초등학교 1학년 학생의 자기 선택적 독서 연구 : 읽기 능력과 읽기 태도에 따른 잠재프로파일 유형을 중심으로

오정례 고려대학교 대학원 2024 국내박사

This study is motivated by the problem that not all students are receiving rich reading experiences in the first grade of elementary school, despite the fact that this is a crucial time to shape adolescent who read books, and a critical time for educational support. Currently, first graders have one to two hours per week of independent reading time during the school day. Given the diversity of students' reading abilities and attitudes toward reading, we can expect that the books they choose to read during independent reading time will be different, and the quality of their experience will vary. Based on this expectation, this study set the hypothesis, "Due to differences in reading ability and reading attitudes, the types of books students choose to read during independent reading time will be different, as well as the content of the books and the reasons for choosing the books. This study set four research questions to empirically test this hypothesis. The research questions are 'First, what are the reading abilities (decoding, reading fluency, and reading comprehension) of first-grade elementary school students?; Second, what are the reading attitudes (recreational reading attitude, academic reading attitude) of first-grade elementary school students?; Third, elementary school students what is the self-selected reading like in first-grade students? Fourth, what are the self-selected reading patterns of first-grade elementary school students by latent profile type according to their reading ability and reading attitude?' For the study, the reading abilities (decoding, reading fluency, reading comprehension), reading attitudes, and self-selected reading patterns of 153 first grade elementary school students were analyzed. After classifying students by analyzing their latent profiles based on their reading ability and reading attitude, we studied whether there were differences in the format of the book, the content of the book, and the reasons for choosing the book in a self-selected reading situation depending on the type of latent profile. The research results are as follows. First, there was a difference in reading ability (decoding, reading fluency, and reading comprehension) between high, middle, and low levels at the end of the first grade, but there was no gender difference. First grade students had difficulty decoding words with final consonants and complex vowels. There were clear differences in automaticity, accuracy, and prosody between high, middle, and low reading fluency levels. Among decoding, automaticity, accuracy, and prosody, automaticity was found to have the greatest effect on reading ability. Second, the attitude toward reading was overall positive, and the attitude towards reading for academic was more positive than the attitude toward reading for recreation. Female students' recreational reading attitude was found to be more positive than male students' recreational reading attitude. Third, when first-grade elementary school students voluntarily chose books, they mainly chose books with pictures, while male students tended to choose the information genre and female students tended to choose the literary genre. Regarding the content of the book, a lot of content related to literature and natural science was selected. Fables were the most popular choice for literary genres, and animals were the most popular choice for natural science. Regarding the reasons for choosing a book, 'reader-related reasons (interest)' were mentioned most often, followed by 'text-related reasons (pictures)', and 'context-related reasons' were mentioned the least. Fourth, first grade elementary school students were classified into 4 types through analysis of latent profiles based on reading ability and reading attitude. Type 1 is the type that 43.1% of first grade elementary school students belong to and is students with 'good reading skills and very positive reading attitudes.' Type 2 is the type that 34.8% of first grade elementary school students belong to and is students with 'average reading ability and positive reading attitude.' Type 3 is the type that 15.8% of first-grade elementary school students belong to and is students with 'low to medium reading ability and positive reading attitude.' Type 4 is the type that 6.3% of first-grade elementary school students belong to and is students with 'poor reading ability and very positive reading attitude.' It is characteristic that there are students who have very positive reading attitudes even though their reading skills are at a low level. When self-selected reading patterns were organized by four types, it was found that there were differences in book selection patterns depending on reading ability rather than reading attitude. In particular, there was a clear difference in book selection patterns between Type 1, which was at a high reading ability level, and Type 4, which was at a low reading ability level. Type 1 students choose books related to their interests or their lives based on the title of the book. The books they choose are the ones with pictures, and they read series and non-series books in similar proportions. They choose literary genres more than information genres, and among literary genres, they select and read allegorical fairy tales and complete fantasy in similar proportions. On the other hand, Type 4 students look at pictures and photos of books and make choices based on their past reading experiences. The books they choose most often have comics, and they choose series books twice as often as non-series books. They chose the information genre more than the literary genre, and among the literary genres, they mainly chose allegorical fairy tales to read. Based on these findings, this study suggested that reading classes using picture books should be provided to readers with low reading ability, such as type 4, and that self-selected reading should be provided along with guidance to improve reading ability. In addition, it was said that other types of students should be guided to select books by looking at the title and inferring the contents of the book, like type 1 students with high reading ability, or by using higher-level information. In addition, based on the small number of context-related reasons, it was argued that there is a need to support book-based communication in home, school, and society surrounding first grade elementary school students. This study is based on the hypothesis that 'Due to differences in reading ability and reading attitude, the characteristics of the books students choose and the reasons for choosing books during autonomous reading time will be different.' It is significant in that it empirically revealed that the aspects of books selected are different. It is also significant in that it broadened our understanding of first-grade elementary school students by investigating reading ability, reading attitude, and self-selected reading. Through this study, we hope to deepen understanding and increase interest in first-grade elementary school students, who are just beginning their school-age years. We also hope that research on these subjects will be expanded and that meaningful reading instruction based on research will be implemented in educational settings as well. 본 연구는 초등학교 1학년 시기가 책 읽는 청소년을 형성하는 중요한 시기이며, 교육적 지원에 대한 효과가 높은 결정적 기간임에도 불구하고 이 시기에 모든 학생들이 풍부한 독서 경험을 하고 있지 않다는 문제의식에서 출발하였다. 현재 초등학교 1학년 학생들은 학교 수업 시간에 자율적으로 책을 선택하여 읽는 시간이 한 주에 1-2시간 정도 확보되어 있다. 학생들의 읽기 능력과 읽기 태도의 다양성을 고려했을 때 자율적으로 책을 읽는 시간에 선택하는 책의 양상이 상이할 것이며 경험의 질도 다를 것이라 예상할 수 있다. 이러한 예상을 바탕으로 본 연구에서는 ‘읽기 능력과 읽기 태도의 차이로 인해 학생들이 자율적으로 책을 읽는 시간에 선택하는 책의 형식 및 책의 내용과 책 선택의 이유가 다를 것이다.’라는 가설을 설정하였다. 본 연구는 이러한 가설에 대해 실증적으로 검증하고자 네 가지 연구문제를 설정하였다. 연구 문제는 ‘첫째, 초등학교 1학년 학생들의 읽기 능력(해독, 음독 유창성, 독해)는 어떠한가?, 둘째, 초등학교 1학년 학생들의 읽기 태도(여가 읽기 태도, 학습 읽기 태도)는 어떠한가?, 셋째, 초등학교 1학년 학생들의 자기 선택적 독서는 어떠한가?, 넷째, 초등학교 1학년 학생들의 읽기 능력과 읽기 태도에 따른 잠재프로파일 유형별 자기 선택적 독서 양상은 어떠한가?’이다. 연구를 위해 초등학교 1학년 153명의 읽기 능력(해독, 음독 유창성, 독해), 읽기 태도, 자기 선택적 독서 양상을 분석하였다. 그리고 학생들의 읽기 능력과 읽기 태도를 기준으로 잠재프로파일 분석을 하여 학생을 유형화 한 후 잠재프로파일 유형에 따라 자기 선택적 독서 상황에서 선택하는 책의 형식, 책의 내용, 책 선택의 이유에 차이가 있는지 연구하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 읽기 능력(해독, 음독 유창성, 독해)은 1학년 말에 상, 중, 하 수준 차이가 있었으나 성별 차이는 없었다. 1학년 학생들은 받침이 있는 낱말과 복잡한 모음 해독에 어려움을 보였다. 음독 유창성은 상·중·하 수준별로 자동성, 정확성, 표현성에 뚜렷한 차이가 나타났다. 해독, 자동성, 정확성, 표현성 중 독해 능력에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것은 자동성으로 나타났다. 둘째, 읽기 태도는 전반적으로 긍정적이었으며 학습 읽기 태도가 여가 읽기 태도보다 더 긍정적인 특징이 나타났다. 여학생의 여가 읽기 태도가 남학생의 여가 읽기 태도보다 긍정적으로 나타났다. 셋째, 초등학교 1학년 학생들은 자율적으로 책을 선택할 때 주로 그림 있는 책을 선택하며 남학생은 정보 장르를 선택하고 여학생은 문학 장르를 선택하는 경향이 있었다. 책의 내용과 관련해서는 문학과 자연과학 관련 내용을 많이 선택하였다. 문학 장르에서는 우의 동화를, 자연과학 관련 내용 중에서는 동물 관련 내용을 가장 많이 선택하였다. 책 선택 이유와 관련하여 ‘독자 관련 이유(관심)’를 가장 많이 말하였고 그 다음으로 ‘텍스트 관련 이유(그림)’를 말하였으며 ‘맥락 관련 이유’는 가장 적게 언급되었다. 넷째, 읽기 능력과 읽기 태도를 기준으로 잠재프로파일을 분석을 통해 초등학교 1학년 학생들을 4유형으로 분류하였다. 1유형은 초등학교 1학년 중 43.1%가 속한 유형으로 ‘읽기 능력은 상, 읽기 태도는 매우 긍정’인 학생들이다. 2유형은 초등학교 1학년 중 34.8%가 속한 유형으로 ‘읽기 능력은 중상, 읽기 태도는 긍정’인 학생들이다. 3유형은 초등학교 1학년 학생들 중 15.8%가 속한 유형으로 ‘읽기 능력은 중하, 읽기 태도는 긍정’인 학생들이다. 4유형은 초등학교 1학년 학생들 중 6.3%가 속한 유형으로 ‘읽기 능력은 하, 읽기 태도는 매우 긍정’인 학생들이다. 읽기 능력이 하 수준임에도 읽기 태도가 매우 긍정인 학생들이 있다는 것이 특징적이다. 네 유형별로 자기 선택적 독서 양상을 정리하니 읽기 태도보다는 읽기 능력에 따라 책 선택 양상에 차이가 있음이 나타났다. 특히 읽기 능력 상 수준인 1유형과 읽기 능력 하 수준인 4유형에서 뚜렷한 책 선택 양상의 차이가 나타났다. 1유형의 학생들은 자신의 관심사나 자신의 삶과 관련된 책을 책의 제목을 보고 선택한다. 이들이 선택한 책은 그림이 있는 책이 가장 많으며 시리즈물과 시리즈 아닌 책을 비슷한 비율로 선택하여 읽는다. 정보 장르보다 문학 장르를 더 많이 선택하였으며 문학 장르 중에서도 우의 동화와 완전한 판타지를 비슷한 비율로 선택하여 읽는다. 반면 4유형의 학생들은 과거 독서 경험을 바탕으로 책의 그림·사진을 보고 선택한다. 이들이 선택한 책은 만화가 있는 책이 가장 많으며 시리즈물을 시리즈 아닌 책보다 2배 더 선택한다. 문학 장르보다 정보 장르를 더 많이 선택하였으며 문학 장르 중에서도 우의 동화를 주로 선택하여 읽는다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 4유형과 같은 읽기 능력이 낮은 독자들에게 그림책을 활용한 독서 수업을 제공해야 하며, 읽기 능력을 향상시킬 수 있는 지도와 함께 자기 선택적 읽기를 해야 한다고 제언하였다. 또한 다른 유형의 학생들이 읽기 능력이 높은 1유형의 학생들처럼 제목을 보고 책의 내용을 추론해서 책을 선택하거나 상위 정보를 활용하여 책을 선택할 수 있도록 지도해야 한다고 하였다. 또한 맥락 관련 이유가 적게 나온 것을 바탕으로 초등학교 1학년을 둘러싸고 있는 가정, 학교, 사회에서 책을 기반으로 한 소통을 지원할 필요성이 있다고 주장하였다. 본 연구는 ‘읽기 능력과 읽기 태도의 차이로 인해 학생들이 자율적으로 책을 읽는 시간에 선택하는 책의 특징과 책 선택의 이유가 다를 것이다.’라는 가설에 대해 읽기 태도보다는 읽기 능력에 따라 학생들이 선택하는 책의 양상이 다르다는 것을 실증적으로 밝혔다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 또한 읽기 능력, 읽기 태도, 자기 선택적 독서에 대해 조사하여 초등학교 1학년 학생들에 대한 이해의 폭을 넓혔다는 점에서도 의의가 있다. 본 연구를 통해 학령기의 첫 시작인 초등학교 1학년 학생들에 대한 이해가 깊어지고 관심이 높아지기를 소망한다. 또한 이들에 대한 연구가 확장되고 교육 현장에서도 연구를 기반으로 한 의미 있는 독서 지도가 실행되기를 소망한다.

《朝鮮詩選》내용과 校注本 연구 : 吳明濟 《朝鮮詩選》을 중심으로

ZHANG JINMENG 경희대학교 대학원 2020 국내석사

全文共分五章。第一章绪论部分,阐述论文选题目的和意义、相关领域的研究现状、 论文的研究范围及方法。本文撰写目的是让关注中韩古代诗歌的读者了解《朝鲜诗 选》。 第二章探析《朝鲜诗选》的编辑,从历史和文化两个角度论述了该诗选的编辑背景, 以及编者吴明济赴朝及对韩国古代汉诗的收集整理情况。该诗选是在明与朝鲜朝共同抗 击倭寇进犯朝鲜朝的特殊历史情境中诞生,是明将领及随员与韩国古代学者合作的劳动 成果。关于《朝鲜诗选》对韩国古代汉诗的意义,以及《诗选》为后世对韩国古代作家 的研究提供了新的宝贵资料等方面进行阐述。 第三章论述《朝鲜诗选》所收录的作品包含了较为丰富的题材,在体裁、风格及修辞 等方面具有鲜明特色。《朝鲜诗选》所选的诗歌按照体裁分为七卷,可归纳为古体诗和 近体诗;诗歌风格迥异,包括沉郁悲慨、豪放旷达、婉约含蓄、清新自然等;韩国古代 汉诗善用修辞,如引用、对偶、借代等,本文着重论述引用。 第四章的内容是对祁庆福教授的《朝鲜诗选校注》内容的修正以及内容补充。1999 年编写的《朝鲜诗选校注》至今已经过了20余年的时间,在对祁庆福教授的能力感到敬 佩的同时,也发现了少许不足之处。20年的时间,随着对文学历史知识的不断探索研 究,许多知识得到完善,又或者因为当时印刷技术的不足,出现少许差错。所以,在能 力范围内,稍作修正与补充。 第五章结论部分。直到《朝鲜诗选》的问世,打破了中国文学中没有韩国古代诗歌选 集的空白,它由中国明代文人吴明济在朝鲜文人的全力协助下编选而成,收录了韩国古 代汉诗340首,成书时期具有鲜明的历史特征,时值明朝与朝鲜同仇敌忾,抵御倭寇侵 略朝鲜的特殊时期,是中、韩文人协作与交流的劳动成果,对双方文学、文化的交流和 联系有非同寻常的意义。因此,对《朝鲜诗选校注》内容的修正以及内容补充,具有一 定的价值。 본고는 총 5 장으로 나누고 제 1 장 서론 부분에서 논문의 주제 선정 목적과 의미, 관련 분야의 연구 현황, 논문의 연구범위와 방법을 논술하였다. 본고는 한중 고대 시를 주목하는 독자에게 《朝鮮詩選》을 이해시키고 한국 한시를 연구하는 기반을 다지는 것이 목적이다. 제 2 장은 《朝鮮詩選》의 편집을 분석하고 역사와 문화의 두 가지 측면에서 이 시선에 대한 편집 배경, 그리고 편집자인 오명제가 조선에 가서 한국 한시를 수집하고 정리하는 상황을 논술하였다. 이 시선은 명나라와 조선이 함께 왜구들에게 대항 하여 조선에 침범한 특수한 역사적 상황에서 탄생한 것으로, 명나라 장수와 수행원 들이 한국 고대 학자들과 합작한 노동 성과이다. 또한 《朝鮮詩選》은 한국 한시에 대한 의미를 논술하였고 시선은 후대에 한국 고대 작가들의 연구에 새로운 소중한 자료를 제공하였다. 제 3 장에서 《朝鮮詩選》에 수록된 작품은 비교적 풍부한 제재를 담았다. 장르, 풍격과 수사 등 분야에서 선명한 특색을 가진다. 이 《朝鮮詩選》이 선택한 시는 장르에 따라 7 권으로 나뉘는데 고체시와 근체시로 요약할 수 있다. 시의 풍격은 현저히 다르고 침울하고 개략적이며 함축적이고 참신하다. 한국 한시는 수사를 잘 활용하여 예를 들어 인용, 대우, 차술 등을 인용하였다. 제 4 장은 祁慶福 교수의 《朝鮮詩選校注》에 있는 오류를 수정하는 것이다.《朝鮮詩選》은 조선 한시 340 편을 수록했으며, 오랜 시간을 뛰어넘었고 대부분 조선 시인의 구술로 기록되어 있기 때문에 잘못된 기억이 있는 것은 당연한 일이다. 1999년 祁慶福 교수가 주석을 한 《朝鮮詩選校注》는 출판한지 20년이 되었다. 20 년 동안 연구가 신속히 발전하였다. 일부 한시의 작가들은 시간의 흐름에 따라 끊임없이 탐구하고 발견하여 최종적으로 확정했다. 따라서 본장은 능력 범위 내에서 그 문제가 있는 부분을 수정하거나 보완하는 내용이다. 제 5 장은 결론 부분이다. 《朝鮮詩選》의 등장에 이르러 중국 문학에 한국 고대 시가 선집이 없는 空白을 깨뜨렸다. 《朝鮮詩選》에서 상당수의 작품이 장기 동안 한중 양국의 정치와 문화 교류를 직접적 또는 간접적으로 반영하였다. 이는 중국 명나라 문인인 오명제가 조선 문인들의 전폭적인 협조를 받아 편집한 것이다. 한국 고대 한시 340편을 수록하였고 조선 시대에 선명한 역사적 특징을 가지기 때문에 명나라와 조선이 똑같은 적에게 적개심을 품고 왜구를 저항하였다. 조선을 침략하는 특수한 시기는 중국과 조선의 문인 합작과 교류의 勞動成果로 양국의 문학, 문화의 교류와 연결에 각별한 의미를 가진다. 《朝鮮詩選校注》를 읽으면서 祁慶福 교수의 능력에 감탄하는 동시에 그 중의 작은 부족한 점을 발견하게 되었다. 혹은 인쇄 실수나 20 년 후 문학 연구에 대한 끊임없는 탐구가 있었기 때문에 같은 지식에 대해 더욱 상세하게 또는 다시 정의되었다. 그래서 현재 할 수 있는 만큼 수정하고 논문을 완성하였다. The thesis is divided into five chapters intotal. The first chapter is the introduction, which describes the purpose andsignificance of the thesis, including the current research status of relatedfields, the scope and methods of this thesis. The purpose of this paper is to informreaders who pay attention to Chinese and Korean ancient poetry of"Selected Korean poetry". The second chapter discusses the edition of"Selected Korean poetry". The edition background is due to theperspectives of history and culture. And the introduction that the editor WuMingji's visit to Korea and his selected collection of ancient Korean Chinesepoems. This selected poetry was born in the special historical situation when theMing dynasty and Korean Dynasty jointly fight against the Japanese invaders. Itis the result of the cooperation between Ming generals including theirfollowers and Korean ancient scholars. It is discussed on the significance of"Selected Korean poetry" to Korean ancient Chinese poetry, and it hasprovided valuable new materials for the study of ancient Korean writers. The third chapter discusses that the workscontain diverse themes with distinctive features in the aspects of genre, styleand rhetoric. The "Selected Korean poetry" could be divided intoseven volumes according to genre, which can be classified into ancient poetryand modern poetry. The style varies a lot, including melancholy and sorrow,bold and unrestrained, restrained, fresh and natural, etc. The ancient KoreanChinese poems are very good at of rhetoric, such as citation, duality, andmetonymy in which would be quoted often. The fourth chapter is the revision andsupplement of professor Qi Qingfu's "Notes on Selected Korean Poems".It has been more than 20 years since the compilation of "Notes on SelectedKorean Poems" in 1999. While admiring Professor Qi Qingfu's ability, someshortcomings are also found in it. With the continuous exploration ofliterature and history over 20 years, much of the research was perfected. Or afew mistakes were made due to the inadequacy of the printing technology at thattime. So, within the scope of personal ability, there are some modificationsand additions. Chapter five is the conclusion part. It brokethe blank that there is no collection of Korean ancient poetry in Chineseliterature until its publication. It is selected and collected by the Chineseliterati Wu Mingji in Ming dynasty with the full cooperation of Korean literati.It collects 340 ancient Chinese poetry in Korea, with distinctive historic characteristicswhen it comes out when the Ming dynasty and Korea are indispensable to resistthe Japanese invaders. It is the result of the collaboration and communicationof both Chinese and Korean literati which measures a lot to both literary andcultural communication and contact. Therefore, it is of certain value to reviseand supplement the contents of "Selected Korean poetry".

農村人口의 移出과 適應에 관한 硏究 : 全北 農村의 事例를 中心으로

윤근섭 全南大學校 1987 국내박사

本 硏究는 全北地方에서 選定된 2個 農材地域에서 移出하고 있는 農村子女들의 社會經濟的 特性에 따른 移住原因, 移入地 選擇, 移入地에서의 適應, 그리고 移注者와 本家間의 相互扶助와 相互作用의 關係에 대하여 社會學的 記述과 分析을 하고, 이러한 分析結果가 韓國社會構造의 變化를 설명하는데 어떠한 含意를 가지고 있는가를 究明하는데 主 目的이 있다. 이와 같은 硏究目的을 위하여 먼저 先行硏究에 관한 文獻的 考察을 한 후, 1986年 7月 全北 金堤郡 萬頃面과 鎭安郡 馬靈面에 散在하고 있는 13個 里에서 抽出된 300戶의 標本家口로 부터 移出한 597名의 移住者에 대한 情報를 家口主와 直接面接에 의하여 蒐集하였고, 蒐集된 資料는 카이自乘檢定(chi-square test)을 使用하여 統計學的 分析을 하였던 바, 그 結果를 要約하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 移住者들의 移住原因을 보면, 生計의 困難, 돈을 벌기 위해, 일자리를 찾아서, 技術習得 等의 經濟的 原因이 全體 移住者의 半이 넘는 52.4%로 首位이고, 다음으로 敎育的 原因(23.5%), 家族的 原因(14.3%), 職業的 原因(4.5%)으로 나타나고 있어, 移出地의 經濟的 落後性과 이에 따른 雇傭機會가 극히 制限되어 있음을 示唆하고 있다. 移住原因을 移住者의 特性과의 關係를 통해 보면, 性, 年齡, 結婚關係, 敎育水準, 本家의 社會階層 등과 有意味한 關係를 보이고 있다. 둘째, 全體 移住者 597名의 最初移入地 選擇을 보면, 단지 8.7%만이 農村으로 移住한데 反하여 43.7%가 全北道內 및 他道의 市·邑으로, 그리고 거의 절반에 가까운 47.6%가 서울을 비롯한 大都市로 移住하고 있어, 離村向都現象의 深刻함을 認識하지 않을 수 없다. 移住原因別로 選擇한 移入地를 보면, 經濟的 原因으로 이주한 사람은 大都市를, 家族的 原因으로 이주한 사람은 市·邑이나 農村을, 敎育的 原因으로 移住한 사람은 市 또는 邑을 移入地로 選擇하고 있다. 한편, 移住者의 特性과 移入地 選擇과의 關係에서는 性을 除外한 移入地에 대한 認識, 年齡, 結婚關係, 敎育水準, 本家의 社會階層과는 有意味한 關係가 있는 것으로 分析되었다. 셋째, 移住者의 移入地에서의 適應指標로서 住宅의 所有形態와 職業을 分析하였던 바, 移入地에서 生活의 기초를 이루는 住宅의 所有形態를 보면, 全體 移住者 가운데 18.6%만이 自己 집을 가지고 있을 뿐이고, 傳貰가 35.5%, 月貰가 21.8%로 거의 60%가 自己 집을 所有하지 않고 있다. 이것을 移人地別로 보면 大都市 移住者들은 월세 形態가, 市·邑에서는 전세가, 그리고 農村에서는 自宅이 가장 많다. 따라서 大都市에 居住할 수록 住宅에 대해서 不滿足한 居住生活을 영위하고 있다. 한편 移住者의 結婚關係, 敎育水準, 移住時의 도움樣相, 移入地에서의 居住期間, 本家의 社會階層 等의 變數와 住宅所有形態를 交又分析한 結果 移住時의 도움標相을 除外한 나머지 變數와는 모두 有意味한 關係가 있었다. 다른 한편, 移住者들의 職業分布를 보면, 職業威勢가 높은 專門管理職從事者들은 0.2%에 불과하며, 事務職이 8.0%, 自營業職이 9.4%, 소위 blue-collar에 해당하는 勞動職이 43.4%, 無職이 5.6%, 그리고 學生·主婦·軍人 等 職業類型으로 보기 어려운 其他가 33.5%를 차지하고 있다. 따라서 共他를 除外하면 대다수가 都市의 産業賃金勞動職이나 非公式部門과 같은 勞動職에 從事하고 있어서, 移住者들이 갖고 있는 낮은 敎育水準이나 技術과 같은 不利한 條件으로 인해 대체로 職業威勢가 낮은 職種에 從事하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 그리고 移住者의 諸 特性과 職業과의 關係分析에서는 移住者의 性, 結婚關係, 敎育水準, 移住時의 도움樣相, 移入地에서의 居住期間, 그리고 本家의 社會階層 等의 變數와 有意味한 關係를 보이고 있었다. 넷째, 移住者와 本家間의 相互扶助는 送金與否로 分析하였던 바, 그 結果를 보면 本家에서 移住者에게 送金하지 않는 比率은 72.9%이고, 移住者가 本家에 送金하지 않는 比率은 85.1%로 모두 높게 나타났다. 이러한 結果는 移住者와 本家 雙方이 모두 經濟的으로 어려운 狀態에 있기 때문에 相對方을 도와 줄 餘力이 不足하기 때문인 것으로 볼 수 있다. 한편 移住者와 本家間의 相互作用을 相互訪問, 便紙交換, 電話回數 등을 指數로 作成하여 測定한 후 이것을 移住者의 特性과 交又分析을 하였던 바, 移住者의 性, 移住者의 職業, 移住期間을 除外한 나머지 變數, 卽 本家의 社會階層, 移住者의 移入地 等은 有意味한 關係가 있었다. 換言하면, 移住者의 居住地가 本家와 가까운 거리일 수록, 그리고 本家의 耕地面積이 클 수록 相互作用이 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 結論的으로, 農村에서 他地城으로 移住한 사람은 經濟的으로 어려움을 겪고 있는 사람들로서 特히 耕地面積의 規模로 보아 1,500坪 미만의 零細農, 20-24歲의 靑年層에 해당하는 사람들인 바, 이들은 中·上層에 속하는 사람들에 비하여 大都市로 移住하는 傾向이 뚜렷하다. 이것은 農村에서의 雇傭機會가 相對的으로 不足하여 더 풍부한 雇傭機會를 찾아 주로 大都市로 移住함으로써, 産業間의 差異에 의한 移住의 選別性을 말하는 雇傭機會理論이 어느 정도 妥當性을 갖는 것으로 說明할 수 있다. 그러나 移住의 方向이 段階的 移住(step-migration)의 性格이 아닌 近處의 邑이나 혹은 地方의 中·小都市를 거치지 않고 직접 서울을 포함한 大都市로 移住하고 있는 바, 이러한 結果는 歐美社會에서 提案된 Stouffer의 "中間介人機會의 理論(theory of intervening opportunities)"이 韓國社會에서는 그대로 적용되기 어렵고, 우리의 社會的·文化的 脈絡에서 修正·解釋되어야 함을 示唆하고 있다. 이러한 事實은 韓國全體社會의 變動과 關聯해 볼 때, 60年代 後半 이후의 都市偏向的 成長政策의 副作用으로 나타난 結果로 解釋할 수 있겠다. 즉 經濟成長의 혜택을 地方 中·小都市가 均等하게 점유하지 못함으로 인하여 住民에게 提供할 雇傭機會가 缺如되고 地城間·産業間 不均衡은 물론 大都市에로의 人口集中 結果로 都市에서의 住宅問題, 雇傭問題 等을 惹起한 것이다. 特히 이러한 都市에로의 人口集中 結果는 移住者들로 하여금 勞動市場에서의 過多한 競爭을 誘發하여 勞動機會와 勞動與件을 더욱 어렵게 만들 뿐더러, 過剩人口로 인한 住宅問題는 劣惡한 住居環境에서 生活하도록 하였다. 移住者들의 移入地에서의 不適應은 全體産業構造의 脆弱性과 有關한 것으로 볼 수 있는 바, 大部分의 移住者들이 主로 産業賃金勞動職이나 非公式部門과 같은 制限된 職種에 취업하여 적은 所得으로 不安定한 住居生活을 營爲하고 있으며, 이러한 不適應이 本家와의 相互作用을 貧弱하게 하는 要因으로 指摘되고 있다. The main purpose of the present study is to gain sociological understanding on the selected characteristics of the out-migrants and their post-migration adjustmemts by focusing on two rural communities in Chollabug-do province. Specifically, the study is intended to analyse and examine the following subjects : the reasons of out-migration, the criteria by which out-migrants' destinations were determined, the migrants' adjustment patterns, interaction patterns of the out-migrants with their households of origination, and theoretical and practical implications of the research findings in relation to the changes in the rural social structure of Korea. The data were collected in July, 1986, by interviewing the heads of the households whose children had migrated to elsewhere. A total of 300 sample households were selected from 13 villages located in Mangyong Myun and Maryong Myun in Chollabug-do province. Information regarding 597 out-migrants was gathered through interviews with the heads of households who were still living in the rural villages under study. Chi-square test was employed for the statistical analysis of the data. Some of the major findings of the research are as follows : (1) With respect to the reason of out-migration, the economic reason was found the most important one (52.4%), followed by the educational one (23.5%), the familial reason (14.3%), and the occupational one (4.5%). The findings clearly indicate that the two communities of the migration origin lack employment opportunities which reflect general economic underdevelopment of the region. Further, it was also found that sex, age, marital status, educational attainment and social class of the out-migrants' family of orientation had statistically significant retationships with the reason of the out-migration. (2) With respect to the selection of out-migration destination, only 8.7% of the out-migrants settled down in other rural areas. In sharp contrast to this rural-to-rural migration, 43.7% of the out-migrants moved to small cities or "Eups" in and out of Chollabug-do province, and 47.6% went to Seoul or other large cities. Some interesting relationships were found between the reasons of the out-migration and their destination choice : economic oriented out-migrants tended to choose large cities as their destination areas, education-oriented out-migrants tended to choose small cities and "Eups", and family-oriented out-migrants tended to settle down either small cities and "Eups" or other rural areas. It was further found that age, marital status, educational attainment, social class and awareness of prospective destination areas had statistically significant relationships with the out-migrants' destination selection. (3) As an index of the post-migration adjustment of the out-migrants in the destination areas, the housing type (or house ownership) and the occupational status of the out-migrants were used. Only 18.6% of the total migrants owned their own houses while 57.3% lived in leased houses : 35.5% were living in leased housed on a head-money deposit basis and 21.8% were on a monthly rent payment basis. Those out-migrants who found themselves in Seoul and other large cities showed a tendancy to live in leased housing in a monthly rent payment basis, those out-migrants who moved to small cities and "Eups" tended to lease in a head-money deposit basis, and those out-migrants who migrated to other rural areas tended to own their house Statistically significant correlationships were found between the housing type and out-migrants' marital status, the level of educational attainment, duration of residence in the out-migrants' destination areas, and social class of the out-migrants' family of orientation. On the other hand, the distributions of the occupation of the out-migrants were as follows : the professional-managerial was 0.2%, white-collar was 8.0%, self-employed was 9.4%, blue-collar was 43.4%, unemployed was 5.5%, and others were 33.5% which can't be considered as jobs such as students, housewives, and those who are manatory military services. This seems to indicate that the majority of the out-migrants are having jobs which belong to the lower strata of the occupational prestige scale due to their low educational attainment level as well as their lack of needed skill for better jobs. It was also found that sex, marital status, educational attainment, kinds of help the out-migrants received at the time of migration, duration of residence in the destination areas, and social class of the out-migrants' family of orientation had statistically significant relationships with the out-migrants' occupational status. (4) With respect to the mutual help between the out-migrants and the family orientaion, it was found that 79.2% of the families did not provide any financial helps to the out-migrants, while 85.1% of the out-migrants did not render any financial helps to their families living in the villages It indicates that both parties are in economic difficulty, thus unable to provide any financial assistances to each other. In other types of interaction such as mutual visits, exchange of letters and telephone calls, it was learned that the out-migrants who have higher occupational status, who live closer to their families of orientation, and whose family owns larger size of farmland tended to interact more with their families of orientation. The out-migrants' sex and the length of stay in the destination areas did not have statistically significant effects on interactions. In conclusion, this study shows that people with economic hardships tend to migrated out of rural areas. They are, in general, petty farmers whose farmland sizes are usually less than 1,500 pyong, and aged from 20 to 24. Their migration into the larger urban cities is largely attributed to the greater employment opportunities in those urban areas and the lack of such opportunities in the rural areas. The present study seems to support the theory of employment opportunities which explains the migration in terms of the differential industrial development between regions. However, it is important to note that this case study does not show the pattern-of step-migration. The out-migrants under study tended to move directly to large urban centers such as Seoul. It suggests that Stouffer's "Theory of Intervening Opportunities" which was developed based on the Western experience can't be directly applied to Korean cases. Therefore, a need for reinterpretation of such a model in terms of our social and cultural context is recognized. This may be viewed, in the context of the Korean social change, as a result of the urban-oriented development policy since 1960's. Due to the unequal distribution of the benefits of the economic development among the local medium and small sized cities, the problems such as the lack of employment opportunities, and industrial imbalances, and population concentration in the big cities have occurred. Particularly, the migration into the urban areas has caused severe competetion in the labor markets, which made worse the working conditions and employment opportunities and housing problem. The maladjustment of the migrants seems to be related to the problems of the whole industrial structure. Most of them are industrial laborers or working in informal sector which gives them low earnings and unstable housing, and this maladjustment seems to be the cause of the stifled interaction with their family of origin.

Characterizing driver seat position-preference relationship and evaluating utility of self-selected driver seat positions

김수경 서울대학교 대학원 2019 국내석사

자동차는 오랫동안 인간공학의 주요 연구 대상 중 하나로 자리매김해왔다. 자동차 인간공학의 여러 분야에서 운전자가 가장 선호하는 시트의 위치를 정의 및 측정하였고, 이를 활용하여 운전자의 운전 자세 예측 및 분석, 인체 치수와 선호 부품 배치의 관계 도출, 최적 부품 조절 범위 결정, 그리고 인구 집단의 수용도 계산 등의 다양한 분석이 시도되어왔다. 하지만 기존 연구들에서는 다음과 같은 두 가지 한계점이 존재한다. 첫째, 운전자의 최고 선호 시트 위치(Most preferred seat position, MPSP) 외 다른 시트 위치와 운전 선호도의 관계의 특성을 밝힌 기존 연구가 매우 드물다. 둘째, 기존에 MPSP를 측정하는데 가장 보편적으로 사용되어온 자가 선택 방식 는 운전자가 선택한 지점이 실제로 가장 선호되는 지점인지, 운전자가 선택한 지점과 비슷한 선호도를 갖는 다른 지점은 존재하지 않는지의 효용성을 검증하지 않은 채 사용되어왔다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 실험을 통해 자동차 시트 조절 범위 전역에 대한 시트 위치-운전 선호도 관계의 특징을 밝히고, 보간법을 사용한 ‘선호도 지도’를 생성하여 자가 선택 MPSP 방식의 효용성을 검증하였다. 본 연구에서는 총 20명의 피실험자를 대상으로 9번의 자가 선택 MPSP 측정과 34개의 시트 위치의 선호도 점수 수집이 이루어졌다. 수집된 데이터를 통해 자동차 시트 위치-운전 선호도 관계에서 4가지 특징(단봉성, 개별성, 비대칭성, 첨성)을 도출하였으며, 키집단(Short, Medium, Tall)별 특성을 비교하였다. 또한 피실험자들이 자가 선택한 시트의 위치는 평균 백분위수 94.6 으로 높은 선호도를 보이는 것으로 나타났으나, 9번의 측정 중 0.9번 정도는 선호도가 낮은(백분위수 88 미만) 영역을 선택하며, 같은 선호도를 갖는 모든 선호 영역의 면적 대비 41%에 해당되는 영역만을 선택함을 발견하여 자가 선택 방식이 한계점을 갖는다는 사실을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 자동차 시트 조절 범위 전역에서의 시트 위치와 운전 선호도 관계의 특성을 밝힌 첫 번째 연구이며, 기존에 보편적으로 사용되어왔던 자가 선택 MPSP 방식의 효용성을 검증했다는 점에서 의의를 갖는다. 이 연구 결과는 자동차 시트 조절 범위에 대한 인구집단의 수용도를 정확히 계산하는 것 뿐만 아니라 자동차 실내 패키징의 설계 자유도를 높일 수 있는 새로운 도구로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. Vehicle ergonomics has been extensively researched in the field of ergonomics. Previous research has defined and measured drivers’ most preferred seat positions, and utilized this data to conduct various observations and analysis about driving posture prediction, the relationship between anthropometric measures and preferred component arrangement, the optimal adjustment range of components, and population accommodation. However, there exist two limitations of previous research. First, not much research has been conducted about the relationship between driver preference ratings and seat positions other than the most preferred seat position (MPSP) of the driver. Second, the previously used self-selection method of defining and determining MPSP has been used in various research studies without proper validation. Thus, it is difficult to determine if this self-selection method is useful in identifying the driver’s most preferred seat position, and whether or not other seat positions with similar preference ratings exist. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to: 1) characterize the driver seat position-preference relationship across the entire seat adjustment range and 2) verify the utility of the self-selected MPSP method. To do so, individual drivers’ preference maps were empirically developed using an interpolation method. The study collected the data of 20 participants and 9 trials of their self-selected MPSP, in addition to the preference ratings of 34 seat positions. Four characteristics (unimodality, individuality, asymmetry, pointedness) were observed in the relationship between seat position and driver preference. Also, stature found to influence the relationship. In addition, participants’ self-selected preferred seat positions generally had high preference scores with an average equal to the 94.6th percentile of all preference rating values obtained. However, on average, 10 percent of the MPSP had relatively low preference scores below the 88th percentile. Furthermore, the limitations of the self-selection method were evident as the participants on average only identified 41% of the entire region of seat positions with high preference ratings equal to or higher than the average of the preference scores of his/her MPSP. This study discovers the relationship between driving preference and seat positions across the entire seat adjustment range, and evaluated the utility of the self-selection method. The results of this study are expected to be utilized in more accurately evaluating the level of the driver population accommodation in relation to the seat adjustment range and aiding in designing vehicle interiors.

초등학생의 자기 선택적 영어책 읽기가 읽기 행동 및 정의적 영역에 미치는 효과

오수현 부경대학교 2017 국내박사

The frequency of exposure to English is very low in Korea, where English is a foreign language. One of the ways to improve the learner 's reading ability in such situations is voluntary reading of the learner's favorite English books. Studies of children's English reading behavior have been limited to the cognitive domain. Recently, research has been carried out to consider how affective development affects children's behavior to read English. Studies that attempt to view children's ability to read English from the perspective of acquisition rather than from the point of view of instruction emphasize the child's affective domain. However, children have difficulty in choosing English books. It is necessary for children to learn the strategy of choosing books that meet their level and interest with the criterion of choosing English books. Therefore, the self-selected English book reading program guides BM strategy and the English book reading activity as the reference strategy for English book selection by children. The purpose of this study is to investigate elementary school student’s reading behavior and affective changes through a self-selected English book reading program. The qualitative research method was used to observe the children's selection of English books and reading behavior. A quantitative research method was used to examine children's ability to read English and affective changes through a self-selected English book program. This study collected data from questionnaires, interviews, and observations of fifteen children from grade 3 to grade 6. Key findings of the study are as follows: ⅰ) The self-selected reading program influenced children’s English reading behavior at the elementary school level. The children read English books more and more frequently because they could more easily select English books. The children read more difficult English books. ⅱ) The self-selected reading program influenced affect such as reading self-efficacy, reading motivation. This study supports the importance and the positive effect of English book-selection strategies on reading English books so that children could become independent readers.

Ergonomics studies on quantitative evaluation of accommodation level considering variability in driver preference data

정재문 서울대학교 대학원 2023 국내박사

Designing vehicle interior components requires consideration of human variability in perception, behavior, and anthropometry. Accommodation level, which is an index of how well a product suits a population of users, needs to be analyzed and considered during vehicle design process to ensure driver satisfaction and safety. It is essential that designers recognize the significance of designing for human variability in order to gain an accurate understanding of accommodation level of vehicle interior components. Drivers interact with many different vehicle interior components, which are provided either as adjustable components (i.e., the seat, the steering wheel, the mirrors, etc.) or as fixed components (i.e., the pedals, the gearshift, etc.). Among such components, the one that interacts with the driver directly and continuously at all times between ingress and egress is the driver’s seat. The driver’s seat has multiple degrees of freedom, allowing adjustments of its position during driving. While many studies and standards have been proposed using different approaches for evaluating the accommodation level of vehicle interior components including the driver’s seat, research gaps still exist concerning the understanding of variability in drivers’ preference towards the driver’s seat position, and the evaluation scheme for accurate evaluation of accommodation level that incorporates different types of variability in driver preference towards vehicle interior components. Therefore, the following research questions were generated: 1) “What are the geometric and mathematical characteristics of driver-selected seat positions (DSSPs)?”, 2) “How can we evaluate accommodation level of an adjustable product considering different types of variability in human preference?”, and 3) “How can we evaluate accommodation level of a non-configurable product considering different types of variability in human preference?”. In order to address the research questions above, three studies were conducted. Study 1 investigated the characteristics of human preference data regarding drivers’ preferred seat positions. Many previous vehicle ergonomics studies and standards have utilized DSSPs as a basis for evaluating the accommodation level of vehicle interior designs. However, little research has examined the basic characteristics of DSSPs. Therefore, Study 1 analyzed empirically obtained DSSPs to explore geometric, mathematical and statistical properties of individuals’ DSSP point clouds, each consisting of repeatedly measured DSSPs. Six quantitative indices pertinent to the size, shape, orientation and location of a DSSP point cloud were employed. Normality of the DSSP point clouds, and, also, possible correlational relationships among the indices and those between the indices and selected anthropometric dimensions were statistically tested. The results suggested that 1) DSSP prediction and simulation modelling must reflect the unimodal, non-normal nature of individuals’ DSSP distributions and the correlational structures identified, and 2) intra-individual as well as inter-individual variability in DSSP data needs to be considered in designing and evaluating seat adjustability features and other vehicle interior functions. Study 2 proposed an interval estimation-based approach for evaluating the accommodation level of adjustable products. Designing adjustable products requires an accurate accommodation level evaluation method for determining their proper adjustable ranges. Previous methods have employed point estimation for representing an adjustable product’s population accommodation level. However, a point estimate is limited in that it lacks information regarding variability/reliability of an estimated value. Therefore, Study 2 developed an interval estimation-based accommodation level evaluation method. The method consisted of two parts: 1) individual accommodation level was evaluated on the basis of a given adjustable range of a product and preferred configuration data obtained from multiple individuals, and 2) based on the obtained individual accommodation levels, population accommodation level was determined, and a confidence interval of the population accommodation level was generated. The descriptions of the new method are provided, along with a case study demonstrating how the method can be applied to a real-world design problem. Study 3 developed a novel accommodation level evaluation method for non-configurable products. Among many types of products, a non-configurable, single-configuration-for-all product offers advantages over other product types, such as simplicity of design problem and manufacturing process, lower design and manufacturing costs, and less effort necessary in choosing the right product variant or configuration for consumers. Despite the advantages, however, the problem of designing a non-configurable product for population accommodation has not been fully investigated. As an effort to address the problem of accommodation level evaluation for non-configurable products, Study 3 presented a novel design optimization method, which utilized empirically obtained human preference data for optimizing a product’s configuration; and, in doing so, both the intra-individual as well as inter-individual variability in human preference were considered. A case study using an example design problem is provided to demonstrate the new design method. The characteristics of DSSPs and the accommodation level evaluation methods presented through the studies would be useful knowledge for not only the design of driver’s seat and vehicle interior components, but also the design of non-configurable/adjustable products in general. 제품 디자인이란 다양한 사용자들이 제품에 대해 느끼는 선호, 사용 행태, 그리고 사람들의 신체 조건과 같은 변수들이 모두 적절하게 고려되어야 하는 난해한 작업이다. 이러한 제품 디자인 프로세스에 도움을 주는 정량적 평가 기준으로 accommodation level, 즉 수용도가 있다. 수용도란 제품을 사용하는 전체 인구 중 얼마만큼의 사용자들을 만족시킬 수 있는가를 표현하는 정량적 수치이며, 제품에 대한 사용자 만족도, 사용성, 안전성과 같은 제품의 품질을 파악하고 향상시키는 데 필수적으로 분석되고 고려되어야 한다. 따라서, 정확한 수용도 예측은 고객 만족도 제고를 위한 제품 디자인에 유용한 정보로 활용될 수 있으며, 이를 위해서는 다양한 사용자들의 특성과 또 그로부터 나타나는 변동성을 정확하게 파악하고, 또 이러한 변동성을 수용도 분석에 포함시키는 것이 중요하다. 제품 디자인이 필요한 다양한 분야 중 자동차 디자인 분야에서는 운전자가 선호하는 시트 위치, 핸들 위치, 대시보드 쪽에 있는 디스플레이 등의 부품에 대한 수용도 분석이 진행되고, 이를 바탕으로 디자인이 결정되게 된다. 다양한 사용자 집단 중 운전자들은 차량의 여러 실내 부품을 조작하며 운전이라는 과업을 수행하게 된다. 이러한 실내 부품들은 주로 조절 가능 범위가 제공되거나(예: 운전석, 핸들, 미러 등), 고정된 상태로(예: 페달, 변속기 등) 운전자들에게 제공된다. 자동차의 운전석은 실내/실외 디자인에 모두 영향을 끼치는 중요한 부품이며, 운전자와 가장 많은 시간 직접적으로 접촉이 이루어지는 부품이다. 이러한 운전석 디자인 관련 문제 중 하나는 운전석의 조절 가능 범위 문제인데, 주로 실험적으로 얻은 driver-selected seat positions (DSSP)라고 하는 운전자 선호 시트 위치 데이터를 수집/활용하여 시트의 조절 가능 범위가 결정된다. DSSP는 운전자마다 모두 다른 특성을 갖고 있고, 자동차 운전석의 조절 가능 범위 결정 문제를 해결하는 데 꼭 고려되어야 할 중요한 정보이다. 시트의 조절 가능 범위를 최대한 넓게 만들면 DSSP를 모두 포함시킬 수 있지만, 그 경우 불필요한 비용들이 발생할 수 있기 때문에 DSSP에 대한 정확한 이해와 또 그러한 이해를 바탕으로 한 정확한 수용도 예측 방법이 뒷받침되어야 효율적이고 효과적인 시트 조절 범위 제공이 이루어질 수 있을 것이다. 다만 아직 DSSP에 대한 심층적인 분석이 부족한 상태이며, 운전석을 포함하여 다양한 차량 실내 부품들에 대한 운전자 수용도 평가 방법을 개선할 수 있는 여지가 많이 남아있다. 정확한 수용도 예측과 최적 디자인 도출을 위해서는 DSSP의 기하학적 특성에 대한 이해가 필요하다고 생각되며, 운전자들의 제품 선호 데이터의 특성을 바탕으로 한 제품 수용도 평가 방법에 대한 연구가 진행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다. 이와 같은 현황을 바탕으로 파악한 research gaps를 바탕으로 아래와 같이 세 개의 Research Questions (RQ)를 구성하였다. RQ 1) What are the characteristics of driver-selected seat positions? RQ 2) How can we evaluate the accommodation level of an adjustable product considering different types of variability in human preference? RQ 3) How can we evaluate the accommodation level of a non-configurable product considering different types of variability in human preference? 연구 1) Investigation on the characteristics of driver-selected seat positions RQ 1을 해결하기 위해, 다양한 index와 분석 방법들을 활용해 DSSP의 특성에 대해 알아보았다. DSSP의 특성을 알아보기 위해 총 108명의 사람들로부터 DSSP data와 추가로 키, 몸무게, 앉은키를 포함해서 13개 신체 치수 데이터를 얻고, 한 사람 당 여러 개의 DSSP를 수집해서 집단의 DSSP 특성뿐만 아니라 개인별 DSSP 특성도 알아보고자 한다. DSSP의 기하하적, 통계적 특성을 알아보고, 특성 간 상관관계, 그리고 특성과 신체 치수와의 상관관계까지 알아보는 것이 본 챕터의 내용이 될 것이다. 연구 2) Development of an accommodation level evaluation method for designing adjustable products RQ 2를 해결하기 위해, 조절 가능한(adjustable) 제품의 수용도 평가 방법을 개발하였다. 조절 가능 범위의 최적 위치 결정 문제에 대한 내용으로, 조절 범위의 최적 위치 결정에 있어서 사용자 선호 데이터의 개인 간, 개인 내 변동성을 고려할 수 있는 수용도 평가 방법을 개발하였다. 결정 방법에 대한 진행 절차 설명 및 예상 결과물 제공을 위해 시트 조절 가능 범위 결정 문제를 사용한 case study를 실시하였다. 연구 3) Development of an accommodation level evaluation method for designing non-configurable products RQ 3을 해결하기 위해, 조절 기능이 없는(non-configurable) 제품의 수용도 평가 방법을 개발하였다. 사용자들의 개인 간 변동성 및 개인 내 변동성을 고려하여 한 개의 최적 디자인을 도출하는 데 사용할 수 있는 수용도 평가 방법을 개발하였다. 이 연구에서는 개발된 수용도 결정 방법을 설명하고, case study를 통해 해당 수용도 결정 방법을 실제 디자인 문제에 적용 시 예측되는 결과물을 제공하였다. 본 연구를 통해 얻은 DSSP에 대한 지식과 개발된 수용도 평가 방법들은 운전석 및 차량 내 부품뿐만 아니라 전반적인 제품 디자인 결정 문제에 유용한 정보로 사용될 수 있을 것이다. 특히 본 연구에서 제안하고자 하는 수용도 평가 방법은 개인 간 변동성뿐만 아니라 개인 내 변동성이 모두 고려된 수용도 평가 방법이며, 제품 선호 데이터의 확률 분포에 대한 가정이 필요 없는 방법이라는 점이 가장 중요한 기여가 될 것으로 예상된다.

NON-FORMAL EDUCATION FOR THE YOUTH OF LOW-INCOME FAMILIES IN SELECTED ZONES IN METRO MANILA : IMPLICATIONS FOR GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING

김제완 University of Santo Tomas 1993 해외박사

This study attempted to find out the perceptions of youth of low-income families in selected zones in Metro Manila on their ife problems, role of NFE and teachers and the guidance and counseling services as basis for the development of an NFE program for the youth of low-income families. Specifically, it attempted to find out the life problems of the youth of low-income families grouped according to sex, age, fundamental skills possessed, parent's education and parents' occupation and if the preceding factors cited relate significantly with the life problems of the respondents. Likewise it wanted to find out the perceived role of the NFE teacher and guidance counselors. Based on the results of the survey about the life problems and role of the NFE teacher and guidance counselor, an NFE Program in Functional Literacy integrated with Livelihood Training and Home and Family Life was prepared. It tested the null hypothesis that factors such as sex, age, fundamental skills possessed, parents education and parents occupations do not relate significantly with the life problems of youths of low-income families in Metro Manila. This study made use of the descriptive survey research design with the questionnaire and occasional observations and interviews as data gathering tools. It utilized percentages and ranking as descriptive measures and the chi-square as test of relationship between the life problems of students and factors such as sex, age, fundamental skills possessed, parents' education and parents' occupation. The participants of the study were 200 adolescents aged twelve to twenty years old who came from low-income families in selected zones of four cities of Metro Manila. The results of the study were: 1. Five of the topmost problems of the youth of low-income families grouped according to sex are financial worries, home conditions, parent-child relationships, employment needs and leisure time activities. 2. Grouped according to age group, the five topmost problems are a) age 12-14 are financial problems, parent-child relationships, c) home conditions, d) leisure time activities and e) school related factors; b) age 15-17 are financial problems, home conditions, parent-child relationships, employment needs and leisure time activities; c) age 18-20 are financial problems, home conditions, employment needs, parent-child relationships and leisure time activities. 3. Grouped according to fundamental skills possessed the problems of the respondents are: financial worries, home conditions, parent-child relationships, employment needs and leisure time activities. 4. Five of the topmost problems of the youth of low-income families, grouped according to parents education: a) with elementary education are: financial problems, home conditions, parent-child relationships, employment needs and leisure time activities; b) with high school education: financial worries, home conditions, parent-child relationships, leisure time activities and employment needs; c) with technical/vocational education leisure time activities, employment needs, home conditions, parent-child relationships and emotional factors d) with college units: parent-child relationships, home conditions, financial worries, emotional factors and leisure time activities e) college graduate: leisure time activities, financial worries, emotional problems and employments, parent-child relationship. 5. Five of the topmost problems of the youth grouped according to parents occupations are home conditions, financial worries, parent-child relationships, leisure time activities and employment needs. 6. The life problems of the youth of low-income families significantly relate with age and parents' education but does not relate significantly with sex, fundamental skills possessed and parents' occupations. 7. The respondents perceived that the role of NFE teachers are livelihood skills training, literacy for out-of-school youth, campaign against drugs, assist in looking for part time job and conduct/organize cooperatives. The role of guidance counselors are literacy for out-of-school youths and adults, livelihood skills' training, values development, leadership training for youths and educational management information service. Based on the above results, a proposed NFE program for the youths of low-income families was prepared with focus on functional literacy integrated with livelihood skill training and home and family life with values development. The recommendations consist of the following: 1. The proposed action program be endorsed favorably by school and government officials who should provide the necessary financial support in making the program workable. 2. Demonstration lessons, seminars and workshop should be conducted to ensure proper utilization of the proposed lessons in the program. 3. The guidance counselors and non-formal education teachers should work as a team in the implementation of the program with the support of school authorities and government or non-government agencies. 4. The proposed nonformal education program should undergo regular evaluation and enrichment to suit the changing needs of the clienteles. 5. Counseling sessions can also be held to develop better understanding between parent and children and among members of the family. 6. Other researches may be undertaken such as: a. Experiment on the effectiveness of the proposed NFE programs managed by the team efforts of guidance counselor and the NFE teacher with government support. b. The researcher undertake the same study in his home country to find out if the same results will take place. c. Survey other problems of the in-school and out-of-school youths to prepare a program which will involve their parents.

A Test of the Sexually Selected Egg Color Hypothesis in Eastern Bluebirds (Sialia sialis)

McKie-Voerste, Annabelle ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Arkansas State Uni 2020 해외박사(DDOD)

The broad array of colors represented in avian eggshells has promoted extensive investigations into its evolutionary significance. Although many hypotheses exist that explain conspicuous egg colors, including egg recognition against brood parasitism, protection from UV rays, and thermoregulation, they fail to adequately explain the adaptive function of vivid blue eggs. The Sexually Selected Egg Color Hypothesis (SSECH) states that blue-green eggshell coloration is a post-mating, sexually selected signal that conveys female quality, and male birds that observe more pigmented eggs would increase their care accordingly, resulting in higher quality chicks. Using a population of eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) in northeast Arkansas from 2007–2009, I investigated potential predictors of blue-green eggshell variation (clutch size, clutch imitation day, temporal trend), and I examined the relationship between egg blue-green color and maternal quality (scaled-body-mass index, age, feather color, and clutch initiation day) in a subset of banded females. For females captured multiple times throughout the study, I compared interclutch eggshell coloration between consecutive clutches of each nesting season across years. To tests the effect of egg color saturation on male care, I conducted a double swap (whole clutches of eggs and whole broods of chicks) experiment between the palest and darkest clutches in the sample, then investigated whether fledging success or chick quality could be predicted by eggshell coloration. My results suggest biliverdin is not a limited pigment and is highly consistent across years, and further suggest egg color does not reflect female quality. I found no evidence that males increase their parental care when exposed to darker blue-green eggs, which is the major tenet of the SSECH. However, I did find that males increased their visits if they received their original chicks back. Additionally, egg color did not predict fledging success, chick body-mass index, or chick immunocompetence. Overall, my findings suggest eastern bluebirds did not evolve blue-green egg color as a sexually selected trait. As part of the GK12 NSF fellowship I received, I used my results to design a model to elucidate scientific processes to 6th–8th grade students that teachers can use by establishing a bluebird colony at their school.

New low-complexity SLM schemes and clipping noise cancellation for OFDM systems

김기훈 서울대학교 대학원 2015 국내박사

In this dissertation, several research results for the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction schemes for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems are discussed. First, the basic principle and implementation of the OFDM systems are introduced, where high PAPR of OFDM signal is one of main drawbacks of OFDM systems. Thus, many PAPR reduction schemes to solve this problem have been studied such as clipping, selected mapping (SLM), partial transmit sequence (PTS), and tone reservation. In the first part of this dissertation, a low-complexity SLM scheme is proposed, where the proposed SLM scheme generates alternative OFDM signal sequences by cyclically shifting the connections in each subblock at an intermediate stage of inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT). Compared with the conventional SLM scheme, the proposed SLM scheme achieves similar PAPR reduction performance with much lower computational complexity and no bit error rate (BER) degradation. The performance of the proposed SLM scheme is analyzed mathematically and verified through numerical analysis. Also, it is shown that the proposed SLM scheme has the lowest computational complexity among the existing low-complexity SLM schemes exploiting the signals at an intermediate stage of IFFT. In the second part of this dissertation, an efficient selection (ES) method of the OFDM signal sequence with the minimum PAPR among many alternative OFDM signal sequences is proposed, which can be used for various SLM schemes. The proposed ES method efficiently generates each component of alternative OFDM signal by utilizing the structure of IFFT and calculates its power, and such generation procedure is interrupted if the calculated power is larger than the given threshold. By using the proposed ES method, the average computational complexity of considered SLM schemes is substantially reduced without degradation of PAPR reduction performance, which is confirmed by analytical and numerical results. In the third part of this dissertation, a clipping noise cancellation scheme using compressed sensing (CS) technique is proposed for OFDM systems. The proposed scheme does not need reserved tones or pilot tones, which is different from the previous works using CS technique. Instead, observations of the clipping noise in data tones are exploited, which leads to no loss of data rate. Also, in contrast with the previous works, the proposed scheme selectively exploits the reliable observations of the clipping noise instead of using whole observations, which results in minimizing the bad influence of channel noise. From the selected reliable observations, the clipping noise in time domain is reconstructed and cancelled by using CS technique. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme performs well compared to other conventional clipping noise cancellation schemes and shows the best performance in the severely clipped cases.

선택적다중이온질량분석기를 이용한 대기 중 휘발성유기화합물 실시간 동시분석법 개발 및 적용

손현동 경상대학교 대학원 2018 국내석사

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are representative air pollutants due to their detrimental effects on human health and their role in formation of secondary organic aerosols. Assessments and monitoring programs of VOCs using periodic grab sampling like Tedlar bags, canisters, and sorbent traps provide limited information, often with delay times of days or weeks. Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) is an emerging analytical technique for the real-time quantification of VOCs in air. It relies on chemical ionization of the VOCs molecules in air introduced into helium carrier gas using H3O+, NO+, and O2+ precursor ions. Real-time monitoring method of 60 VOCs in the ambient air was developed using TO-15 standard gas mixture. Calibration curves, method detection limit, and quantitation reproducibility of the target compounds were tested. Dynamic dilution system was used to dilute standard gas from 0.174 ppbv to 100 ppbv, where calibration curves showed good linearity with r2 > 0.95 in all target analytes. Method of detection limits (MDL)for in all compounds were sub ppbv, and some halogenated compounds showed pptv levels. Seven consecutive analyses of target compounds showed good repeatability with relative standard deviation of less than 10%. One day monitoring of VOCs in ambient air was conducted in Geoje. Average concentration of target VOCs in Geoje were relatively lower than other regions, among which formaldehyde showed the highest concentration (15.4±5.78 ppbv). The highest concentration of odor compounds were found in acetaldehyde and the highest odor intensity was in trimethylamine. SIFT-MS provided good temporal resolution data (1 data per 3.2 minute), which can be used for identifying ephemeral short-term event. VOCs in representative pollution were monitored through stationary measurements, which include industrial complex, major harbor, and power plant. VOCs emitted from each pollution sources were simultaneously identified and quantified using principal component analysis(PCA). It is expected that SIFT-MS will be a versatile monitoring platform for VOCs in ambient air.