Intelligent and Robust 3D Shape Measurement for in-Situ Applications

Zheng, Yi Iowa State University ProQuest Dissertations & The 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Vision can be the most important sense for a being to perceive the substances and environment. Over the decades, the three-dimensional (3D) measurement technique, FPP (FPP), has demonstrated its capability of high-speed and high-accuracy measurements in both microscale and macroscale, which indicates its great potential for in-situ applications such as quality inspection in manufacturing, robotics, etc.However, the success of this method highly depends on the quality of fringe pattern illuminations, which leads to several crucial issues to be solved: (1) motion artifacts caused by the fast movement of the object to be measured; (2) shadow-induced errors when scanning geometries with drastic depth change; (3) demanding a method that can provide high dynamic range of scanning to deal with highly reflective and high-contrast surfaces. Apart from its shortcomings, when applied together with other 3D metrology instruments scanning the same scenes, local geometrical disagreement due to different working principles and field-of-views may occur, thus (4) how to evaluate the similarity of 3D point-cloud data obtained from different optical metrology techniques is another essential challenge to be solved from an application perspective.The first challenge is brought by the violation of the fringe analysis hypothesis. For phase-shifting-based FPP, it assumes the surface to be measured does not move within a sequence of pattern projection. However, this assumption can be easily violated if the object moves too fast, especially when the projector and camera frame rates are not high enough. Recently, researchers found that deep learning-based single-shot neural networks can avoid the motion issue. However, to train a single-shot neural network, one has to 3D scan numerous objects for preparing the training dataset, which is highly expensive. To overcome this challenge, we proposed first using computer graphics to build a digital twin of a given FPP system and then performing an automatic virtual training process with CAD models to synthesize tremendous training data. As the digital twin is established using the calibration information of the real-world system, the synthesized training data will be valid for the real-world system as well. Meanwhile, automatically generating training datasets using computer graphics instead of scanning numerous real-world objects can dramatically reduce costs.The second challenge is caused by the triangulation setup of the camera-projector position. Since the optical paths of both devices are not collinear, the regions that the camera can image may not be fully illuminated by the projector, which creates shadowed areas where phase information can not be computed. To tackle this challenge, we propose to use a beamsplitter to collimate the optical paths and make them collinear. Then, instead of conventional phase computation, we conducted the temporal intensity analysis to quantify pattern defocus levels, providing surface depth clues. For this novel shape from the defocus analysis method, we achieved an accuracy up to 14 $\\mu$m in a medium-scale measurement range [e.g., 11 mm (H) $\imes$ 14 mm (W) $\imes$ 5 mm (D)].The third challenge comes from the hardware limitations of the imaging systems. If the surface is highly reflective, some glare effect will appear in the camera image, causing saturation to occur, which results in aberrations in phase values. We designed an algorithm that can perform real-time and high-dynamic-range scanning to address this issue, which combines additional temporal sampling and color channel analysis. This method effectively provides camera images with different intensity levels, avoiding the aforementioned saturation issue by offering a wide range of intensities.The issue discussed in the fourth challenge is often reported in real-world applications: when using different metrology techniques to perform 3D scanning of the same object, many local geometrical differences will show up in their measurement results. Then, quantifying and evaluating these differences is an important research question. To study this issue, we developed a computational framework that evaluates the similarity of the 3D scanned results while considering field-of-view and resolution variations of different technologies. We used random additive-manufactured metal samples and two optical methods as testbeds for this problem. The proposed method utilizes two statistical methods, image distance and Pearson's correlation coefficient, to quantify the differences between the 3D results. Experiments were conducted among 3D data obtained from the same and different metal surfaces, and the proposed method was able to tell if the data comes from the same or different samples, which demonstrated the success of the proposed 3D point-cloud similarity evaluation method.In summary, this research dissertation focuses on improving the robustness of 3D optical metrology by eliminating the error sources while maintaining high speed. Therefore, it presents an excellent potential for essential in-situ applications that require highly reliable 3D sensing. This dissertation also contributes to both academia and industries, where both fields require a profound understanding of the differences among different 3D optical measurement techniques.

일회성 자이로토닉과 폼롤러운동이 사무직여성의 관절가동범위와 통증에 미치는 영향 비교

최고운 국민대학교 스포츠산업대학원 2022 국내석사

본 연구는 자이로토닉(Gyrotonic)운동과 폼롤러 운동이 흉·요추, 어깨, 엉덩관절가동범위와 주관적 통증에 미치는 영향을 비교하여 그 효과를 규명하려는 데에 그 목적이 있다. 대상자는 서울시 소재의 자이로토닉 센터에서 업무시간이 8시간 이상인 5년차 이상의 사무직여성으로, 시각적 사상 척도(visual Analogue scale, VAS) 3~7사이의 만성적인 어깨, 허리의 근골격계 통증을 가진 자를 선정하여, 자이로토닉그룹(Gyrotonic Group,GG) 8명, 폼롤러 그룹(Foamroller Group,FG) 8명, 통제그룹(Control Group,CG) 8명으로 구분하였다. 일회성 운동 전·후의 관절가동범위와 통증점수를 측정하여 결과를 토대로 흉·요추, 어깨, 엉덩관절의 가동범위와 통증의 변화를 확인하고자 하였다. 각 관절가동범위를 측정하고, 통증 점수는 압력통각계를 활용하여 어깨와 허리통증에 원인이 되는 Trigger points의 부위별 압력에 대한 통증의 역치를 측정한 후 VAS를 통해 주관적인 통증점수를 확인하였다. 자료처리는 반복측정 분산분석과, 대응표본 t 검정(Paired t-test)을 실시 하였다. 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, GG와 FG는 흉·요추의 FL에서 관절가동범위가 향상되었다. 둘째, 어깨관절에서 GG는 FL_L, EX_RL, HAB_L, HAD_RL이 FG는 FL_L, HAB_L, HAD_L, MR_RL에 있어서 관절가동범위가 유의하게 향상되었다. 셋째, 엉덩관절에서 GG는 FL_R, FL(kneeflex)_RL, EX_RL, AB_RL, LR_L, MR_RL과 FG에서는 FL_L, FL(kneeflex)_L, EX_R, AB_L, LR_L, MR_L에 있어서 엉덩관절가동범위가 유의하게 향상된 결과를 보이는 것으로 나타나, 두 그룹 모두 엉덩관절가동범위 향상에 긍정적 영향을 미쳤다. 넷째, VAS의 결과, GG의 Trapezius_RL, Levator scapulae_L에서 FG에서는 Trapezius_R, Rhomboids_L, Erector Spinae_RL의 통증이 유의하게 감소되었으나, 이외 항목에서도 유의수준은 아니지만 FG와 GG 모두 통증이 개선되는 경향을 보였다. 다섯째, 압력통증역치의 결과, GG에서 Iliopsoas_R의 통증이 유의하게 개선되었고, 이외 항목에서도 유의수준은 아니지만 FG, GG가 일부 통증의 역치가 향상되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해보았을 때, 자이로토닉운동과 폼롤러 운동 모두 흉·요추, 어깨, 엉덩관절가동범위의 개선과 주관적인 통증에도 긍정적인 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 자이로토닉과 폼롤러운동을 적절히 혼합한 프로그램을 구성하고 적용한다면, 추후 관절가동범위 및 통증 개선에 효과적인 중재 방안으로 제시 될 수 있을 것으로 시사한다. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of gyrotonic and foam roller exercises on thoracolumbar, shoulder, and hip joint range of motion and subjective pain. The subjects were white-collar women with at least 5 years of experience working more than 8 hours a day at a gyrotonic center in Seoul who had chronic musculoskeletal pain in the shoulders and lower back with a VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) of 3 to 7. The subjects were divided into 8 participants in the Gyrotonic Group (GG), 8 participants in the Foamroller Group (FG), and 8 participants in the Control Group (CG). The range of motion and pain scores were measured before and after the one-time exercise to determine the changes in the range of motion and pain of the thoracolumbar, shoulder, and hip joints based on the results. The range of motion of the thoracolumbar spine, shoulder, and hip joints was measured, and the pain score was measured by utilizing a pressure anesthesiometer to measure the pain level of pressure on each area related to shoulder and back pain, and the subjective pain score was checked through a VAS. Data processing was done by repeated measures analysis of variance and paired t-test. The results of the analysis were as follows. First, GG and FG had improved range of motion in the FL of the thoracolumbar spine. Second, in the shoulder joint, GG had significantly improved range of motion in FL_L, EX_RL, HAB_L, HAD_RL, and FG in FL_L, HAB_L, HAD_L, and MR_RL. Third, in the hip joint, GG showed significant improvement in hip range of motion in FL_R, FL(kneeflex)_RL, EX_RL, AB_RL, LR_L, MR_RL and FG showed significant improvement in hip range of motion in FL_L, FL(kneeflex)_L, EX_R, AB_L, LR_L, MR_L, indicating that both groups had a positive effect on improving hip range of motion. Fourth, the results of the VAS showed that the pain of Trapezius_RL and Levator scapulae_L in GG and Trapezius_R, Rhomboids_L, and Erector Spinae_RL in FG were significantly reduced, but there was a trend of improvement in other items, although not at a significant level. Fifth, as a result of the pressure pain threshold, the pain of Iliopsoas_R was significantly improved in GG, and the pain threshold was improved in other items, although it was not significant. Based on the above results, both gyrotonic and foam roller exercises were found to have positive effects on the improvement of thoracolumbar, shoulder, and hip joint range of motion and subjective pain, and it is suggested that if an intervention program combining gyrotonic and foam roller exercises is constructed and applied appropriately, it can be presented as an effective intervention method for improving joint range of motion and pain in the future.

The Effects of Talocrural Joint K-E Concept Functional Gliding on ROM, Muscle Power, Balance, Gait ability in Chronic Stroke Patients

HyeonJin Lee 건양대학교 대학원 2021 국내석사

Key words: Functional glide, Mobilization, Stroke patient, Range of motion, Muscle, Balance, Gait Purpose: This study aims to investigate the effect of Kaltenborn-Evjenth functional glide (KEFG) on the ankle joint’s range of motion, as well as the muscle strength, balance ability, and gait ability of chronic stroke patients. Additionally, we seek to examine the effects of passive joint motion (PROM), Kaltenborn-Evjenth glide (KEG), and KEFG. Methods: The study involved 36 participants who met the inclusion criteria among stroke patients at K University Hospital in Daejeon. After selection, participants were randomly allocated to the KEFG (n = 13), KEG (n = 13), and PROM groups (n = 13). The mediation for the three groups was performed for 40 min/day, five times a week, for 3 weeks. In the KEFG group, three sets of KEFG were applied three times to the talocrural joint. With 1 min of rest between sets, a total of 10 min of KEFG was applied, followed by 30 min of normal development treatment. In the KEG group, three sets of KEG were applied three times to the talocrural joint. After 1 min of rest between sets, a total of 10 min of KEG was applied, followed by 30 min of normal development treatment. The PROM group included three sets of PROM applied three times in the direction of dorsiflexion. After 1 min of rest between sets, a total of 10 min of PROM was applied, followed by 30 min of normal development treatment. The variation of the dependent variables before and after the intervention was analyzed using a paired t-test and a one-way ANOVA to compare the differences between the three intergroup intervention methods. In the event of significant differences, a post-test was performed with the least significant difference. All statistical significance levels (α) of the data were 0.05. Results: First, due to the mediation applied to improving the ankle joint’s range of motion, there was a significant difference only in the KEFG and KEG groups in the ankle’s range of motion. In addition, significant differences existed in the amount of change between the three groups, with the most significant change in the KEFG group. Second, due to the mediation applied to improving the lower limb’s muscle strength, a significant difference was found in the KEFG and KEG groups in terms of ankle dorsiflexion strength. In addition, significant differences existed in the amount of change between the three groups, with the most significant change in the KEFG group. There was a significant difference only in the KEFG group regarding ankle plantar flexion strength. A significant difference was found in the amount of change between the three groups, with the most significant change in the KEFG group. Third, as a result of the mediation applied to the promotion of balance capability, there was a significant difference only in the KEFG and KEG groups in terms of biorescue scores. In addition, significant differences existed in the amount of change between the three groups, with the most significant change in the KEFG group. Regarding the Berg Balance Scale score, significant differences were seen in all groups, and there was no significant difference in the amount of change between the three groups. Fourth, the interventions applied in improving walking capacity showed significant differences in all groups regarding the Timed Up and Go Test. Significant differences were also found in the amount of change between the three groups, with the most significant change in the KEFG group. In the 10-Meter Walk Test, significant differences were found in the KEFG and KEG groups. There was no significant difference in the amount of change between the three groups. Conclusion: Kaltenborn-Evjenth functional joint synchronization applied to the ankle joints in patients with chronic stroke can be said to have a significant effect on the ankle joint’s range, lower limb muscle, balance, and gait. Restrictions on the range of joint movements in the ankle area can be common in treating chronic stroke patients in clinical practice. Among the many interventions were applied to enhance the ankle joint’s operating range in this study, the KEFG method showed the most significant effect in improving the ankle joint’s range of motion. Improving the range of ankle joint movement widens the area of the soles that touch the ground, which improves balance and increases walking speed and stability. Therefore, it is believed that the use of KEFG in clinical trials for therapeutic approaches to improving the ankle joint’s range of movement, muscle strength, balance, and gait ability in patients with chronic stroke will have a positive effect.

손목 손가락 관절가동범위 측정에 관한 3차원 동작분석 프로그램의 신뢰도 연구

박선하 연세대학교 대학원 2022 국내석사

본 연구는 손목과 손가락 관절가동범위 측정에 대한 3차원 동작분석 프로그램의 신뢰도를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구의 대상자는 정상인으로 손목과 손가락의 움직임에 제한이 없는 자, 본 연구의 목적을 이해하고 참여를 동의한 자 50명을 대상으로 하였다. 3차원 동작분석 프로그램의 신뢰도를 측정하기 위해 측각기와 3차원 동작분석 프로그램으로 손목과 손가락 관절가동범위를 각각 1회씩 측정하였다. 측정항목은 손목관절 굽힘·폄, 손목 자뼈쪽·노뼈쪽 치우침, 엄지 손허리손가락·손가락뼈사이 굽힘, 엄지 노뼈쪽 벌림, 검지~새끼 손허리손가락·몸쪽손가락뼈·먼쪽손가락뼈 굽힘, 검지~새끼 손허리손가락 총 11항목이었으며, 오른쪽과 왼쪽을 나누어서 측정하였다. 3차원 동작분석 프로그램의 신뢰도를 측정하기 위해 측각기를 이용한 측정값과 3차원 동작분석 프로그램을 이용한 측정값의 일치도와 불일치 양상을 비교하였다. 두 측정 도구의 측정값의 일치도를 분석한 결과 44개의 항목 중 38개 측정항목에서 매우 높은 일치도를 보였으며, 측정값의 불일치 양상을 분석한 결과 오른쪽 손목 자뼈쪽 치우침, 오른쪽 엄지 손가락뼈 사이 굽힘, 왼쪽 엄지 노뼈쪽 벌림 항목에서 불일치 양상이 나타났다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 3차원 동작분석 프로그램을 통해 관절가동범위 측정이 가능함을 알 수 있었으며, 측각기를 대체할 도구로 사용될 가능성을 알아볼 수 있었다. 또한 본 연구결과를 토대로 3차원 동작분석 프로그램을 통한 다양한 관절가동범위 측정으로 연구가 확장되고, 3차원 동작분석 프로그램이 측정의 편리성, 정확성의 장점을 기반으로 다양한 임상 분야에서 활용되기를 기대한다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability of a 3D motion analysis program for measuring wrist and finger joint range of motion. The subjects of this study were 50 normal persons who had no restrictions on wrist and finger movements, and those who understood the purpose of this study and agreed to participate. To measure the reliability of the 3D motion analysis program, the range of motion of the wrist and finger joints was measured once each with a goniometer and 3D motion analysis program. Measurement items were wrist joint flexion/extension, wrist ulna/unarbitrary side bias, thumb interphalangeal flexion, thumb divergence, index finger to little finger/proximal finger bone/distal finger bone flexion, index finger~ There were a total of 11 items of the little finger and lower finger, and measurements were made by dividing the right and left sides. To measure the reliability of the 3D motion analysis program, the degree of agreement and inconsistency between the measured values ​​using the goniometer and the 3D motion analysis program were compared. As a result of analyzing the concordance of the measured values ​​of the two measurement tools, 38 out of 44 items showed a very high degree of concordance. A discrepancy pattern was found in the item of divergence of the left thumb. Through the results of this study, it was found that the joint range of motion could be measured through the 3D motion analysis program, and the possibility of using it as a substitute for the goniometer could be investigated. In addition, based on the results of this study, it is expected that the research will be expanded to measure various joint motion ranges through the 3D motion analysis program, and that the 3D motion analysis program will be utilized in various clinical fields based on the advantages of convenience and accuracy of measurement.

Early range of motion exercise in pediatric patients with olecranon fractures treated with tension band suture with double loops and double knots

김태훈 아주대학교 2017 국내석사

Background: Pediatric patients with olecranon fractures are uncommon. The tension band suture technique was introduced to reduce the burden of implant removal and other complications. However, to our knowledge, early range-of-motion exercise has not been introduced in this patient population. Double vicryl loops and knots are used to maintain the benefits of the tension band suture technique and enhance fixation tensile strength. We believe that early range-of-motion exercises could be achieved without nonunion or fixation failure. Methods Twelve pediatric patients with olecranon fractures were treated with tension band suture with double loops and knots between 2004 and 2015. Vicryl #1 was used for wiring. Range-of-motion exercises were initiated 1 week postoperatively with a customized functional brace. Early functional outcomes were evaluated using the Mayo Elbow Performance Score 8 and 12 weeks postoperatively before implant removal. Results Nine boys and 3 girls (average age, 10.6 years; range, 5 years 7 months–16 years 2 months) were included in the study. Initial displacement and angulation of the fractures were 5 mm (2–7) and 12° (4–25), respectively. Two cases had radial neck fractures of the ipsilateral elbow. All patients showed perfect Mayo Elbow Performance Score 8 weeks postoperatively. Pin removals were performed at 13.1 weeks. No complications, including growth arrest, were observed. Discussion/Conclusion Tension band suture with double loops and knots, combined with early range-of-motion exercise, may be a complete alternative to tension band wiring.

Development of quasi-passive back-support exoskeleton with compact variable gravity compensation module

송기준 중앙대학교 대학원 2025 국내석사

Low back injuries persistently affect the industrial workplace, prompting ongoing studies into the utilization of back-support exoskeletons to mitigate this issue. For optimal human body assistance, the assistive force must be adjustable without motion limitation, and the energy consumption during robotic operation should be minimized. Nevertheless, the current quasi-passive back-support exoskeletons are unable to concurrently fulfill these functions. To address these restrictions, we developed a novel quasi-passive back-support exoskeleton. Our robot features a modified compact variable gravity compensation module that enables the adjustment of assistive torque magnitude without limitations on the hip joint's range of motion. Furthermore, the energy consumption related to adjusting torque is minimal. The robot structure, based on spinal movement and a biomimetic hip joint, facilitates unrestricted movement. Test bench research indicates that the robot structure can effectively transmit varying assistive torque to the human body with 0.17 and 0.51 Nm RMS Error for LOW and HIGH assist mode while preserving the maximum hip flexion range, irrespective of the assist level. The range of motion remained comparable to that without the robot, with the measured trunk flexion being around 90% of the motion without the robot. Consequently, our robot can alleviate the limitations of a range of motion and energy efficiency issues, facilitating the use of quasi-passive exoskeleton robots in real industrial environments. 산업 현장에서 발생하는 만성적인 허리 부상 문제를 해결하기 위해 허리 보조 외골격 로봇이 꾸준히 연구되고 있다. 최적의 신체 보조를 위해서는 보조력이 조절 가능하면서도 자유로운 동작이 보장되어야 하며, 로봇 작동 중 에너지 소모를 최소화하는 것이 중요하다. 그러나 현재 사용되고 있는 유사수동형 허리 보조 외골격 로봇은 이러한 기능을 동시에 충족시키지 못하는 한계가 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 새로운 유사수동형 허리 보조 외골격 로봇을 개발하였다. 이 로봇은 개조된 가변중력보상모듈을 활용하여 보조 토크의 크기를 조정할 수 있으면서도 고관절 운동 범위에 제한을 두지 않으며, 보조력 조절 과정에서 발생하는 에너지 소모를 최소화했다. 또한, 이 로봇은 척추 후방 돌출을 회피하는 상체 구조물과 생체모방 고관절을 기반으로 설계되어 자유로운 움직임을 가능하게 한다. 테스트 벤치 기반 실험을 통해, 로봇 구조는 다양한 크기의 보조 토크를 인체에 효과적으로 전달할 수 있음을 확인하였으며, LOW 및 HIGH 보조 모드에서 각각 0.17 및 0.51 Nm RMS Error를 보였다. 이와 함께, 보조 수준에 관계없이 최대 고관절 굴곡 범위를 유지하며 고관절 굴곡 동작에 대한 제한을 최소화했다. Range of Motion 측정 결과, 몸통 굴곡 각도는 로봇을 착용하지 않았을 때와 비교해 약 90% 이상으로 유지되었다. 이를 통해, 이 로봇은 자유로운 동작을 가능하게 하고 에너지 소모를 줄임으로써 유사수동형 외골격 로봇의 실제 산업 환경 사용성을 크게 높일 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

19세기 여성 재킷의 동작 적합성 연구 : 클래식 오페라 동작의 관절가동범위(ROM)를 중심으로

권경현 연세대학교 대학원 2017 국내석사

The classical opera flourished in 19th-century Europe, and many operas gained international popularity. The stage costumes for classical opera need to be designed taking into consideration the actor’s body’s range-of-motion(ROM). To show the actors’ emotional performance, several motions of the upper limb and torso actions appear. This study aims to develop a basic women’s jacket pattern for stage costumes of 19th-century classical opera. This study examined the appropriateness of the use of the 3D virtual garment system in the evaluation of fitness of garments. The costumes of the opera lead played by actor 「Lucia di Lammermoor」 were studied. The research patterns and movement suitability evaluation postures were assessed based on the motions. The research pattern was developed for Korean women aged between 25 and 29. Tow types of research patterns were developed. Research pattern A was a basic historical jacket bodice and sleeve pattern worn by 19th-century women. Research pattern B was developed to improve research pattern A in terms of the mobility of upper limbs by adding gusset at the underarm area. Experimental garment A was made using research pattern A. ROM of experimental garment A was measured to evaluate the suitability of the research patterns for stage movement. This garment’s ROM decreased at the flexion and abduction postures of the upper limbs at the axillary region. To improve the mobility of the upper limbs, the opening at under arm seam line was tested. The results revealed that the opening distance of 11cm satisfied the flexion and abduction postures of the upper limbs. Revised research pattern B was thus developed by adding gusset at the axillary region. The suitability of stage movement was evaluated for eight standardized postures that reflect the movement of upper limbs and torso. The suitability of stage movement of 19th-century women’s jacket was evaluated using three steps. First, ROM and discomfort experienced by the subjects at the upper limbs and torso were measured for both the experimental garments. Second, silhouette similarity with 19th-century western women’s jackets and appearance was evaluated using the experts test. Third, 3D virtual fit test was conducted. For evaluation of the appropriateness of the use of the 3D virtual garment system, the fabric strain rate and the results of the experts’s test of color distribution were evaluated by comparing with the sample garment evaluation results. The study results reveal the following. First, the results of the ROM test conducted for experimental garment B, revealed that the ROM of flexion and abduction postures had improved on wearing this garment. Second, the result of evaluation of the discomfort at upper limbs and torso revealed that experimental garment A was causing discomfort at the elbow, forearm, back, axilla, and waist. Experimental garment B was found to be comfortable at the forearm and elbow. Third, the results of the experts test revealed that the silhouettes of both the experimental garments resembled the 19th-century western women’s jackets. It was evaluated that the simulated virtual garments were not suitable for the silhouette expression because silhouette similarity was found to be lower than the sample garments. Fourth, the results of the experts’s test revealed that experimental garment B fit better than experimental garment A. Experimental garment A exhibited poor fitness at the shoulder, axilla, upperarm, elbow, and forearm. Due to the visual effect virtual garments showed improvement in the level of ease in many areas compared with the sample garment. These results showed that the style of 19th-century western women can be represented by their pattern drafting method. The ergonomic pattern development method can improve the ROM of the stage costume. Compared with the sample garment, the exaggerated evaluated problem of 3D virtual garment system should be compensated in the expression of silhouette and ease evaluation. 클래식 오페라 작품들은 19세기 유럽사회가 배경이다. 따라서 클래식 오페라 의상도 당시 의상의 특징을 반영하여 제작된다. 여유분 없이 타이트한 맞음새가 특징인 19세기 서양 여성복 상의는 클래식 오페라용 무대의상으로 제작할 경우 시대적인 특성과 배우의 ROM(Range of Movement)을 고려하여 제작하여야 한다. 본 연구는 클래식 오페라 무대의상으로 상용할 수 있는 19세기 여성복 재킷 패턴 개발 방안을 연구하였다. 또한, 3차원 가상착의 프로그램이 의복의 인체 적합성평가에 적합한가를 검토하였다. 연구패턴은 19세기 여성 재킷 스타일으로 제작한 연구패턴(A)과 겨드랑이에 무를 덧대는 방식으로 상지의 가동성을 개선한 연구패턴(B)으로 설계하였다. 실험복은 25-29세 한국 성인여성의 평균 사이즈를 반영하여 제작하였다. 실험복의 동작적합성을 평가하는 실험동작은 연구 대상 오페라 「람메르무어의 루치아」의 여자 주인공의 무대동작에서 나타난 상지와 상체의 ROM(Range of motion)을 분석하여 총 8가지 동작으로 설정하였다. 본 연구는 다음과 같은 프로세스로 진행하였다. 19세기 여성복 재킷 패턴으로 제작한 실험복A는 상지 최대 굴곡과 외전의 가동범위를 현저하게 감소 시켰다(128.8°, 97.2°). 따라서 겨드랑 부위에 무를 덧대어 상지 활동성을 개선하였다. 무의 크기는 봉제선을 11cm(F 5.5cm, B 5.5cm) 절개 하였을 때 상지 굴곡과 외전 동작 범위가 크게 증가함을 실험을 통해 발견하였다. 따라서 겨드랑이 무 길이를 11cm로 하여 연구패턴B를 제작하였다. 또한 소매 패턴은 팔꿈치선에 1cm의 여유분을 추가하여 제작하였다. 연구패턴 A와 B로 제작한 실험복A와 B의 외관과 동작기능성은 다음과 같이 평가하였다. 첫째, 최대 상지 굴곡 및 외전 각도와 상지 굴곡과 외전 및 바로선 자세를 포함한 상체의 굴곡, 신전, 회전 자세에서 신체 부위 별 불편함을 3명의 피험자를 대상으로 평가하였다. 둘째, 6명의 전문 평가단이 평가한 실험복A와 B의 맞음새, 외관, 실루엣의 적절성을 분석하였다. 평가 자극물은 직접착의 사진과 동영상으로 제작하였다. 셋째, 직접착의 평가와 3차원 가상착의 프로그램의 색분포도 결과로 전문 평가단이 의복의 실루엣 적절성, 맞음새 및 외관을 평가하였으며, 3차원 가상착의 프로그램의 직물 변형률은 전문 평가단의 직접착의 맞음새 평가결과와 비교하여 3차원 가상착의 평가의 신뢰성을 검토하였다. 본 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 실험복A와 비교하여 실험복B의 상지 가동성은 굴곡과 외전자세에서 각각 37.26°, 45.60° 개선되었다. 둘째, 실험복A 와 B의 착용감을 평가한 결과, 실험복A는 바로선 자세에서도 팔꿈치와 전완부위에서 극도의 불편함을 느낀 것으로 나타났다. 상지와 상체 실험 자세에서의 착용감은 상지를 135° 굴곡 또는 외전 시키는 자세와 상체를 굴곡 시킨 자세에서 불편함을 많이 느끼는 것으로 나타났다. 실험복B는 실험복A 보다 전완, 팔꿈치부위가 편안한 것으로 나타나 착용감이 개선된 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 상지를 높이 드는 굴곡과 외전 135° 자세에서 개선효과가 두드러지게 나타났다. 셋째, 19세기 여성 재킷의 실루엣을 표현한 사진과 실험복A와 B의 실루엣 유사도를 평가한 결과, 실험복A와 B는 19세기 여성복과 유사한 실루엣을 가지고 있는 것으로 평가되었다. 가상실험복은 실물실험복 보다 실루엣 유사도가 떨어지는 것으로 평가되어 3차원 가상착의 프로그램의 실루엣 표현에 한계점이 드러났다. 넷째, 전문가 집단이 실험복B의 맞음새 개선효과를 평가한 결과, 실험복B는 전완부위에서 개선 효과가 가장 크게 나타났으며, 상지의 외전(90°, 135°)자세에서 개선 효과가 컸다. 3차원 가상평가는 실물평가 보다 많은 부위에서 여유량이 개선된 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 여유량을 표시하는 색분포도의 시각적 효과가 크게 작용한 것으로 사료된다. 본 연구는 한국 20대 후반 여성 표준 사이즈로 19세기 서양 여성복 재킷을 오페라 무대의상으로 사용할 경우 발생하는 상지 동작 수행의 불편함을 개선하기 위해 겨드랑이 부위에 11cm 길이의 무를 덧대는 방식이 효과적이며, 팔꿈치 부위의 소매너비를 약 1cm 정도 여유량을 추가할 필요가 있음을 밝혔으며, 3차원 가상착의 프로그램이 실루엣 표현과 여유량 평가에서 한계점이 있음을 밝혔다. 후속연구에서는 다양한 디자인의 무대의상의 동작 적합성 개선 방안을 연구할 필요가 있음을 시사한다.

냉 요법이 골관절염 노인환자의 슬관절 전치환 성형술 후 통증과 관절가동범위에 미치는 영향

김옥연 중앙대학교 대학원 2008 국내석사

본 연구는 골관절염으로 진단받고 슬관절 전치환 성형술을 받은 60세 이상의 대상자들에게 냉 요법을 적용함으로써 수술과 관련하여 느끼는 통증에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위한 단일군 전후설계의 원시시험설계 연구이다. 자료 수집은 2007년 2월 15일부터 3월 31일까지, 서울 소재 S 일 종합전문요양기관의 정형외과 병동에 입원하여 슬관절 전치환 성형술을 받은 29명을 대상으로 이루어졌다. 통증정도는 시각적 상사 척도인 VAS(Visual Analogue Scale)로 측정하였고 통증감각은 McGill의 단축형통증질문법(Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire: S-F MPQ)내용 중에 포함되어 있는 ‘감각’의 11 문항을 근거로 수정된 도구를 사용하였다. 관절가동범위는 continuous passive motion(CPM) 기계(K2, Atromot, USA)를 이용하여 측정하였다. 자료 분석은 SAS 통계프로그램을 이용하였다. 대상자의 인구학적 특성, 질병관련 특성은 빈도와 백분율로 구하고, 냉 요법을 실시하기 전&#8228;후의 통증 정도, 통증감각 및 관절가동범위의 검증은 Wilcoxon Two Sample Test를 사용하였다. 본 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 제 1 가설인 ‘수술 후 냉 요법 실시 전보다 실시 후에 관절 통증 점수가 적을 것이다’는 지지되었다. 냉 요법 전 통증점수가 6.5점이고 냉 요법 후 3.7점으로 유의하게 감소 (z=175.5, p<0.0001)하였다. 제 2 가설인‘냉 요법 실시 전보다 실시 후에 관절통증감각 점수가 적을 것이다.’는 일부 항목에서 지지되었다. 지지된 항목은 ‘쿡쿡 쑤신다.’(z=-2.11, p=0.0345), ‘쏘듯이 아프다.’(z=-3.36, p=0.0008), ‘쓰라리다.’(z=-1.38, p=0.1681), ‘꽉 쥐듯이 아프다.’(z=-2.5, p=0.0123), ‘꽉 무는 듯이 아프다.’(z=-0.95, p=0.3425), ‘쑤신다.’(z=-3.78, p=0.0002), ‘찌뿌드드하다.’(z=-3.99, p=0.0001), ‘누르면 아프다’(z=-3.15, p=0.0016) 이다. 제 3 가설인 ‘냉 요법 실시 전보다 실시 후에 관절가동범위가 클 것이다.’는 지지되었다. 냉 요법 전 관절가동범위는 112.8°, 냉 요법 후엔 115.3°로 유의하게 증가(z=-0.90, p=0.37)하였다. 이상의 연구결과와 같이 슬관절 전치환 성형술 후 급성통증 시 냉 요법 적용으로 관절통증점수가 감소되고 관절가동범위(ROM)가 증가함을 알 수 있었으며 이는 궁극적으로 노인 환자의 수술 후 회복에 많은 기여를 할 수 있으리라 사료된다. The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of cold therapy on postoperative pain and range of motion of elderly with osteoarthritis after total knee replacement arthroplasty. Data were collected from February 15 to March 31, 2007. The subjects were 29 patients with total knee replacement arthroplasty, S medical center in Seoul. The instrument used to measure pain intensity was the VAS. For pain sensation a modified S-F MPQ was used. CPM machine was measured as indicators of range of motion. The data were analysed using frequency, percentage and repeated measures wilcoxon two sample test with the SAS program. The pretest data were obtained after PROM by CPM. Patients received cold therapy for 20 minutes. The posttest data were collected at 20 minutes after the cold therapy. The result of the study are as follows; 1. Hypothesis 1, That "The joint pain scores of the cold therapy post test group (VAS 3.7) were significantly lower than the pretest(VAS 6.5)" was supported(z=175.5, p<0.0001). 2. Hypothesis 2, That "The pain sensation scores of the cold therapy post test group(S-F MPQ) were significantly lower than the pretest (S-F MPQ)." was supported. 3. Hypothesis 3, That "The ROM of the cold therapy post test group (115.3°) were significantly higher than the pre test experiment group(112.8°)" was supported(z=-0.90, p=0.37). In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that cold therapy can be effective for postoperative pain and range of motion of elderly with osteoarthritis after total knee replacement arthroplasty. A larger patient population is required for the current findings to be applied to the general population. The possibility an ultimately of doing many contribution in recovery after operating the old person patient it will be it expects.

경추에 시행한 카이로프랙틱과 흉쇄유돌근막 이완이 경추의 가동범위에 미치는 영향

조명성 조선대학교 대학원 2021 국내박사

Effects of Scapular Stabilization Exercise Combined with Cervical or Thoracic Exercise on Muscle Thickness, Muscle Tone and Shoulder Range of Motion in Subjects with Round Shoulder Posture

고천 대구대학교 대학원 2023 국내박사

라운드 숄더 자세(RSP)는 어깨 콤플렉스의 가장 흔한 구조적 기형 중 하나로 보인다. 이러한 잘못된 자세는 결과적으로 어깨의 근육 긴장과 스트레스를 증가시켜 저림, 기능 상실 및 다양한 신경근 증상을 유발할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 경추운동과 흉추운동을 동반한 견갑골 안정화 운동이 둥근 어깨 자세를 가진 대상자에게 미치는 영향을 비교하고 두 그룹 중 어느 그룹이 자세정렬에서 RSP를 개선하는데 더 좋은지 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 근육 두께, 수축률, 근긴장도 및 어깨 관절 운동 범위. 이요인 반복측정 분산분석(Two-way repeated ANOVA)은 시간에 따른 변화와 시간과 그룹 간의 상호 작용 효과를 분석하는 데 사용되었다. 결과는 두 그룹내의 종속 변수가 4주 운동 중재후 모두 개선되었으며, 그룹간의 변화는 다음과 같다: 1. RSP 거리와 소흉근 길이는 흉추군에서 더 커졌고, 머리척추각도와 머리회전각도는 경추군에서 더 커졌다. 1. 세 근육의 탄성도는 두 그룹간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 상부 승모근의 근긴장도와 근경직도의 변화량은 경추군에서 더 컸고, 대흉근과 하부 승모근의 근긴장도와 근경직도의 변화량은 흉추군에서 더 컸다. 1. 하부 승모근과 전거근의 안정시 두께는 두 그룹간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 두 근육의 수축시 두께의 변화량과 수축률은 흉추군에서 더 컸다. 1. 어깨 관절의 굴곡, 외전, 내회전의 범위는 유의한 차이가 있었고 변화량은 흉추군에서 유의하게 컸다. 위의 결과를 보면 경추운동과 흉추운동을 동반한 견갑골 안정화 운동이 모두 잘못된 자세와 어깨 근육의 불균형을 성공적으로 개선하는 중재법임을 알 수 있다. 그렇지만, 흉추운동을 동반한 견갑골 안정화 운동은 경추운동을 동반한 견갑골 안정화 운동에 비해 경직된 근육의 이완, 약해진 근력강화, 어깨관절의 가동범위 개선에 더 큰 영향을 미쳐서 둥근 어깨 자세의 개선에 더욱 추천한다. The round shoulder posture(RSP) appears to be one of the most common structural anomalies of the shoulder complex. Such poor posture consequently increase muscle tension and stress at the shoulder, resulting in numbness, loss of function, and various neuromuscular symptoms. Therefore, this study research to compare the difference between scapular stabilization exercises combined with cervical exercises and scapular stabilization exercises combined with thoracic exercises on the influence in subjects with RSP and aims to explore which of the two groups is better for improving the RSP on postural alignment, muscle thickness, contraction rate, muscle tone, and shoulder joint range of motion. Two-way repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for analysis of the change following time and the effects of interaction between time and group. As a result, the dependent variables in both groups improved after 4 weeks of exercises, the changes between groups are as follows: 1. The different values of RSP distance and pectoralis minor length were greater in thoracic group, while the different values of craniovertebral angle and cranial rotation angle were greater in cervical group. 1. There were no significant differences in the muscle elasticity of the three muscles between the two groups. The different values in muscle tone and muscle stiffness of upper trapezius were greater in cervical group, while the different values in muscle tone and muscle stiffness of pectoralis major and lower trapezius were greater in thoracic group. 1. There were no significant differences in the resting thickness of lower trapezius and serratus anterior between the two groups. The different values in the contraction thickness, and contraction rate of lower trapezius and serratus anterior were greater in thoracic group. 1. There were significant differences in the range of shoulder flexion, abduction, and internal rotation and the different values were significant greater in thoracic group. When you view the above results, both scapular stabilization exercises combined with cervical exercises and scapular stabilization exercises combined with thoracic exercises are intervention methods that successfully improve poor posture and shoulder muscles imbalance. Meanwhile, scapular stabilization exercises combined with thoracic exercises has a more significant impact on the relaxation of tense muscles, enhancement of weak muscle strength, and improvement of shoulder joint range of motion compared to scapular stabilization exercises combined with cervical exercises.