According to the development of nanotechnology, Ag compounds have been fabricated into a range of nanostructures (for example, nanoparticles) to maximize their chemical and biological activities. Ag nanoparticles have been prepared by various methods, such as chemical reduction, electrochemical reduction, template, γ-ray or light irradiation reduction, biological synthesis, microwave reduction, etc. In this study, Ag nanoparticles were synthesized in formic acidic solution through chemical reduction method. And the role of formic acid as reducing agent and gelatin as stabilizer in synthesis of Ag nanoparticles were investigated. Various silver compounds as Ag precursor were used, such as silver acetate, silver tetrafluoroborate, silver nitrate and silver phosphate. The formation of Ag nanoparticles was characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometer. The size distribution and dispersion of Ag nanoparticles were characterized by nanoparticle analyzer and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Ag+ ions were reduced into the Ag nanoparticles by formic acid. Specially, in the silver nitrate/F100 solution, the Ag nanoparticles were immediately generated within a few minutes. UV-vis spectra analysis was confirmed the role of formic acid. As the water content increased, Ag nanoparticles were generated more, faster, and bigger. If there are no materials to prevent aggregation, Ag nanoparticles grow and further aggregates. Therefore, the syntheses of nanoparticles by chemical reduction methods are performed in the presence of stabilizers in order to prevent unwanted deposition and agglomeration of the nanoparticles. When gelatin was added to the AgNO3/formic acid solution, the Ag nanoparticles were stabilized by gelatin, which resulted in smaller particles. Moreover, gelatin limits further aggregation of Ag nanoparticles and was effectively dispersed in solution. Many studies have examined silver salts or silver compounds as promising materials for wound management. With respect to the antimicrobial activity, Ag salts or Ag compounds have been used for wound treatments in a variety of physical forms, such as beads, gels, films and fibers. Recently, there has been a rapid increase in the number of commercial Ag dressings on the market, such as silver nitrate, silver sulphadiazine, and nanocrystalline silver. A combination of Ag nanoparticles and polymer nanofibers can be accomplished by electrospinning polymer solutions containing Ag nanoparticles or Ag salts, which are then reduced into particles in electrospun nanofibers. Ag+ ions, known for their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, were reduced into Ag nanoparticles in gelatin solution. The amount of formed Ag nanoparticles increased with increasing concentration of AgNO3 and aging time. The gelatin nanofibers containing Ag nanoparticles were prepared by elelctrospinning method. The average diameters of gelatin nanofibers were 166.52±32.72 nm, but these are decreased with containing AgNO3. The average diameters of the Ag nanoparticles in gelatin nanofibers were ranged between 13 and 25 nm, it was confirmed by TEM. In EDS analysis, the Ag element was detected in the gelatin nanofibers containing Ag nanoparticles, too. The SF nanofibers containing various silver compounds, such as silver tetrafluoroborate, silver phosphate, silver sulfadiazine and silver acetate, were prepared by electrospinning method. The average diameters of SF nanofibers were 267nm, but these are varied depending on the type of the added silver compounds. The Ag nanoparticles in SF nanofibers were observed by TEM images, and the diameter of Ag nanoparticles was - 30nm. In EDS analysis, the Ag element was detected in all of the SF nanofibers containing 4-types silver compounds, too. Ag element in the SF nanofibers were confirmed mainly Ag nanoparticles by XPS results. The in vitro cytotoxicity of silver compounds in SF and gelatin nanofibers on normal human keratinocytes and fibroblasts was examined. Overall, the silver compounds in SF and gelatin nanofibers were cytotoxic to both NHEK and NHEF cells. Therefore, an antimicrobial Ag-containing matrix should be designed to minimize the damage to epidermal cells. The SF nanofibers containing silver sulfadiazine were prepared by electrospinning method, and cellular responses and wound healing were examined. The number of attached NHEK and NHEF on the SF nanofibers containing silver sulfadiazine decreased with increasing concentration of silver sulfadiazine contained, and the number of attached NHEF was lower than that of the NHEK. In animal study, the rate of wound closing was faster at the higher concentration of silver, in contrast to in vitro results. The wound healing behavior of the SF nanofibers containing 1.0 wt% silver sulfadiazine was faster than Acticoat™, commercially available wound dressing.
은 나노입자를 함유한 폴리프로필렌 나노복합체의 물성 변화에 관한 연구
장명욱 강원대학교 일반대학원 2007 국내석사
본 연구에서는 은 나노입자를 PP 수지에 균일한 크기로 분산시켜 나타나는 물성의 변화를 관찰하였다. PP 수지는 (주)호남석유화학의 Homo Polypropylene인 FC-150B(Film Grade)를 사용하였으며, 은 콜로이드 용액을 PP수지에 컴파운딩 한 후, 건조하였다. 제조한 시료를 1축 압출기를 이용하여 압출을 하여 은 나노입자가 분산된 PP 나노복합체를 제조하였다. PP 수지에 대한 은 나노입자의 함량은 최소 100ppm에서 최대 1000ppm으로 제조하였다. 각각 제조한 시편을 UV/Vis spectrum, TGA, DSC, DMA, UTM, TEM, Antibiotic Test, 표면 저항 측정기 등으로 분석하였다. 은 나노입자를 함유한 PP 나노복합체는 노란색을 나타내며, 은의 함량이 높아질수록 색상이 더욱 진하여 지는 것을 알 수 있었다. UV-vis. spectrum 분석에서 은 나노입자를 함유 PP 나노복합체는 약 420 nm에서 흡수피크가 나타났으며, 이 또한 은의 함유량이 높아질수록 흡광도가 증가함을 알 수 있었다. PP에 분산된 은 나노입자의 크기와 분포는 TEM을 통하여 관찰하였으며, 은 나노입자 함유 PP 나노복합체의 TEM 사진 분석 결과 은 나노입자의 함량에 따라 PP 수지 내에 각각의 크기로 균일하게 분산되어 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. TGA로 분석한 열적물성에서는 열분해온도가 약 20℃가 높아짐을 관찰하여 열적 안정성이 양호하게 증대되었음을 확인하였다. DSC 분석을 통하여 은 나노입자 함유 PP 나노복합체의 결정화도가 변화함을 관찰할 수 있었다. UTM을 통한 기계적 물성 측정에서 순수 PP수지에 비하여 은 나노입자의 함량이 증대됨에 따라 인장강도와 연신율이 증대됨을 확인 하였다. 필름 밀착법을 이용한 향균성 실험에서는 은 나노입자 함유 PP 나노복합체의 필름이 은 나노입자 함유 나노복합체는 100ppm 이상에서 세균감소율이 99.9 %임을 확인할 수 있었다. PP 나노복합체의 표면 저항을 측정한 결과 은의 함량이 증가할수록 나노복합체의 표면 저항이 감소하는 것을 관찰하였다. In this study, nanocomposites of polypropylene containing monodisperse silver nanoparticles were prepared and their properties were examined. Contents of silver nanoparticles dispersed within PP resin were in range from 100 to 1000 ppm. Ag/PP nanocomposites films showed maximum absorbance of UV-Vis. spectrum at 420nm and improved thermal stability compared to net PP film. Silver nanoparticles dispersed within PP could influence crystallinity of PP, which was confirmed DSC analysis. We confirmed increment in mechanical physical properties of PP nanocomposites with the result that the tensile strength increases 150% as the content of silver nanoparticles increase through the result of UTM measurement. Size and distribution of dispersed silver nanoparticles were observed by TEM. from the antibiotic test, we could confirm that the nanocoposites containing silver nanoparticles over 100ppm have 99% reducing rate of bacteria.. Surface resistance of nanocomposites decreased with contents of silver nanoparticles.
김민수 상명대학교 일반대학원 2019 국내석사
본 연구에서는 올레핀 촉진수송 분리막의 장시간 안정화를 위하여, 은이온을 은나노입자 (silver nanoparticle) 로 환원 시켜 분석을 진행하였다. 은나노입자를 안정적인 올레핀 촉진수송 분리를 위한 운반체로 사용하기 위하여, 전자수용체 1) p-BQ (1,4-Benzoquinone) 2) TNCQ (7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethane) 를 도입하였다. 그리고 이전의 연구에서 PEO 고분자에 은나노 복합체의 첨가가 장시간 안정적인 성능을 유지해 준다는 사실을 기반으로 하여 염을 첨가하였을 때 사슬이 유연해진다고 알려진 PVA (polyvinyl alcohol)고분자와 투과성이 높다고 알려진 PBAX-1657 고분자 올레핀 촉진수송 분리막을 제조하여 선택도 및 투과도를 측정하였다. 제 1장에서는 현대 산업에서 올레핀 분리의 필요성과 그에 기초되는 분리기술을 서술하였다. 또한 다양한 올레핀 분리기술 중에서 최근 각광을 받고 있는 촉진수송 분리막의 개념과 장점을 언급하였다. 이와 함께 기존의 은이온 운반체의 시간 에 따른 성능 감소라는 단점을 보안한 은나노입자 촉진수송 분리막 기술에 대해 설명하였다. 제 2장에서는 고분자와 은나노입자와의 상호간의 작용을 확인하기 위하여 PEO (Polyethylene oxide) 대신 염이 첨가 됐을 때 고분자 사슬이 유연해 진다고 알려진 PVA (Polyvinyl alcohol)을 사용하여 은나노입자를 올레핀 촉진수송 분리막으로 사용하여 연구를 진행하였다. 또한, 은나노입자를 올레핀 촉진수송 운반체로 사용하기 위하여 전자수용체 p-BQ (1,4-Benzoquinone) 을 도입함으로써, 은나노입자 표면을 양극성화 시켜 주었다. 그 결과, 프로필렌/프로판 혼합가스의 선택도는 1 그리고 투과도는 0.4 GPU를 나타내었다. 이를 통해 PVA 고분자의 하이드록실 그룹이 은나노입자를 효과적으로 안정화 시켜 주지 못하는 것으로 확인이 되었다. PVA/AgNPs (전구체:AgBF4)/p-BQ 전해질 분리막에서 사슬과 나노입자간의 상호작용은 UV, TEM, 그리고 FT-IR 분석을 통해 확인하였다. 제 3장에서는 polyether block amide–1657(PEBAX1657) 고분자를 사용하여 장시간 안정적인 은나노입자 복합체 분리막을 연구하였다. 이전에 보고된 PVP, AgNPs(전구체:AgBF4), TCNQ(7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane)로 이루어진 분리막은 우수한 분리성능을 보였지만, 상대적으로 낮은 혼합가스 투과도 3.5 GPU를 나타내었다. 본 연구에서는 분리막의 투과 성능을 향상시키기 위해 polyether block amide–1657(PEBAX1657) 고분자를 사용하였다. PEBAX1657 소프트 세그먼트(ether group)의 높은 사슬 이동성으로 인해 투과성능을 향상 시킬 수 있었다. 그 결과 분리막은 장기간 안정성과 혼합가스 투과도는 10.2 GPU로 향상되었다. PEBAX1657/AgNPs(전구체:AgBF4)/TCNQ 전해질 분리막에서 상호작용은 TEM, FT-IR, 그리고 XPS 분석을 통해 확인하였다. 주요어 : 고분자 전해질, 올레핀 촉진수송, 은나노입자, TCNQ In this study, for the long - term stabilization of olefin - facilitated transport membranes, silver ions were reduced to silver nanoparticles and analyzed. 1) p-BQ (1,4-benzoquinone) 2) TNCQ (7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane) was introduced to use the silver nanoparticles as a carrier for promoting stable olefin transport. In the previous research, it was vaildated that the addition of silver nanocomposite to PEO (Polyethylene Oxide) polymer maintains stable performance over a long period of time. In addition, PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) polymer, which was known to soften the chain when salt was added, and polyether block amide-1657 (PEBAX1657) The selectivity and the permeability were measured by preparing polymer olefin facilitated transport membranes. In part 1 describes the need for olefin separation in modern industries and the underlying separation techniques. In addition, the concept and merits of facilitated transport membranes, which were currently in the spotlight among various olefin separation techniques, were mentioned. In addition, we present previous studies published in this laboratory. In part 2, we used PVA, which was known to soften polymer chains when salts were added instead of PEO in order to confirm the interactions between polymers and silver nanoparticles. Transport membrane. In addition, the electron acceptor p-BQ was introduced to enable silver nanoparticles to be used as an olefin promoting transport carrier, thereby making the surface of silver nanoparticles bipolar. As a result, the propylene/propane mixed gas showed a selectivity of 1 and a transmittance of 0.4 GPU. It has been confirmed that the hydroxyl group of the PVA polymer does not effectively stabilize the silver nanoparticles. The interactions between the chains and the nanoparticles in the PVA/AgNPs (precursor: AgBF4)/p-BQ electrolyte membranes were confirmed by UV, TEM, and FT-IR analyzes. In part 3, long-term stable silver nanoparticle composite membrane was studied using PEBAX1657 polymer. Previously reported PVP, AgNPs (precursor: AgBF4) and TCNQ membranes showed good separation performance, but relatively low gas permeability of 3.5 GPU. In this study, a PEBAX1657 polymer was used to improve the permeability of the membrane. Higher chain mobility of the PEBAX1657 ether group improved transmission performance. As a result, the long - term stability and mixed gas permeability of the membrane were improved to 10.2 GPU. Interaction in PEBAX1657/AgNPs (precursor: AgBF4)/TCNQ electrolyte membranes was confirmed by UV, TEM, and FT-IR analysis. Key Words: Polymercomposites, Olefin - facilitated transport membranes, Silver nanoparticles, TCNQ
The functionalized silica has been an effective material for the removal of heavy metal from aqueous solutions and the support of nanoparticles. Silica substrates are usually synthesized from expensive precursors i.e., tetraethoxysilane or tetramethoxysilane. Several works have reported on the preparation of functionalized silica from sodium silicate, a cheap silica precursor. However, almost processes used for the functionalization of sodium silicate-based silica are complicated and time consuming because they are conducted in organic solvents. Therefore, the objective of this work is to synthesize silica via a sol-gel process using sodium silicate and then to functionalize the silica with a facile and costeffective method. The obtained functionalized silica could be used for the water purification. In this dissertation, the synthesis and functionalization of precipitated silica were presented in chapter 2 and 3. The tunable properties of precipitated silica can be controlled by reaction parameters such as gelation time and temperature. Aminofunctionalization was prepared by simultaneously adding 3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and H2SO4 into the as-synthesized precipitated silica. The result indicated that the amino-functionalized silica is an effective supporting material for silver nanoparticles. The majority of the dissertation focused on the functionalization of silica gel for the support of silver nanoparticles and water treatment. Basically, silica gel was synthesized via a sol-gel method by using sodium silicate (Na2O·3.4 SiO2) and 40% H2SO4. The properties of silica can be controlled by washing, aging, and hydrothermal process. Amino-functionalized silica gel was prepared in water and organic solvent, while thiol-functionalized silica gel was prepared by a gentle method using a mixture of ethanol and water. A method so-called “dry method”proposed in the dissertation helps to significantly reduce time and cost of functionalization process. The thiol and amino functionalized silica gel proved as an effective supporting material for silver nanoparticles and as a promising absorbent for removal of heavy metal from water. Besides that, silver nanoparticle can be immobilized on functionalized-free silica gel by the manipulation of its pore size distribution. An effective method for water disinfection using silver nanoparticle-containing silica beads (Ag-NPBs) has been proposed. A filter containing Ag-NPBs did not require any extra external inputs such as electricity or high pressure. Such filter may be suitable for water treatment at the point-ofuse, in particular at natural disaster sites caused by flooding, tsunamis, and earthquakes. The present study proposes a facile method for the synthesis of cost effective functionalized silica, which may suitable for a large scale production. The amino and thiol functionalized silica can be used as absorbent to remove heavy metal from water and the Ag-NPBs are potential material for water disinfection.
정지웅 서울시립대학교 일반대학원 2013 국내석사
Assessment of the effect of nanoparticles is necessary for development of nanotechnologies. The nanoparticles will experience interactions with abiotic factors such as sediment and soil grains in environments. This interaction can lead to the change properties of nanoparticles. Therefore, their bioavailability might be either increased or decreased. First study in sediment system was conducted to determine the effect of various type silver nanoparticles, uncoated and coated (citrate, gum arabic, polyvinylpyrrolidone) on benthic invertebrate Chironomus riparius. Second study in soil system was the toxicity of titanium dioxide on earthworm Eisenia fetida. The early effect of various silver nanoparticles in sediment system can identify by the stress response gene expression levels (modulation of antioxidant genes) and we compared with our previous studies on water system. Uncoated silver nanoparticles lead to regulation of antioxidant defense genes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase and it has chronic toxicity of high level. Citrate-coated silver nanoparticles among coated silvers induced some oxidative stress response genes. However, we suggest that their expression have function of recovery over the long-term exposure. Toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in soil system was evaluated using the modified spiking methods. As a result, survival rate decreased at lower concentration than treatment concentration on other studies. Overall, this study suggests ecotoxicity of nanoparticles with abiotic factors such as sediment and soil grains for assessment of the effect of various nanoparticles in an environmentally relevant condition. We should take feedback that is essential to improve nanoparticles design. 나노기술의 환경 친화적 발달을 위해서 나노물질의 영향에 대한 평가는 매우 중요하다. 환경 중으로 배출된 나노물질들은 그 입자가 직접적으로 생물체에 영향을 줄 수 있지만, 먼저, 나노사이즈에 의한 특유의 뭉쳐지는 성질에 의해서 퇴적물이나 토양과 같은 Abiotc factors와 상호작용할 수 있다. 이러한 상호작용은 나노물질의 특성을 변화 시켜, 생태계 내의 생물체에 대한 영향력이 달라지게 된다. 본 연구는 2가지 파트로 나뉜다. 첫 번째 연구는 일반적으로 알려진 코팅되지 않은 은나노와 분산력을 향상시킨 코팅은나노 (citrate, gum arabic, polyvinylpyrrolidone coated silver nanoparticles)의 퇴적물 생태독성연구를 저서생물인 깔따구 (Chironomus riparious)를 이용하여 조사하였다. 두 번째 연구는 줄지렁이 (Eisenia fetida)를 이용한 티타늄 나노물질의 토양독성연구이다. 퇴적물 조건에서 다양한 은나노에 대한 초기영향은 깔따구의 stress response gene expression levels를 통햐여 확인하였고 물만 있는 조건에서의 선행연구 결과와 비교하였다. 코팅되지 않은 은나노는 superoxide dismutase와 catalase와 같은 항산화방어기작 유전자를 조절하게 하였다. 또한, 장기노출에 의한 독성영향이 가장 높은 것으로 확인 되었다. 코팅은나노 증에서 Citrate코팅 은나노는 다양한 종류의 산화적스트레스에 반응하는 유전자를 발현시켰다. 그러나, 이러한 초기반응은 Citrate코팅 은나노의 영향으로부터의 회복작용으로 여겨지며, 장기적으로 노출되었을 때, 독성영향을 확인 할 수 없었다. 티타늄 나노물질의 토양독성연구는 기존에 제시된 일반적 화학물질의 토양독성 시험법을 나노물질의 특성에 맞게 조정하여 실시하였다. 그 결과, 다른 논문에서의 결과보다 훨씬 낮은 400mg/kg의 농도에서 티타늄 나노물질의 토양독성을 확인하였다. 결과적으로 나노물질은 퇴적물이나 토양과 같은 Abiotc factors와 상호작용을 통하여 생태계에서 실제로 존재할 수 있는 상태를 가지게 되므로, 이러한 접근방법을 고려한 나노물질의 생태독성영향평가는 나노기술의 환경 친화적인 발달을 위해서 매우 중요하다.
Toxicogenomic impacts of silver nanoparticle on medaka (oryzias latipes) using cDNA microarrays
Pham, Chi Hoa Graduate School, Korea University 2012 국내박사
This thesis has studied two main topics by using Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). In the first part, to strengthen the toxicogenomic study, we constructed a library of hepatic cDNA from medaka under influence of specific chemical mediated stress responses along with non-stress responded fish from the control. The functional characterization of the library was carried out for database configuration, annotation, and library analysis. Information of 1,509 high-qualities of O.latipes ESTs (531 unigenes) including 260 new ESTs was added onto GenBank and O. latipes dbEST of the US National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Continuous accession numbers are from HS104837 - HS106345. In addition, gene expression profile analyses of the cDNA microarrays followed by real time RT-PCR assays were conducted to screen particular biomarkers for 17?-estradiol (E2), nonylphenol (NP) and 2-chlorophenol (2CP). For each test chemical, two specific biomarkers were selected from the gene expression profiling of microarrays. The expression patterns of the marker genes in real time PCR analysis were consistent with the regulated gene expression patterns in microarrays. The tentative biomarkers showed unique gene expression patterns depending on chemical concentration(s) and exposure duration in real time RT-PCR analysis. The analysis accomplished of medake hepatic cDNA library and its information added to genetic and genomic resources could be sufficiently valuable specifically for aquatic toxicity studies. The second part of the thesis is an implementation of the medaka hepatic cDNA microarrays consisting of 535 probes for discovering temporal relationships between gene expression profiles and silver nanoparticle-induced toxicological changes in liver of medaka. The results were further compared with the expression profile changes from the exposure of dissolved Ag (I) in form of AgNO3 at an equivalent mass of metallic silver to decipher how the toxic modes of the Ag-NPs differ from the toxicity of soluble Ag (I) in prolonged exposures. Six vitellogenin and chriogenin genes that dominantly induced in exposure of the nanoparticles were discovered; simultaneously those genes were specifically suppressed under AgNO3 exposure at equivalent mass of metallic silver. In addition, the chronic exposure of medaka to Ag-NPs was also studied by measuring expression levels of five stress-related biomarkers (e.g. MT, GST, p53, HSP70 and TF), two estrogenic markers (e.g. Chg-L and VTG1), and a major member of thioester-containing complement components, Orla C3-1 gene in the extended exposure period of 28 days. Using the microarrays followed by real time RT-PCR assays was valuable to evaluate toxic impacts of specific toxicants, and to screen novel biomarkers for aquatic toxicology studies. This research provides information for evaluating the risks to aquatic organisms exposed to metal nanoparticles. To strengthen the toxicogenomic study, we constructed a library of hepatic cDNA from medaka under influence of specific chemical mediated stress responses along with non-stress responded control fish. Gene expression profile analysis of the cDNA microarrays followed by real time RT-PCR assay were conducted to screen particular biomarkers for E2, NP, and 2CP. Information of 1,509 high-quality ESTs including 260 new ESTs was added onto GenBank and O. latipes dbEST. The ESTs were clustered and assembled into 159 contigs and 372 singletons. Among them, 128 contigs and 163 singletons (54.8%) were functionally characterized and 13 UniESTs (2.5%) were hypothetical proteins. Ontology analysis resulting in 282 UniESTs which involved with 2,102 GOs and 93 sequences associated with 116 enzyme codes. Gene expression analyses of the cDNA microarrays followed by real time RT-PCR assays were conducted for E2, NP, and 2CP. For each test chemical, two specific biomarkers were selected from the gene expression profiling of microarrays. The expression patterns of the marker genes in real time PCR analysis were consistent with the regulated gene expression patterns in microarrays. The tentative biomarkers showed unique gene expression patterns depending on chemical concentration(s) and exposure duration in real time RT-PCR analysis. The analysis accomplished of the hepatic cDNA library and its information added to genetic and genomic resources could be sufficiently valuable specifically for aquatic toxicity studies. A hepatic cDNA microarray consisting of 513 unique genes has been conducted to evaluate toxic impacts of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) on the liver of medaka. The number of significantly altered genes was time and dose dependent. The larger number and the most over lapping of changed genes came from the higher dose (25 ?g/l) compared to the lower dose (1 ?g/l) of Ag-NP exposures. The comparison with the gene expression profile of exposure to 25 ?g/l dissolved Ag (I) evidenced that there existed distinguishable toxic fingerprints between the two silver forms. Nonetheless, molecular function classifications of transcription profiles of exposure both silver types were somehow similar. The conspicuous induction of estrogenic-related genes of medaka exposed to Ag-NPs is an interesting phenomenon. The specifically and dominantly altered genes by each exposure silver form were listed. Additionally, the chronic toxicity test has been conducted for twenty eight days to characterize the hepatic expression levels of eight marker genes after exposure medaka to dissolved Ag (I) or Ag-NP by using real time RT-PCR analyses. This extends my previously published work to include three additional biomarkers and three later time points. In comparing with the control, the significantly induction of MT and GST genes in livers of the fish exposed to 1 ?g/l Ag-NPs was observed at various time points during the test period. The Orla C3-1 (medaka) gene was slightly induced only with 1 ?g/l Ag-NPs at 7-day exposure while the suppression of p53 and HSP70 was recorded in all exposures at the end of the test. The gene encoding transferrin was repressed at 21-day by both silver types and at every exposure dosage. These results revealed the Ag-NPs increase metal detoxification, oxidative and inflammatory stress, lastly, stimulate immune responses in medaka. The conspicuous induction of choriogenin L and vitellogenin 1 in male fish exposed to Ag-NPs, especially at 7- and 21-day, compared with the exposures of AgNO3 or control was the first attempt to examine estrogenic effects of Ag-NPs.
With the development of industry, agriculture and public utilities, varieties of chemicals generated are rapidly increasing, and they infiltrate into surrounding environment such as air, water, and soil, as well as food and daily necessities. Various techniques including colorimetry, fluorescence, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS / MS), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have been developed to ensure detecting and monitoring the metabolism and transformation of these substances in trace amount. Although being the most robust, popular, and reliable method, HPLC required a harsh solvent, high-power source, complex multi-step pre-treatment process, bulky and sophisticated operation, and trained personnel. It is also time-consuming and expensive. Hence, a rapid, simple, highly sensitive, selective, accurate, stable, and multiple detection method should be developed for the determination of these substances in trace amount. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering, called SERS, was emerged in recent years as an attractive analytical technique for detecting specific substances. It is a simple, easy-handle, cost-effective, fingerprinting, non-destructive, sensitive, and selective method. Various metal nanostructures including silver nanostructures, gold nanostructures and bi-metallic nanostructure have been prepared as substrates to increase the enhancement factor of SERS. However, the single metal nanostructure-based SERS need to improve for quantitative detection. Also, the preparation of reproducible, reliable, and powerful SERS active substrate has been developed to quantitative SERS application. Therefore, a new nanostructure, based on the combination of silica (SiO_(2)) core and silver nanoparticles that called a silver embedded silica nanoparticle (SiO_(2)@Ag), have been successfully synthesized and utilized as a substrate for SERS application in this thesis. As expected, this nanostructure exhibits numerous hotspots on the surface of SiO_(2) nanoparticle to enhance not only the sensitivity but also reproducibility of SERS signals. It is also capable of ultrasensitive quantitative SERS analysis. As a result, the SiO_(2)@Ag was used as a detection component to develop a chemical sensor based on SERS technique. In Part A of the first chapter, SiO_(2)@Ag was first prepared to detect alternariol (AOH), a major mycotoxin of the genus Alternaria. The SiO_(2)@Ag showed high sensitivity and good linearity (R^(2) = 0.984) of SERS signal and AOH concentration from 16 to 1000 nM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 4.83 nM. The reliability of SERS method was also verified via high reproducibility of SERS signal of the AOH concentration from 10 to 10,000 nM to be from 2.33 to 5.95%. In Part B, ligands were introduced on the surface of SiO_(2)@Ag to achieve the selectivity of SERS signal. Mono-6-deoxy-6-aminopropylamino-β-cyclodextrins were modified on the surface of SiO_(2)@Ag as a ligand to prepare pr-β-CD-functionalized SiO_(2)@Ag (SiO_(2)@Ag@pr-β-CD). For application, SiO_(2)@Ag@pr-β-CD had been used to recognize specific flavonoid among various flavonoids (quercetin, myricetin, naringenin and apigenin). SiO_(2)@Ag@pr-β-CD was able to detect quercetin corresponding to the LOD as low as 0.55 ppm. The relationship between the logarithm of the Que concentration and the Raman intensity of SiO_(2)@Ag@pr-β-CD showed good linearity in the range of 3.4 to 33.8 ppm (R^(2) = 0.997). The presence of pr-β-CD on the SiO_(2)@Ag surface indicates improving selectivity by showing that it captures quercetin or myricetin amongst other similar materials (naringenin and apigenin). The main issues in developing quantitative analysis methods by uilizing SERS spectroscopy are the preparation of reliable SERS-active substances such as nanoparticle-based structures and the acquisition of the SERS signal without any disturbance which may change the SERS signal intensity and frequency. In the last chapter, for this, the seamless multi-layered core-shell nanoparticles with an embedded Raman label compound (RLC) as an internal standard (ML_(RLC) dots) was fabricated for quantitative SERS analysis. The SERS signal of the internal standard in the ML_(RLC) dots serves as a reference value to calibrate the SERS signal of the analyte. By using the ML_(RLC) dots, the SERS signal of target analyte was obtained at various concentrations while the SERS signal of the internal standard retained. Also, a ratiometric strategy used in the analysis, was proven to be practical through normalization of the relative SERS intensity. For application, the ML_(4‑BBT) dots with 4-bromobenzenethiol (4-BBT) as an internal standard are successfully applied for the quantitative analysis of 4-fluorobenzenethiol (4-FBT) and thiram. The concentration of 4-FBT estimated through 3-D calibration SERS curve showed an accuracy of less than 10% deviation. The lowest detectable amounts of thiram per apple peel was up to 24 ng·cm^(-2) in the application of ML_(4-BBT) dots In general, the results suggest that strategies utilizing the assembled nanostructure, the ligands, internal standard and ratiometric analysis open a new approach to develop a highly precise and accurate chemical sensors based on SERS technique in our research. 산업의 발전과 함께 사용되는 화학 물질의 수와 양이 빠르게 증가하며, 많은 화학물질들이 식품 및 생활용품뿐만 아니라 공기, 물 및 토양과 같은 사람을 둘러싼 모든 환경에 스며들었다. 이러한 화학물질의 대사 및 변형을 모니터링하기 위해, 미량으로도 이들을 탐지 할 수 있는 비색법 (colorimetry), 형광 (fluorescence), 가스 크로마토그래피-질량 분석법 (GS-MS), 액체 크로마토그래피-직렬 질량 분석법 (LC-MS / MS) 및 고속 액체 크로마토그래피 (HPLC)를 포함한 다양한 기술들이 개발되었다. 그 중 HPLC는 가장 널리 이용되며 신뢰할 수 있는 방법이지만, 고전력의 부피가 큰 장치이며 복잡한 다단계 전처리 공정 및 정교한 제어를 할 수 있는 숙련된 인력이 필요하다. 또한 분석에 시간과 비용이 많이 소비된다. 따라서, 미량으로 이들 물질을 측정 시 빠르고 간단하며 매우 민감하고 선택적이고 정확하며 안정적이며 다중 검출가능한 기술을 개발할 필요가 있다. 표면증강라만산란 (SERS) 분광법은 최근 특정 물질을 탐지하기 위한 매력적인 분석 기법으로 등장했다. 이는 물질 고유의 라만 신호를 나노금속입자의 표면처리를 통해 국소 표면 플라즈몬 공명 (Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance, LSPR) 효과를 활용하여 크게 증폭시켜 초고감도 소량 검출이 가능하다. 또한 라만 신호는 수분에 의한 영향을 받지않고, 시간과 온도 및 습도 등의 환경에 덜 민감하며, 매우 좁은 선폭의 광학신호를 가져 다중 검출이 가능하다. 그리고 복잡한 전처리 공정없이 간단히 측정 가능하며 샘플 비파괴적 측정이 가능하다는 장점이 있어 의료, 바이오, 농식품, 환경 등 여러분야에서 차세대 고감도 검출·진단·분석 기술로 주목받고 있다. SERS의 향상 인자 (enhance factor)를 증가시키기 위해 은과 금 및 이중 금속 등을 활용한 다양한 금속 나노 입자가 기판으로서 제조되었다. 여러 SERS 기판 중 실리카 (SiO_(2)) 코어와 은 나노 입자의 조합에 기초한, 은 나노 입자가 표면에 조립된 실리카 나노 입자 (SiO_(2)@Ag)가 제조되었다. 이 나노 구조는 실리카 나노 입자 표면에 많은 은 나노 입자가 조립되어 나노-갭을 형성하여, 수많은 “핫스팟”을 가지게 되고 이를 통해 초 고감도 SERS 분석이 가능하다. 이 논문에서는 SiO_(2)@Ag를 SERS 기술에 기초한 화학센서를 개발하기 위한 기판으로 사용하였다. 첫 번째 장의 파트A에서, SiO_(2)@Ag가 Alternaria 속의 주요 mycotoxin 인 alternariol (AOH)를 검출하기 위해 준비되었다. SiO_(2)@Ag는 16~1000 nM의 AOH 농도에서 검정곡선의 결정계수 R^(2)이 0.984로 좋은 선형성과 4.83 nM의 검출한계 (LOD)를 보여주며 SERS 신호의 높은 감도를 나타내었다. 또한 10 ~ 10,000 nM의 AOH 농도에서 2.33 ~ 5.95%의 높은 SERS 신호 재현성을 보여주며 신뢰성을 검증하였다. 파트B에서는 나노입자의 화학물질의 선택적 흡착 또는 결합이 가능하도록, SiO_(2)@Ag의 표면에 리간드를 도입하였다. 리간드로는 mono-6-deoxy-6-aminopropylamino-β-cyclodextrin가 사용되었다. 제조된 SiO_(2)@Ag@pr-β-CD (mono-6-deoxy-6-aminopropylamino-β-cyclodextrin이 도입된 SiO_(2)@Ag)는 유사한 구조를 지닌 다양한 플라보노이드 (쿼세틴 (quercetin), 미리세틴 (myricetin), 나린제닌 (naringenin) 및 아피제닌 (Apigenin)) 중에서 특정 플라보노이드를 구별하는지 알아보았고 그 결과, SiO_(2)@Ag 표면 상의 pr-β-CD의 존재는 플라보노이드에 속하는 유사한 물질들 (쿼세틴, 미리세틴, 나린제닌 및 아피제닌) 중에서 쿼세틴과 미리세틴에 대한 선택성이 향상됨을 확인하였다. 특히 SiO_(2)@Ag@pr-β-CD는 쿼세틴 검출에서 0.55 ppm의 LOD를 보여주었고 3.4 ~ 33.8ppm (R^(2) = 0.997) 범위의 선형성을 유지하였다. SERS 분광법을 사용한 정량 분석 방법 개발에서 중요한 것은 신뢰할 수 있는 SERS 활성 기판의 제조와 방해없는 SERS 신호의 획득입니다. 이를 위해, 두 번째 장에서는 내부 표준으로서 라만 표지 화합물이 내장된 다층 금속나노입자 구조체 (ML_(RLC) dots)를 제조 하였다. ML_(RLC) dots에서 내부 표준의 SERS 신호는 분석 물질의 SERS 신호를 교정하기위한 기준 값을 제공한다. 제조된 ML_(RLC) dots에서 분석물의 SERS 신호와 내부 표준의 SERS 신호는 서로 독립적임을 확인하였다. ML_(RLC) dots는 실용적 임이 증명된 비율 측정 전략 (ratiometric analysis)과 함께 정량 분석에 사용되었다. 4-bromobenzenethiol (4-BBT) 을 내부 표준물질로 포함하는 ML_(4-BBT) dots는 나노 입자 양에 따른 내부표준 신호의 변화에서 높은 선형성 (R^(2) = 0.997)과 낮은 표준편차 (~ 5.3%)를 보였고, 분석물 농도에 따른 분석물질 및 내부표준의 신호비율 분석을 통하여 4-fluorobenzenethiol (4-FBT)의 정량 분석에 성공적으로 적용되었다. 정량분석된 4-FBT의 농도는 실제 농도와 10 % 미만의 정확도를 보여주었다. 또한 ML_(4-BBT) dots을 사용하여 사과껍질에서 살충제인 티람 (thiram)을 검출한 결과, 24 ng/cm^(2)까지 검출 가능하였다. 이는 10^(-8) mol/mL의 10 μL 에 해당하는 티람을 검출한 것으로 국립산업안전 보건연구소에서 정한 치사농도 (LC_(50)) 인 500 μg/mL 보다 낮은 수치이다. 이 결과들은 금속나노입자가 코어나노입자표면에 조립된 나노 구조, 리간드, 내부 표준 및 비율 측정 분석을 활용 한 전략이 SERS 기술을 기반으로 매우 정밀하고 정확한 화학 센서를 개발하기위한 새로운 접근 방법을 제시한다.
Green synthesis of antimicrobial silver nanoparticles utilizing various plant extracts
최정수 Graduate School, Korea University 2021 국내박사
This paper investigated the antimicribial activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using various plant extracts. 4 kinds of fruits extracts (Malus domestica, Poncirus trifoliate, Lycopersicon esculentum, and Juglans regia) and 20 kinds of medicinal plants were used for synthesis. Among them, the silver nanoparticles using Lycopersicon esculentum and Areca catechu extracts were verified the physical and biological properties. Analysis of the particle characteristics by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed that the Lycopersicon esculentum and Areca catechu extracts effectively served as reductants and capping agents. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were conducted to confirm antifungal and antibacterial activity against 5 Candida species (3 antibiotics-susceptible species and 2 antibiotics-resistant species) and 6 bacteria species (3 antibiotics-susceptible species and 3 antibiotics resistant species). In all the tested species, the silver nanoparticles inhibited the growth of microbe. Moreover, the SEM images of Candida and bacteria species treated with silver nanoparticles synthesized using natural extracts of Lycopersicon esculentum and Areca catechu showed silver nanoparticles adhered to the surface of microbe, which induced pore formation in the membranes and prevented their normal growth. Ultimately, these abnormal forms of microbe were thought to be less able to form biofilms than normal microbe. These antibacterial, antifungal, and antibiofilm activities of silver nanoparticles against microorganism are expected to be utilized in various fields and contribute to developments in the nanomedicine field, in particular.