Regeneration of Nicotinamide Coenzyme by Rhodium Complexes; Efficient Regeneration Methods and Applications

Dharmalingam Sivanesan 국민대학교 일반대학원 2014 국내박사

Abstract Regeneration of Nicotinamide Coenzyme by Rhodium Complexes; Efficient Regeneration Methods and Applications by Dharmalingam Sivanesan Department of Bio and Nano Chemistry Graduate School of Kookmin University Seoul, Korea Chapter 1. Overview on Available Regeneration Methods for Nicotinamide Coenzymes and Our Efforts for NADH Regeneration NADH-dependent or oxidoreductases mediated asymmetric synthesis are of particular interest because they are utilized in the synthesis of various pharmaceutically active intermediates. Hence regeneration of NADH coenzyme plays very important role in the biocatalysis. In this chapter we have summarized the previously available compounds and methods for the coenzyme regeneration. Also, based on the results available in the literature, our efforts toward making efficient regeneration method for coenzyme is rationalized based on the regeneration mechanism. Chapter 2. Effect of the Substituents in the 2,2’-Bipyridine Ligands of [Cp*Rh(bpy]Cl]Cl for Regeneration of NADH by Chemical and Indirect Electrochemical Methods The Rh(III) complexes having functionalized bpy ligands were synthesized and fully characterized. The hydrido complex [η5-Cp*Rh(bpyCH2OH)H]+, which could be generated either electrochemically by cathodic reduction of the [η5-Cp*Rh(bpy-CH2OH)Cl]Cl complex at −771 mV (versus Ag/AgCl) or chemically with formate, transformed NAD+ efficiently into NADH. The 5,5’-bpyCH2OH and 4,4’-bpyCH2OH ligated rhodium complexes were successfully generated the NADH by chemical and indirect electrochemical methods. The maximum activity was obtained for [η5-Cp*Rh(4,4’-bpyCH2OH) Cl]Cl (710 h-1) and [η5-Cp*Rh(5,5’-bpyCH2OH)Cl]Cl (1106 h-1) at 60°C chemically with formate anion. Although, the electron releasing groups are in 4,4’-position of 2,2’-pypyridine, the catalytic efficiency was decreased for linkable functional groups containing [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl]+ complexes due to the functional groups interaction with metal center. Chapter 3. Water-soluble Carbene-containing Rhodium Complexes for Regeneration of NADH with Elevated Catalytic Turnover Frequency The Rh(III) complexes ligated with pyridyl-carbene ligands that can allocate high electron density on metal site was synthesized and fully characterized. The Rh(III) complexes effciently could regnerate the NADH by chemically with formate. Also, electrochemically by cathodic reduction of the [(η5-Cp*)Rh(4-t-butylpyridyl(NHC))Cl]Cl(7) complex at −980 mV vs. Ag/AgCl transformed NAD+ efficiently into NADH. In pH 9.2, the complex 7 shown the highest activity with a TOF = 6960 h-1 at 60°C. Here the catalytic activity was rationized based on the reduction potential of the catalysts 7, 8 and 9, and pH of the reaction medium. In the chemical regeneration, high concentration of NAD+ in the catalytic medium changes the pH to acidic which prohibit the formation of active intermidiate, [(η5-Cp*)Rh(4-t-butylpyridyl(NHC))H]+. Chapter 4. Efficient Regeneration of Coenzyme Using Dihydrogen and Combined studies with Lactate Dehydrogenase Enzyme We have demonstrated that the Rh(III) complexes [η5-Cp*Rh(bpy-OH)Cl]Cl and [(η5-Cp*)Rh(4-t-butylpyridyl(NHC))Cl]Cl having ligands dihydroxyl-bpy and N-heterocyclic carbene provide efficient regeneration of NADH using H2 gas. The highly active complexes were 3 and 4, and the generated NADH by 3 was utilized for the enantioselective synthesis of D-lactate with D-LDH. At pH 8.2 maximum turn over number 145 was obtained for D-lactate using 3. We believe that this system is suitable for the in-situ generation of NADH and enzymatic reductions because of the NADH regeneration without producing the environmentally harmful byproducts. Chapter 5. Covalently Attached Ru and Rh Bimetal Complexes for Photochemical Regeneration of NADH and Photoenzymatic Studies Utilization of solar energy as a sustainable and environmentally acceptable energy source has most attention due to the high abundance, cheap and clean energy. In this chapter we have described covalently attached bi-metal complexes 1 and 2 for the photochemical regeneration of NADH and the generated NADH was combined for enantioselective synthesis of D-lactate using NADH-dependent enzyme, D-LDH. In 1 and 2, mediator and photosensitizer were covalently attached through saturated and unsaturated covalent bonds. Among them 2 is shown the maximum generation of D-lactate from photoenzymatic method and it results from the higher electron density on the metal. Additionally, the conjugation properties of the 1 and 2 affect the electron transfer which decides the photochemical generation of NADH.

Oral Regeneration in Stentor Coeruleus: Cytoskeletal Patterning and Cell Cycle Control

Yan, Connie University of California, San Francisco ProQuest D 2025 해외박사(DDOD)

Regeneration and wound healing are essential biological processes that restore cellular and tissue integrity following injury from external perturbations. Central to these processes is the interpretation of positional cues which include chemical or mechanical signals that instruct cells on what to rebuild and where to place structures. While the mechanisms underlying tissue and organ regeneration have been extensively studied, the molecular and spatial logic of regeneration at the subcellular level remains less understood. The giant single-celled ciliate Stentor coeruleus offers a powerful model for uncovering how cells interpret positional information to reconstruct complex intracellular architecture. With a highly polarized body plan, anterior-posterior axis, and an oral apparatus critical for feeding, Stentor can regenerate entire structures from fragments, provided a part of the macronucleus is intact.Here, we explore how cytoskeletal patterning and cell cycle regulators support regeneration in Stentor. The oral apparatus regenerates at a stereotyped location along the anterior-posterior axis, guided by visible cortical landmarks such as pigmented stripes and organized arrays of cytoskeletal fibers. We find that Sfi1 family proteins, which scaffold centrin-based cytoskeletal assemblies, are upregulated during regeneration and are essential for both oral primordium formation and contractility. RNAi-mediated depletion of Sfi1 genes impairs regeneration and anterior-posterior centrin patterning, suggesting that Sfi1 proteins establish cytoskeletal polarity necessary for morphogenesis. These proteins are recruited in a temporally ordered manner to the regenerating oral primordium, linking gene expression timing with spatial organization.Moreover, we show that regeneration utilizes components of the canonical cell cycle. Using transcriptional and phosphoproteomic analyses, we identify upregulation of cell cycle regulators including E2F, CDK4, Rb, and cyclins during regeneration. Inhibition of CDK4 with Palbociclib disrupts this pathway and suppresses regeneration, indicating that CDK4-mediated phosphorylation of Rb and subsequent activation of E2F target genes is required. Interestingly, the morphological stages of regeneration mirror those seen during cell division, including macronuclear condensation and elongation, suggesting shared regulatory mechanisms. Our results raise the possibility that regeneration in Stentor reflects a partial redeployment of the developmental program associated with cell division.Together, our findings reveal that Stentor regeneration depends on the integration of cytoskeletal patterning with conserved cell cycle signaling pathways. This model system provides insight into how cells use positional cues and multifunctional molecular machinery to rebuild complex structures with spatial precision. Our work highlights the convergence of regeneration and cell cycle regulation as a general principle of morphogenesis, even at the level of a single cell.

Lineage Restriction, Cellular Heterogeneity, and Patterning during Mammalian Digit Tip Regeneration

Johnson, Gemma Lee Harvard University ProQuest Dissertations & Theses 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

Regeneration can be broadly defined as the renewal of biological structures. This occurs over the lifetimes of all multicellular organisms as structures like epithelia are replaced by cell division and growth. Some vertebrates, however, are capable of regenerating entire appendages, such as limbs, after amputation. This type of regeneration goes beyond the maintenance of tissues and requires re-growth of entire appendages. One striking example is the axolotl, which can regenerate lost limbs and tails, among other complex tissues. Regenerative ability is more restricted within mammals, but mice and human children have the innate ability to regenerate digit tips. The digit tip is an anatomical structure that includes bone, connective tissue, nerves, blood vessels, the nail, and the nail epithelium. After amputation there is first a wound healing response that leads to closure of the wound epithelium. The blastema, a heterogeneous mass of proliferating cells, then forms and regenerates the non-epithelial structures of the digit tip. Mouse digit tip regeneration provides a model to study regeneration in mammals to determine principles of regeneration that will lead to advances in regenerative medicine in humans. This dissertation addresses two aspects of digit tip regeneration that advance our understanding of the mouse digit tip blastema: what is the cellular composition of the blastema, and does patterning of the blastema require the same genes that pattern the limb bud during embryonic limb development. Classically, the blastema has been described simply as a collection of proliferating cells. In the mouse digit tip, the blastema is made up of heterogeneous and broadly lineage restricted cells, but the full extent of heterogeneity is unknown. In Chapter 2 we use single-cell RNA-sequencing to define the cell types present in the unamputated and regenerating digit tip. We find that the blastema is largely made up of heterogeneous fibroblast populations with distinct gene expression programs. Other cell types such as immune cells, Schwann cells, osteoblasts, vascular cells, and more are also found in the blastema, some of which have been described before using histology. These broad cell types are also present in the unamputated digit tip. A computational lineage trajectory of the vascular, monocytic, and fibroblast populations confirms broad lineage restriction in the mouse digit tip blastema but suggests that subtler trans differentiation relationships may exist. We also find that certain fibroblast clusters expand during regeneration and express regeneration specific genes such as Mest. Patterning during limb regeneration has long been thought to be mediated by the same genes that pattern developing limbs. In Chapter 3 we explore the patterning of the mouse digit tip blastema in the dorsal-ventral axis using the well-known set of transcription factors that define the dorsal-ventral axis during limb development, En1 and Lmx1b. We show that En1 and Lmx1b are expressed during regeneration but not with dorsal-ventral polarity. Further, we develop a computational method to show that loss of En1 or Lmx1b does not perturb the dorsal-ventral morphology of the regenerated digit tip bone, indicating that the limb development dorsal-ventral patterning genes are not re-used during digit tip regeneration. Together, these chapters advance our knowledge of the digit tip blastema and provide a wealth of data and methods that can be used to further investigate the mechanisms of regeneration in a mammalian system.

객관주의적 인식론이 기독교학교교육에 미친 영향에 대한 비판적 연구 : “중생”에 대한 이해의 관점에서

김병재 아세아연합신학대학교 교육대학원 2018 국내석사

ABSTRACT A critical on the influence of Objectivism epistemology in Christian school -based on understanding “Regeneration”- Kim, Byoung Jae Master of Education The Graduate School of Education, Asia United Theological University The aim of this study is to suggest alternatives to objectivism epistemology in Christian educational view. Especially, This researcher suggests ‘regeneration’ among the Christian doctrines as an alternative. Therefore, this researcher studies ‘regeneration’ with the following questions. First, What is objectivism and what are the critical points about objectivism? Second, What is the influence of objectivism epistemology on education? Third, What is regeneration and what is epistemology based on regeneration? Fourth, how does epistemology based on regeneration restores Christian school education? This dissertation consists of five chapters. In the first chapter, the demands and significance of the study are demonstrated. In chapter Ⅱ, the effects of objectivism epistemology on education are discussed. And the objectivism epistemology is criticized from theories of Hans-Georg Gadamer, Karl R. Popper, Tomas S. Kuhn, and Michael Polanyi. Then in chapter Ⅲ, regeneration that core of Christian educational epistemology is explained with the three following points: surveying regeneration in the frame of salvation, examining the change of humanity’s will through regeneration in books of Jonathan Edwards, and presenting Christian epistemology based on regeneration in the light of Van Til. In chapter Ⅳ, The knowledge in objectivism epistemology is criticized on the basis of the epistemology based on regeneration, focussing on ‘non-independence’, ‘value orientation’, and ‘personality’. Also, This dissertation, on the basis of the epistemology based on regeneration, suggests what should be recovered in Christian school education, and this suggestion categorizes into areas: salvation, class, and practice. Finally, in chapter V, this researcher examines the importance of epistemology based on regeneration as a matter of Christian school education. Christian school cannot exist without the Truth of Christianity. To say specifically, regeneration is both the idea and practice, encompassing human knowledge, will, and practice. Therefore, In the following, this dissertation demonstrates that Christian school education should take as it is foundation epistemology based on regeneration. It will not only help to teach the proper knowledge in a Christian school but also restore the method of Christian school education and even students’ life. I hope that it is succeeding researches to be more theological, more detailed themes on Christian educational view.

Tetraspanin1 as a conserved regulator of stem cell-properties in intermediate cells during regeneration and reprogramming : 재생과 리프로그래밍 중간단계세포의 줄기세포 특성을 유지하는 공통인자로서의 Tetraspanin1 연구

남주현 과학기술연합대학원대학교 한국생명공학연구원(KRIBB) 2025 국내박사

Effects of Pinus densiflora needle extract on liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy in rat

이경석 Soonchunhyang University 2017 국내석사

Pine (Pinus densiflora) is widely distributed in Eastern Asia including Korea, China, Japan and Russia. The leaf (pine needle) has been used as a traditional medicine for gastroenteritis, hypertension, etc. Recently it has been reported that pine needle has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-bacterial activities. The liver is an essential organ in animal since it plays a crucial role in protein synthesis, detoxification, regulation of glucose and other many metabolism. The liver has unique ability to regenerate potential after injury. Regenerative potential of the liver is well known and is widely used in physiological researches. Liver regeneration could be induced by partial hepatectomy (PH). After PH, liver regenerates via compensatory growth which does not means anatomic true-regeneration. The expanding liver does not regain its original gross anatomical structure. Remnant liver proliferates to meet metabolic needs of the organism. During liver regeneration, quiescent hepatocytes undergo one or two rounds of replication and then return to non-proliferative state. Based on physiological effects of pine needle previously mentioned, in this study, effects of pine needle extract (PNE) were investigated in regenerating rat liver. To determine the positive effects of PNE on liver regeneration induced by PH in rat, PNE was administrated to animal model and then the effects were investigated focused on protein expression which is related with cell proliferation. Juicy PNE was stored at 4℃ for 3 years before used. Rats in experimental group were provided PNE which was diluted in distilled water at 10% from 5 days before PH till sacrifice. As results, it was microscopically observed that hepatic plates were collapsed and restored during liver regeneration. Hepatocytes were divided and then hepatic structure was restored with proliferation of endothelial cells and remodelling of sinusoidal network. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) played a crucial role in this process. In serum analysis, AST and ALT activity of experimental group increased in early phase of liver regeneration. But the activities recovered within one day. In immunohistochemistry, Ki-67 which is used for biomarker to proliferation expression in hepatocyte obviously increased. It means that PNE promotes proliferation of hepatocyte. In western blot analysis, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression was also relatively accelerated. PCNA expression in experimental group was peaked at 36 hrs after PH while in control group, the expression was peaked at 60 hrs after PH. In experimental group, VEGF-A expression increased quickly after PH and continued to 3 days. In rodent, proliferation of endothelial cells to restore the sinusoids occurs from 3 days till 6 days after PH. It has been reported that DNA synthesis of VEGF-A was started at 12 hrs after PH and peaked at 48 hrs. In this study, VEGF-A already increased at 12 hrs after PH. This pattern is thought to be due to the stimulation of PNE and then increased VEGF-A could accelerate the proliferation of non-parenchymal cell and restoration of sinusoid. Remodeling of sinusoid in early stage facilitates to carry nutrients and oxygen and other signal molecules for proliferation of hepatic cells. In summary, administration of PNE stimulates the expression of VEGF-A in regenerating liver and then restoration and development of sinusoidal network were promoted. These changes could promote the proliferation of hepatic cells through supplying of sufficient nutrients and oxygen. These results in early phase of liver regeneration could bring insight into the physiological events of liver and liver transplantation and would be applied to medical treatment. Further trials such as identifying of core component are asked for complete understanding the effects of PNE on regenerating liver.

An Analysis of Financial and Physical Incentives on Urban Regeneration Projects in the Metropolitan Area of Japan : Focusing on Kawasaki Station Urban Regeneration Cases

권구황 서울시립대학교 대학원 2009 국내석사

Even though Japan had been experiencing dramatic growth in its economy by the late 1980s, they also had to face striking economic recession over the whole country after the bubble of Japanese economy started busting. Both their prices of houses on the market and the price index of stocks fell remorselessly and never seemed to bottom out. From that time for ten years, Japan experienced long-term recession called as “lost ten years." To overcome this, Japan had driven many policies, and one of them called as “urban regeneration” started in 2001 when the Ministry of Koizumi Junichiro took the office. It was true that Japanese urban regeneration was devised to pull its economy in booming stage again. And by regenerating cities Japan could get not only economic vigor but also perfectly new cities considered to have more competitiveness now. Without vitality of private sector, urban regeneration project cannot fulfill the creativity and show their ideas to the public. Historical events also show that funds and ideas of the private are one of the most critical factors which can lead a project to more successful development. In this aspect, Japan is well known for giving various incentives on urban regeneration cases to generate private companies' participation. This paper aimed at both analyzing the strategies of urban regeneration in Japan through case study and drawing the implication suitable to Korea. By taking a closer look to the Kawasaki Station’s two urban regeneration cases : Lazona Kawasaki Project and Muza Kawasaki Project, this study focused on the incentives the private and public developers could get. In the cases, there were a few incentives the developers took advantage of. First, they took physical incentives which helped the developers change the former land use, so that they could use the land in more effective and efficient way. Given that the changes into large commercial area help the local government revitalize their regional economy and renew the district, this can be an effective way of using demolished industrial plant. Second, giving financial incentives to the regeneration projects also helped the private be a part of the regeneration project. Especially, unique scheme like urban regeneration fund made the developer have easy access to fund-raising from commercial banks and private sectors Third, a long term and comprehensive plan made the two projects better developed. Making detailed plan and discipline on redevelopment as well as giving more opportunity to participate in regeneration cases led to more effective and efficient land use and convenient way of life for citizens. However, in that each incentive system has its own strength and weakness, more complicated studies would be needed to understand the Japanese urban regeneration and to apply the incentive system into Korea. 패전 이후 일본은 1980년대 후반까지의 급속한 경제성장을 통해 초 일류국가로서의 기틀을 마련하였지만 1990년대 초반의 거품경제의 붕괴 이후로 10년 동안 경기침체를 경험하였고, 이 시기동안 부동산뿐만 아니라 주식시장 역시 붕괴되었다. 이러한 거품경제의 붕괴를 극복하기 위하여 일본정부는 다양한 시도를 해 왔고, 그 일환으로써 2001년 고이즈미 내각 당시 도시재생본부를 발족하고 도시재생을 실현하기 위한 정책을 실시해오고 있다. 이를 통해 일본정부는 경기활성화와 동시에 도심공간의 재활성화라는 두 가지의 목표를 달성하기 위해 노력하고 있다. 도시재생과 같이 막대한 자금이 필요한 사업에 있어서 공공의 자금만을 가지고 사업을 추진하기에는 큰 위험과 무리가 따르고 있기 때문에 민간의 활력과 자금을 확보하는 것이 무엇보다 중요하다고 할 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 측면에서 일본은 민간과 공공의 사업참여를 유도하기 위한 다양한 인센티브를 마련함으로써 도시재생을 원활히 추진하기 위해 노력하고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 일본의 도시재생정책의 추진배경과 의의를 보다 구체적으로 살펴보고, 도시재생을 유도하기 위한 다양한 지원제도를 살펴보기 위해, 사례지역을 선정하여 인센티브를 분석함으로써 시사점을 찾고자 하는데 있다. 구체적인 인센티브 및 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 용도변경의 허가를 통해 공장이전적지 및 저·미이용지의 효율적 활용을 도모하였다. 특히 호리가와쵸공장부지의 경우 공장이전적지를 대규모 상업공간으로 변화시킴으로써 지역경제에 큰 파급효과를 미치고 있었다. 한국의 경우, 공장이전적지의 용도전환에 있어서 녹지위주의 변환 혹은 주상복합의 개발을 통해 주거위주의 개발이 이뤄져왔다는 점에서 본 사례는 의의가 크다고 할 수 있다. 둘째, 도시재생사업의 원활한 사업자금을 확보하기 위해 민간도시개발기구와 일본정책투자은행의 도시재생펀드를 활용하고 있는데, 본 사례는 일본정책투자은행과 미즈호 은행이 공동 투자한 도시재생펀드를 통해 후순위 채권에 자금이 투입되면서 사업이 보다 원활히 진행될 수 있었다는 특징이 있다. 이러한 공공과 민간의 펀드를 바탕으로 한 도시재생사업의 투자는 종래 행해지고 있는 다른 자금조달 방식과 차이점을 보인다는 점에서 의의가 클 것이다. 셋째, 일본의 경우 도시재생을 촉진하기 위해 도시재생긴급정비지역의 지정을 통해 사업의 추진을 돕고 있다. 하지만 하나의 제도를 바탕으로 도시재생사업이 진행되는 것이 아니라, 다른 다양한 정책들의 유기적 지원을 통해 도시재생을 보다 빠르고 강력하게 추진하면서도, 종합적인 규제의 틀을 마련하여 체계적인 개발이 될 수 있도록 하고 있다. 그렇지만 이러한 인센티브 역시 각각의 장·단점을 지니고 있으며 이를 분석하기 위해서는 보다 많은 연구가 진행되어야 할 것이다. 특히 본 연구가 선택한 사업의 경우 다양한 제도가 중첩되어 적용되고 있고, 사례지역의 수 역시 두 개로 한정되어 있어 일본의 도시재생정책의 대표적인 사례라고 단정 짓기 어려우며, 사례지역에 적용된 제도적 수법을 살펴보았을 뿐 이로 인한 경제적 파급효과 및 그 결과에 대해서는 다루지 못했다는 연구의 한계를 지니고 있다. 따라서 일본이 부동산 및 경제의 버블 붕괴이후 극복의 방법으로 제시한 도시재생사업을 보다 구체적으로 연구하고, 그 파급효과를 바탕으로 한국에의 시사점을 도출할 수 있는 연구가 지속적으로 이뤄지기를 바란다.

한국과 영국의 도시재생 거버넌스 유형 분석 연구

김동현 국민대학교 일반대학원 2024 국내석사

Urban regeneration refers to the economic, social, physical, and environmental revitalization of cities that are declining due to population decline, changes in industrial structure, urban sprawl, and deterioration of residential environments by strengthening local capabilities, introducing and creating new functions, and utilizing local resources (Special Act on Revitalization and Support of Urban Regeneration, 2022. 12). Unlike other countries, Western cities that first experienced urban decline in the 1970s implemented urban regeneration projects to revitalize their cities once again, and the United Kingdom began to explore urban regeneration strategies in the second half of the 20th century when changes in industrial structure led to urban decline. In the case of urban regeneration, traditional, unilateral policy-making is not enough to effectively solve complex urban problems. This means that it is necessary to introduce a governance system that involves and collaborates with stakeholders in urban regeneration projects. In urban regeneration, governance refers to all public activities or interactions that various urban regeneration entities perform through mutual cooperation and collaboration to revitalize a declining city, and defines that the state, local governments, local residents, public institutions, and various related organizations and individuals can participate as urban regeneration entities. Based on the background of urban regeneration in the UK, British urban scholar Andrew Tallon (2009) classified the types of governance that operate in urban regeneration projects into four types of urban regeneration governance: top-down regeneration, bottom-up regeneration, market-led regeneration, and property-led regeneration. The importance of proper functioning of governance in the process of promoting urban regeneration projects has been continuously raised, and continuous research is necessary. Since 2006, the Korean government has adopted urban regeneration as one of the country's future new growth engine industries, and has formed the Urban Regeneration Project Group to conduct R&D projects on urban regeneration policies, systems, legal systems, and environments. However, despite these urban regeneration policies, systems, and legal systems, the concept of urban regeneration and approaches to various types of urban decline are still ambiguous. Therefore, from the perspective of promoting the effective implementation of urban regeneration projects and establishing an appropriate governance structure, this study examines the cases of urban regeneration projects in the United Kingdom, which has promoted urban regeneration before Korea and has developed its cities by recognizing the importance of governance, based on Andrew Tallon's (2009) four types of urban regeneration projects: stakeholder-led regeneration, resident-led regeneration, and market-led regeneration, By examining the cases of urban regeneration projects in Korea, which started urban regeneration projects relatively late, based on the four types of urban regeneration governance, this paper aims to provide clues on the approach of each type of urban regeneration governance to overcome urban decline by exploring the direction that urban regeneration in Korea should go and what should be considered. The scope and method of this study were urban regeneration projects in Korea and the UK, and cases of urban regeneration projects in each country that can be classified based on the four types of urban regeneration governance of Tallon (2009) were selected through prior research and literature review. The cases of government-led regeneration were: Docklands Development Corporation, London, Castle Vale, Birmingham in the UK; Beautiful Making in Buk-gu, Gwangju and Theme Space Creation Project along the Railroad in Ansan in Korea; resident-led regeneration cases were: Coin Street Communities Builders, Northmoor Manchester in the UK; Seoul Pilot Project for Creating a Livable Village and Incheon Cultural Street Activation Project in Korea; market-led regeneration cases were: King’s Cross Development, Thames Gateway, London in the UK; Balsan Creative Culture Village in Gwangju and Renaissance Urban Regeneration Project in Changwon-Masan in Korea; and finally, landowner-led regeneration cases were: Hartcliffe-Withywood, Bristol, Glasgow Clyde Waterfront in the UK and Cheonan in Korea. The Dongnam-gu Office Complex Development Project and the Cheongju City Tobacco Manufacturing Plant Remodeling Project were selected as examples, The research method is to clarify the relationship between urban regeneration projects and governance through theoretical examination of urban regeneration and governance, examine the urban regeneration governance types of Tallon (2009), analyze the regeneration background, characteristics, and participating stakeholders of urban regeneration projects in each country selected based on the urban regeneration governance types, and based on the results of the analysis, examine the two analysis items of organizational structure composition and promotion method and funding and support method, which are important elements related to governance in urban regeneration projects in Korea and the UK, and provide implications by examining the differences in governance in urban regeneration projects by type. Based on the results of the analysis of the above cases, the following conclusions and implications are presented regarding the basic direction of urban regeneration. First, the comparative utilization of urban regeneration governance types. In the case of the UK, the four types are utilized relatively balancedly, and each type pursues a balance of publicness and efficiency with institutional and financial foundations, making it possible to maintain the convenience of government legal and financial support. However, in the case of Korea, most urban regeneration projects are government-led and market-led regeneration, with policies still being enforced. There are various reasons for this, such as centralization, insufficient related legal systems, and the unilaterality of the top-down promotion system. Second, there is a lack of legislation and institutionalization for various funding and support. Funding and support methods are key elements that enable the actual operation of urban regeneration governance. The UK has institutionalized various funding channels, so it can maintain urban regeneration projects of the urban regeneration governance type and operate sustainable regeneration projects based on collaboration among stakeholders. On the other hand, Korea relies on a central government-led subsidy system focused on government-led regeneration, so resident-led and landlord-led regeneration types, excluding market-led ones, have weak independent financial bases or laws and institutinnons. Korea needs institutional diversification of the financial structure that reflects the characteristics of each type and regional demand, as well as the introduction of social finance, public-private partnership investment funds, and similar systems to those in the UK. As seen through this study, each type of urban regeneration governance has clearly different outcomes and limitations depending on the structure of funding, organizational system, and policy support system, and the ability to design and coordinate this institutionally is the key to the sustainability of urban regeneration policy and the recovery of local communities. Although the system was created through a verification process of long-term research and test beds, there are many tasks that need to be refined as there are many new attempts. In order for the newly enacted laws to be established as stable systems that will lead Korea’s urban regeneration in the future rather than just a passing fad, they need to be supported by a more solid logical foundation and detailed operational plans for each area of ​​organization, planning, and support. I believe that this will be a strategic turning point that goes beyond the physical regeneration of the city and lays the foundation for social resilience and community self-reliance. 도시재생은 인구의 감소, 산업구조의 변화, 도시의 무분별한 확정, 주거환경의 노후화 등으로 쇠퇴하는 도시를 지역역량의 강화, 새로운 기능의 도입·창출 및 지역자원의 활용을 통하여 경제적·사회적·물리적·환경적으로 활성화시키는 것을 말한다(도시재생 활성화 및 지원에 관한 특별법, 2022. 12). 1970년대 다른 나라들과 달리 먼저 도시쇠퇴를 경험한 서구 도시들은 다시 한번 도시를 활성화 시키기 위해 도시재생사업을 시행했고, 영국은 20세기 후반에 들어서며 산업구조의 변화로 도시가 쇠퇴하게 되면서 도시재생 전략을 모색하기 시작했다. 도시재생의 경우 전통이고, 일방적인 정책 결정 방식만으로는 도시의 복잡한 문제를 효과적으로 해결하는데 한계가 있다. 이는 도시재생사업에서 이해관계자가 참여하고 협력하는 거버넌스 체계의 도입이 필요다는 것을 말한다. 도시재생에서 거버넌스는 다양한 도시재생 주체가 쇠퇴하는 도시를 활성화 시키기 위해, 상호 협력·협업하여 수행하는 모든 공공활동 또는 상호작용을 말하며, 국가·지방단체·지역주민·공공기관은 물론 관련 다양한 조직과 개인이 도시재생 주체로 참여할 수 있다고 정의하고 있다. 영국의 도시학자 Andrew Tallon(2009)은 영국의 도시재생 배경 아래, 도시재생사업에서 작동하는 거버넌스에 대한 유형을 관주도재생(), 주민주도재생(), 시장주도재생(), 지주주도재생() 4가지의 도시재생 거버넌스 유형으로 분류하여 설명 했다. 이와 같이 도시재생사업의 추진과정에서 거버넌스가 제대로 작동해야 함의 중요성은 지속적으로 제기되어 왔고, 꾸준한 연구가 필요한 실정이다. 우리나라는 정부는 2006년부터 도시재생 분야를 국가의 미래 신성장 동력산업의 하나로 채택하고, 도시재생사업단을 구성하여 도시재생의 정책, 제도, 법체계 및 환경 등에 대한 R&D사업을 추진해 왔다. 그러나 이러한 도시재생정책, 제도, 법체계에도 불구하고 도시재생에 대한 개념과 다양한 도시쇠퇴 유형에 대한 접근방식은 아직까지도 모호한 상황이다. 따라서, 본 연구는 도시재생사업의 효과적인 추진과 사업구조 구축을 위해, 적절한 거버넌스를 구축하는 방안을 도모하는 관점에서, 우리나라보다 먼저 도시재생을 추진하고 거버넌스의 중요성을 인식하여 도시를 발전시켜 온 영국의 도시재생사업 사례들을 Andrew Tallon(2009)의 관주도재생, 주민주도재생, 시장주도재생, 지주주도재생의 4가지 도시재생 거버넌스 유형을 기준으로 비교적 늦게 도시재생사업을 시작한 우리나라의 도시재생사업 사례들을 살펴, 우리나라의 도시재생이 나아가야 할 방향과 고려되어야 할 사항을 모색함으로써 도시쇠퇴를 극복하기 위한 도시재생 거버넌스 유형별 접근방식에 대한 실마리를 제공하고자 한다. 본 연구에서의 범위 및 방법은 우리나라의 도시재생사업과 영국의 도시재생사업을 대상으로 하였으며, Tallon(2009)의 도시재생 거버넌스 4가지 유형을 기준으로 분류될 수 있는 각 나라의 도시재생사업 사례들을 선행연구, 문헌고찰을 통해 선정해 관주도재생의 사례인, 영국의 Docklands Development Corporation, London과 Castle Vale, Birmingham 사례, 우리나라의 광주 북구 아름다운 만들기, 안산시 철로변 테마공간 조성사업 사례, 다음은 주민주도 재생 사례로 영국의 Coin Street Communities Builders, Northmoor Manchester 사례, 우리나라의 서울 살기좋은 마을만들기 시범사업, 인천 문화거리 활성화 사업 사례, 시장주도 재생 사례로 영국의 King’s Cross Developmetn, Thames Gateway, London 사례, 우리나라의 광주광역시 발산창조문화마을, 창원 마산 르네상스 도시재생사업 사례, 마지막으로 지주주도 재생 사례로 영국의 Hartcliffe-Withywood, Bristol, Glasgow Clyde Waterfreon 사례, 우리나라의 천안 동남구청사 복합개발사업, 청주시 연초제조창 리모델링 사업 사례를 선정했고, 연구의 방법으로는 도시재생과 거버넌스의 이론적 고찰을 통해 도시재생사업과 거버넌스의 관계성을 규명하고, Tallon(2009)의 도시재생 거버넌스 유형에 대해 살펴보고, 도시재생 거버넌스 유형을 기준으로 선정된 각 나라의 도시재생사업 사례들의 재생 배경, 특징, 참여 이해관계자 등의 내용을 분석하고 분석된 결과를 바탕으로 우리나라와 영국의 도시재생사업에서 유형별로 분류하였을 때, 도시재생사업에서 거버넌스와 연관한 중요한 요소인 조직체계 구성 및 추진 방식과 자금조달과 지원방식의 두 분석항목을 살펴 각 유형별 도시재생사업에서의 거버넌스의 차이를 살펴 시사점을 제공하고자 한다. 이상의 사례에 대해 분석된 결과를 바탕으로 도시재생의 기본 방향에 대한 결론과 시사점을 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 도시재생 거버넌스 유형의 비교적 활용이다. 영국의 경우 4가지 유형이 비교적 균형있게 활용되고 있으며, 각 유형이 제도적·재정적 기반을 갖춘 상태에서 공공성과 효율성의 균형을 추구해 정부의 법적·재정 지원의 편의, 유지가 가능하지만 우리나라의 경우, 아직까지도 정책적으로만 강요할 뿐, 대부분의 도시재생사업은 관주도재생과 시장주도재생이다. 이러한 이유는 중앙집중화, 관련 법제도의 미흡, 하향식 추진체계의 일방성 등 다양한 요인이 존재한다. 둘째, 다양한 자금조달과 지원을 위한 법·제도화의 미흡이다. 자금조달과 지원방식은 도시재생 거버넌스의 실질적 작동을 가능하게 하는 핵심 요소로, 영국은 다양한 재원조달 경로가 제도화 되어 있어 도시재생 거버넌스 유형의 도시재생사업을 유지하며 이해관계자 간 협업 기반의 지속가능한 재생사업을 운영할 수 있다. 반면, 우리나라의 경우 관주도재생에 집중된 중앙정부 주도의 보조금 체계에 의존하고 있어, 시장주도를 제외한 주민주도와 지주주도재생 유형은 독립적인 재정 기반이나 법·제도가 취약한 상황이다. 우리나라는 유형별 특성과 지역 수요을 반영한 재정구조의 제도적 다양화와 함께, 사회적 금융, 민관협력형 투자기금, 영국의 유사한 제도의 도입이 필요하다. 이상으로 본 연구를 통해 살펴보면 각 도시재생 거버넌스 유형은 자금조달, 조직체계, 정책 지원체계의 구조에 따라 성과와 한계가 극명히 나뉘며, 이를 제도적으로 설계하고 조율하는 능력이 도시재생정책의 지속성과 지역공동체 회복의 핵심 관건이 된다. 오랜 연구와 테스트베드라는 검증과정을 통해 제도가 만들어지기는 하였지만, 새로운 시도가 많은 만큼 보다 정교화 해야 할 과제도 많이 남아있다. 새로 제정된 법들이 한번 유행하는 것이 아닌, 앞으로 우리나라의 도시재생을 이끌어갈 안정적 제도로서 자리매김하기 위해서는 조직, 계획, 지원 각각의 영역에 관한 지금보다 탄탄한 논리적 기반과 세부운영 방안들이 뒷받침 되어야 한다. 이는 도시의 물리적 재생을 넘어, 사회적 회복력과 공동체 자립의 기반을 다지는 전략적 전화점이 될 것이라 생각한다.

수원시 도시 쇠퇴의 공간적 패턴 및 도시 재생에 관한 연구

조용호 충북대학교 2015 국내석사

The present study aims to investigate decline of Suwon city to be preceded in order to study urban regeneration in re-urbanization process in city development steps. The study examined declined areas that requires urban regeneration on the basis of objective data. In order to do this, decline indexes were selected based on basic statistical data on forty administrative blocks in Suwon city and then declined areas were identified. By identifying declined areas. the study patterned and characterized urban regeneration. In order to grasp declining areas in Suwon city, a primary index was applied and six individual indexes such as population fluctuation, an aging index, a rate of change in the number of worker, a rate of change in the number of enterprise, a rate of housing for the aged and a percent of new housing, which are secondary indexes, were standardized through ranking and the weighted values were calculated through factor analysis and then declining areas by block were identified through multiple decline index. Through these, the study patterned and characterized urban regeneration. As a result of multiple decline index, the declining degree appeared in the order of Seryu-1dong, Haenggung-dong, Godeung-dong and Yeonmu-dong. Also, characteristics by block were analyzed by grouping of declining areas through group analysis. The result of analysis of block, in declining areas in the direction of periphery from center based on land use data, more specific declining areas were revealed by applying the principle of overlapping: the inner city areas around the provincial government were in decline. As a result of applying multiple decline index, Suwon was divided into four types; declining type, stable type, growing type and newly growing type. The type of regeneration of declining areas was divided into two: A and B. The tope 10% of declining areas is in the inner area of the city. In terms of urban regeneration, the type A was a type of town forming (history, culture, tourism and resource utilization in he area) and the type B was a type of housing regeneration (neighborhood unit for the aged). As a characteristic of Haenggung-dong, the project of governance participation-based urban regeneration activation. The area has been a center of Suwon-Hwasung in the last two hundreds years. While the area played a role due to the Suwon station opened after modernization, and the establishment of the provincial government in 1960’s, the inner city turned into a declining area because of housing land development attributable to suburbanization, relocation of public institutes and companies, and physical deterioration and so on. The type of urban regeneration is sorted into two: a town-forming type and a housing regeneration type. Establishing data collection for urban regeneration and local potential source for urban regeneration as well as city decline index is required and cooperative relationship with residents for source system development of urban regeneration of Suwon and for a town renaissance project are also necessary.

원도심 숙박시설 확충을 통한 도시재생활성화에 관한 연구 : - 충북 제천시를 중심으로 -

조정현 세명대학교 대학원 2021 국내박사

The need for urban regeneration has emerged as existing urban readjustment projects have caused urban population to decline, the departure of traditional industries, and the dissolution of local communities. Against this backdrop, "stay-type tourism" has emerged as a new growth engine for the region, along with cultural and tourism-type urban regeneration projects that actively utilize local resources. As a way to promote stay-at-home tourism, several local governments have begun to build guest houses linked to urban regeneration projects. Against this backdrop, Jecheon-si established three guest houses through urban regeneration projects. The area where the guest house is located is the area where the urban regeneration project has been completed, and it is necessary to maintain the performance of the urban regeneration project. Therefore, this study intends to present a plan for the management and operation of accommodation facilities for the sustainable management of urban regeneration projects. Jecheon-si, the subject of this study, was a city that developed into the coal mining industry in the past, and the regional decline began to accelerate after the policy to encourage abandoned mines. Jecheon City implemented various policies to reconstruct the original city center, but failed to achieve the desired results and has been working to rebuild the original city center through urban regeneration projects since 2016. Jecheon City has selected stay-type tourism as a driving force for urban growth since 2018, and is focusing on securing tourism contents and tourism infrastructure in connection with urban regeneration projects. Under such urban revitalization policies, three guest houses have been established in connection with urban regeneration projects, but the policies for operating and managing them are still insufficient. Therefore, this study intends to present a plan for the management and operation of accommodation facilities for sustainable urban regeneration. To this end, both literature and empirical studies were conducted. Through literature research, measures to regenerate the original city center and expand accommodation facilities were studied, and accommodation facilities that could be expanded in Jecheon City were derived through a survey and analysis of the current status of Jecheon City. As an empirical study, the management and operation plan was to be derived through the case of other local governments, and the operation characteristics of the current guest house and the contribution of urban regeneration in the future were investigated. The results of the study are as follows. As a result of the analysis, it was planning to create a hub space for education, medical and cultural in the original city center as a part of the urban regeneration project. Although tourism resources in the downtown area of Jecheon were insufficient, Jecheon's recent active urban tourism policy is expected to increase the inflow of urban population in the future. However, accommodation for travelers was found to be poor in the downtown area of Jecheon, where tourism contents and infrastructure were developed around the existing Cheongpung area. Measures to expand accommodation facilities are needed preemptively in preparation for the increase in the number of tourists in urban areas in the future. According to an analysis of the operation of accommodation facilities through urban regeneration by other local governments, Gongju boarding village, which is operated directly by the city, is suffering from a deficit due to high price formation, lack of breakfast, and lack of public space. The Tongli Guest House in Taebaek City is the only guest house in the region, serving as a lifelong education center for local residents, and as a population inflow element in the city through the Enzyme Steam Cafe in connection with the guesthouse. In the case of Jecheon City, various amenities, auxiliary facilities, and low prices attract outside tourists, but its role as a community facility for local residents is insufficient. Therefore, it is believed that it is necessary to provide education programs for local residents and create its own profit-generating programs to fulfill its responsibility for local regeneration. Two proposals were made to proactively expand accommodation facilities for the growing number of tourists in urban areas. To this end, the government proposed the use of studio and multi-family housing near local universities to prevent the decline of the local economy due to the decrease in school-age population, and the improvement of old motels and inn remodeling facilities to utilize existing resources. In order to prepare legal and institutional maintenance and ground conditions for sustainable operation of accommodation facilities, the necessity of enacting ordinances, and the establishment of village enterprises to effectively operate accommodation facilities through education. In particular, village companies emphasize locality and have the effect of creating jobs in the region, so the introduction of village companies related to urban lodging could play an important role in revitalizing the region. In addition, the government proposed ways to promote profit-making and increase the utilization rate of guest houses in connection with the one-week living program represented by the stay-at-home tourism program. This study has limitations in that it was limited to Jecheon City among small and medium-sized cities in provincial areas, and that it was opened for cases with a very short operation period. Subsequent research will require a comparison of the characteristics of accommodation facilities in large and small cities, and a survey of satisfaction and re-visit doctors will be required for accommodation users. It is also said that quantitative research is needed to identify the degree of contribution to actual regional revitalization. However, this study is meaningful in that it proposed sustainable management of urban regeneration projects and ways to maintain business performance by utilizing guest houses, a joint urban regeneration facility at the end of urban regeneration projects. 기존 도시정비사업이 도시의 인구감소, 전통산업의 이탈, 지역커뮤니티의 해체 등을 발생시키면서 도시재생의 필요성이 대두되었다. 이러한 배경 하에서 지역자원을 적극 활용하는 문화적 ·관광형 도시재생사업과 함께 지역의 새로운 성장동력으로 ‘체류형 관광’이 부상하였다. 체류형 관광활성화 방안으로 여러 지자체들은 도시재생사업과 연계한 게스트하우스를 건립하기 시작하였다. 이러한 배경 아래 제천시는 도시재생사업을 통해 3개소의 게스트하우스를 건립하였다. 게스트하우스가 소재한 지역은 도시재생사업이 종료된 지역으로 도시재생사업의 성과를 유지할 방안이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 도시재생사업 종료지의 지속가능한 관리방안을 위해 숙박시설의 관리·운영방안을 제시하고자 한다. 본 연구의 대상지인 제천시는 과거 탄광산업의로 발전한 도시로, 폐광장려 정책 이후 지역쇠퇴가 가속화되기 시작하였다. 제천시는 원도심을 재건하기 위하여 다양한 정책을 펼쳤으나 소기의 성과를 달성하지 못하고 2016년부터 도시재생사업을 통하여 원도심 재건에 힘쓰고 있다. 제천시는 2018년부터 도시 성장동력으로 체류형 관광을 선정하였으며, 도시재생사업과 연계하여 관광콘텐츠와 관광인프라 확보에 주력하고 있다. 이와 같은 도시활성화 정책 하에 도시재생사업과 연계하여 게스트하우스 3개소를 건립하였으나, 아직 이를 운영하고 관리하는 정책은 미흡하다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 지속가능한 도시재생을 위하여 숙박시설의 관리 운영방안을 제시하고자 한다. 이를 위해 문헌연구와 실증연구를 병행하여 실시하였다. 문헌연구를 통하여 원도심 재생방안과 숙박시설 확충방안 등을 연구하였으며, 제천시의 현황조사와 분석을 통하여 제천시에 향후 확충 가능한 숙박시설 도출하였다. 실증연구로는 타지자체 사례를 통하여 관리운영방안을 도출하고자 하였으며, 제천시의 도시재생연계 게스트하우스 운영자 면담을 통해 현행 게스트하우스의 운영특성과 향후 도시재생활성화의 기여도를 조사하였다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 분석 결과 원도심 도시재생사업의 한 부문으로 원도심 교육·의료·문화 거점공간 조성을 추진전략으로 세우고 있었다. 제천시 도심권 관광자원은 미흡했으나, 최근 제천시의 적극적인 도심권 체류형 관광 정책으로 향후 도심권 인구유입이 증대할 것으로 기대된다. 하지만 기존 청풍권역을 중심으로 관광콘텐츠와 인프라가 발달한 제천시의 도심권 내에는 여행객을 위한 숙박시설이 열악한 수준인 것으로 파악되었다. 향후 도심권 관광객 증가를 대비하여 선제적으로 숙박시설 확충 대책이 필요하다고 할 수 있다. 타 지자체의 도시재생을 통한 숙박시설 운영현황을 분석한 결과 시 직영으로 운영하고 있는 공주 하숙마을의 경우 주변 상권과의 충돌을 방지하기 위하여 다소 높은 가격 형성과 조식 미제공, 부족한 공용공간 등으로 적자를 면치 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 태백시의 통리 게스트하우스는 지역 유일의 게스트하우스로 지역주민들을 위한 평생교육원의 역할, 게스트하우스와 연계한 도심권 효소찜질카페를 통하여 도심권에 인구 유입 요소로 활용하며, 지역 커뮤니티시설의 역할을 다하고 있었다. 제천시의 경우 다양한 편의시설과 부대시설, 저렴한 가격으로 외부 관광객을 유인하고 있으나 지역주민의 커뮤니티시설로서의 역할은 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 지역재생의 소임을 다하기 위해서 지역주민을 위한 교육프로그램 제공 , 자체 수익창출 프로그램 조성이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 향후 증가하는 도심권 관광객을 위한 숙박시설을 선제적으로 확충하기 위한 방안으로 두 가지를 제안하였다. 이를 위해 신규 도시재생 연관 숙박시설 건립을 위해, 학령인구감소로 인한 지역경제 쇠퇴를 방지하기 위한 지역대학 근처 원룸 및 다가구주택 활용방안, 기존 자원을 활용하기 위한 노후 모텔 및 여관 리모델링 시설개선을 통하여 여행객을 위한 숙박시설로의 변경을 제안하였다. 지속가능한 숙박시설 운영을 위해 방안으로 법·제도적 정비와 근거조건을 마련하기 위해 조례 제정의 필요성, 교육을 통한 효과적인 숙박시설 운영과 주민참여 확대를 위한 마을기업 설립을 제안하고자 하였다. 특히, 마을기업은 지역성을 강조하며, 지역 내 일자리를 창출하는 효과가 있어, 도시민박 관련 마을기업의 도입이 지역활성화를 위하여 중요한 역할을 할 수 있을 것이다. 또 체류형 관광 프로그램으로 대표되는 일주일 살기 프로그램과 연계하여 게스트하우스의 수익창츨 도모와 가동률을 높이는 방안을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 지방중소도시 중 제천시에 한정했다는 점, 그리고 개관하여 운영기간이 매우 짧은 사례를 대상으로 했다는 점에서 연구의 한계가 있다. 향후 후속 연구에서는 대도시와 중소도시의 숙박시설 특성 비교가 필요할 것으로 보이며, 숙박시설 이용객에 대한 만족도 조사와 재방문의사 조사가 필요할 것으로 보인다. 또한 실제 지역활성화에 미치는 기여정도를 파악할 수 있는 정량적 연구가 필요하다고 하겠다. 하지만 본 연구는 도시재생사업 종료지의 도시재생 공동이용시설인 게스트하우스를 활용하여 도시재생사업의 지속가능한 관리방안과 사업성과를 유지할 수 있는 방안을 제시하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다.