중국 고전원림의 정태(靜態)색채 특성 및 인지도에 관한 연구 : 베이징 사가원림을 중심으로

翟東潮 우석대학교 일반대학원 2023 국내박사

중국 고전 원림 중 베이징 사가 원림의 정태 색채 연구를 위해 본 연구는 베이징에 현존하는 대규모 사가 원림을 대상으로 하였다. 특 히 내부가 비교적 잘 보존되어 있고, 예술적 성과가 가장 뛰어난 순 왕부(醇王府), 공왕부(恭王府), 곤패자부(棍貝子府), 예왕부(禮王府)의 원림을 자연광 아래 정태 색채 연구를 위해 선정하였다. 본 논문의 내용은 크게 다음 다섯 부분으로 나뉜다. 첫 번째 부분은 서론으로, 본 논문의 연구 배경, 목적 및 의의를 기 술했다. 두 번째 부분은 연구 범위와 방법으로, 본 논문의 연구 범위와 대 상의 선정 사유를 설명하고, 본 논문에서 사용한 연구 방법을 간략하 게 설명했다. 세 번째 부분은 이론적 고찰 연구로, 문헌 조사와 색채 관련 문헌 수집을 통해 색채학의 기초이론을 정리하고, 색채의 형성과 속성에 대해 논의하며, 색채 지리학의 관련 이론을 참고하여 색채 속성을 연 구의 이론적 기초로 삼았다. 동시에 문헌분석을 통해 중국 내외 연구 방향을 요약하고, 원림 색채에 관한 연구 공백을 찾아 본 논문의 연 구 방향과 초점으로 삼았다. 네 번째 부분은 본 논문의 중심 부분으로, 먼저 베이징 사가 원림 의 정태(靜態) 색채 형성에 영향을 미치는 역사적, 인문적 요소와 자 연적 요소를 분석하였다. 또한, 4개 원림의 개요와 역사적 변화 및 배 치에 대해 간략하게 설명하고, 정태 색채 구성을 중점적으로 분석하 였다. 특히 정태 색채는 건물 외부 입면, 지붕, 석경(石景), 포장(鋪裝) 의 고유 색채를 포함하여 상세한 고찰과 분석을 진행하여 정태 색채 의 형식미를 분석하였다. 설문지를 통해 베이징 사가 원림의 정태(靜 態) 색채에 대한 색채 이미지를 SD 의미 분석을 통해 평가하고, 요인 분석,회귀분석, 상관분석, IPA 분석을 통해 요인과 상관성, 이용자 만족도를 찾아내고 불만족도를 조정하는 방안을 제시하였다. 다섯 번째 부분은 본 논문의 연구 결론으로, 주요 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 문헌 조사와 현지 조사를 바탕으로 베이징의 4개 사가 원림 에 대한 역사적 변천과 공간배치분석을 시행하여 54개 지점을 측정하 였다. 건축, 석경, 포장의 주조색, 보조색, 강조색을 요약하고, 색채 구 성 이론과 결합하여 정태(靜態) 색채의 색상, 명도, 채도, 시각적 효과 및 색채감을 분석했다. 주조색, 보조색, 강조색의 3가지 색채의 비율 을 분석하고 요약하였다. 따라 주조색, 보조색과 강조색 사이의 비율 은 약 건축:54.86%:30.54%:14.53%, 석경:49.98%:30.05%:19.02%, 포장: 51.42%:33.35%:15.24% 인 것으로 드러났다. 기본적으로 설계의 황금 비율의 비율 관계를 충족하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 건물의 주조색은 냉색조에 속했는데, 색상은 N과 PB로 중간 명도 (4.5-6) 및 저채도(무채도)였으며, 보조색은 중간 정도의 낮은 명도 (3-4) 및 중간 채도(6, 8)의 빨간색과 녹색이었다. 또한, 강조색은 매우 복잡하였는데 R부터 PB까지 모두 관련되어 있었고, 명도는 1-8로 중 등 명도 위주였으며, 채도는 1-14로 그 범위가 넓었다. 색상의 출현빈 도, 색채 심리학적 관점, 색채 생리학적 관점에서 5R, 5G, 7.5PB의 세 가지 색상을 요약 분석한 결과 인간의 색채 심리적 요구와 미적 요구 를 만족한다는 것을 발견했다. 석경의 주조색은 따뜻한 회색 조에 속했는데, 색상은 N과 YR로 중 간 명도(5-7) 및 저채도(무채도와2)였다. 보조색의 색상은 N, R, YR, B, PB로 중간 정도의 고명도(5-6)와 저채도(2-4)였으며, 연한 황회색과 연한 청회색을 위주로 한 따뜻한 회색 톤이었다. 그리고 강조색에는 GY, R, YR이 있었으며, 중간 정도(3-7)의 고명도 및 저채도(2, 4, 6)였 다. 포장의 주색은 따뜻한 황회색 톤이었으며, 색상은 N, YR, Y로 중간 정도의 고명도(6-7) 및 저채도(무채도)였다. 보조색은 N, PB로 중간 정 도의 고명도(6-8)와 저채도(1, 2, 무채도), 그리고 회청색이었다. 강조 색은 N, YR, PB로 중간 정도의 고명도(2-7) 및 저채도(2, 4)의 냉색조 였다. 둘째, 색채의 조화 및 배합에서 건축에서는 주조색, 보조색 및 강조 색 간의 인접 색상 대비 관계, 대비색 대비 관계 및 보완 색상 대비 관계가 나타났다. 석경 색채 배합에서는 주조색, 보조색 및 강조색 사이에는 유사색 대비관계, 인접색 대비관계, 단조 대비관계, 저채도 대비관계가 나타 났다. 포장 색상 배합에서는 주조색, 보조색 및 강조색은 단조 대비 관계 와 저채도 대비 관계로 나타났다. 베이징 사가원림에서 정적 색채 비례는 주조색이 주도적인 위치를 차지하고 보조색은 보충과 풍부함을 제공하며 강조색은 주의력을 돋 보이게 하고 끌어당기는 데 사용된다. 이러한 분배 비율은 시각적인 균형과 차원감을 창조할 수 있으며 베이징 사가원림에서 정적 색채의 중점과 관심사가 정확하게 전달되도록 보장할 수 있는 것으로 사료되 었다. 셋째, 황실, 베이징 사가 원림, 남방 사가의 원림의 정태 색채의 유 사점과 차이점을 색채의 속성과 상징에 따라 분석 정리한 결과 각각 특색이 있고 각기 다른 색을 띠는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 베이징 사가 원림 정태 색채의 형식적 아름다움을 분석하고 요약했다. 넷째, 설문 조사를 통한 탐색적 요인분석을 수행하여 정서적 속성, 지역적 속성, 색채 미학적 속성의 3가지 요인을 얻었다. IPA 분석을 통해 정태(靜態) 색채에 대한 이용자의 중요도와 만족도 평가를 분석 한 결과, ‘원림 고유성’과 ‘색채문화 표현 가능’의 중요도 점수 는 비교적 높았지만, 만족도는 낮아 더 나은 유지 보수와 개선이 필 요함을 발견했다. 또한, 회귀분석의 가설검증을 시행하여 정서적 속 성, 지역적 속성, 색채 미학적 속성이 북경 사가 원림 정태 색채의 전 반적인 만족도에 영향을 미친다는 것을 발견했다. 정태 색채 이미지 평가 t-검정을 시행한 결과, ‘색채문화 표현 가능’의 평균값이 1.45 로 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 베이징의 사가 원림에서 정태 색채의 보호와 개발이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 색채 이미지의 상관 관계를 분석한 결과 ‘고요함’과 ‘부드러움’의 상관관계가 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 베이징 사가 원림의 정태 색채가 주로 따뜻 한 색임을 나타낸다. 요약하면, 베이징의 사가 원림 조성 방법은 독특한 베이징의 색채 와 문화적 함의를 반영하는 뚜렷한 지역적 특성이 있었다. 중국 고전 원림 발전사에서 색채는 원림 조성의 초점은 아니지만, 색채는 원림 의 정서적 리듬을 조정하는 유용한 도구가 될 수 있다. 따라서 고전 정원의 색채를 잘 활용하여 원림을 조성해야 한다. 베이징 사가 원림 의 정태 색채는 지역적 특성과 지역 색채문화의 특성을 표현할 수 있 으므로 연구, 보호 및 개발할 가치가 있다. On the static color study of Beijing private gardens in classical Chinese gardens,In this study, large private gardens existing in Beijing were the subjects. Because the interior of the gardens of the Chunwangfu, Gongwangfu, Gunbeizifu and Liwangfu is relatively complete and has the highest artistic achievements, this place was selected for static color research under natural light. The content of the article is mainly divided into the following five parts. The first part is an introduction, which describes the research background, purpose and significance of this thesis. The second part is the research scope and method, which expounds the research scope and the principle of selecting the object of this paper, and briefly describes the research methods used in this paper. The third part is theoretical investigation and research, through literature investigation and collection of color-related literature, the basic theory of color science is sorted out, the formation of color, the properties of color, draw on the relevant theories of color geography, and take color attributes as the theoretical basis of research. At the same time, through literature analysis, summarize the research directions at home and abroad, find the research gap of garden color, and take it as the research direction and focus of the thesis. The fourth part is the central part of the paper, which first analyzes the historical and human factors and natural factors that affect the static color formation of private gardens in Beijing. The overview, historical changes and layout of the four gardens are briefly explained, focusing on the analysis of the composition of static color, including the inherent color of the building façade, roof, stone landscape and paving, and the detailed investigation and analysis are carried out, and the formal beauty of static color is analyzed. Through the questionnaire survey, Beijing company evaluated the color image of the static color of the garden through SD semantic analysis, and found out the correlation of factors and user satisfaction through factor analysis, regression analysis, correlation analysis and IPA analysis, and proposed a scheme to adjust dissatisfaction. The fifth part is the research conclusion of the thesis, the main conclusions are as follows. First, through literature review, based on field investigation, the historical changes and spatial layout analysis of four private gardens in Beijing were analyzed. 54 sites were measured, and the main color, auxiliary color, and decorative color of the building, stone landscape and paving were summarized, Combined with the theory of color composition, the hue, brightness, chroma of static color, visual effects and color artistic conception are analyzed. The hue of the main body of the building is cold color, the hue is N and PB, medium brightness, low chroma color; The secondary colors are medium to low brightness, and medium chroma is red and green; Accent color is very complex, from R to PB are involved, brightness 1-8, mainly medium brightness, chroma 1-14, large span, summary of embellishment color found that high-frequency secondary hues are: 5R, 5G, 7.5PB, from the perspective of color psychology, color physiology to verify that 5R, 5G, 7.5PB three hues meet physiological and psychological color needs. The main hue of the stone scene is warm gray tone, the hue is N and YR, medium to high brightness, low chroma ; Auxiliary hues include N, R, YR, B, PB, medium to high brightness, low chroma and warm gray tones dominated by light yellowish gray and light blue-gray; Accent hues include GY, R, YR, medium to high brightness, low chroma intensity. The main hue of the paving is warm yellow-gray tone, the hue is N, YR, Y, medium to high brightness, low chroma; Auxiliary hues include N, PB, medium to high brightness, low chroma and grayish blue tone; Accent colors include N, YR, PB, medium to high brightness, low chroma cool tone. Second, according to the attributes and symbolism of color, the similarities and differences of static colors of royal, Beijing private and southern private are analyzed and summarized, and it is found that they have their own characteristics and shine. The analysis summarizes the formal beauty of static colors of private gardens in Beijing. Third, through the questionnaire, exploratory factor analysis was carried out, and three factors were obtained: emotional attribute, regional attribute, and color aesthetic attribute; IPA analysis analyzed the public's satisfaction evaluation of the importance of static color, and found that the importance scores of ‘unique to gardens’ and ‘can express color culture’ were high, but the satisfaction was low, and better maintenance and improvement were needed; The hypothesis test of regression analysis showed that the emotional attributes, regional attributes, and color aesthetic attributes affected the overall satisfaction of static color of private gardens in Beijing. The static color impression evaluation t-test was carried out, and it was found that the average value of ‘can express color culture’ was the highest 1.45, Therefore, it is necessary to protect and develop static colors in Beijing's private gardens; The correlation analysis of color image showed that the correlation between ‘tranquility’ and ‘soft’ was high, indicating that the static color of private gardens in Beijing was mainly warm colors. In summary, Beijing's private garden gardening techniques have distinct regional characteristics, reflecting the unique color and cultural connotation of Beijing. Color in the history of the development of classical Chinese gardens, is not the focus of gardening, but color can play a good tool to adjust the emotional rhythm of the garden, we must make good use of the color adjustment brush of classical gardens, the static color of Beijing private gardens is with local regional characteristics, can express the characteristics of regional color culture, is worth studying, protecting and developing.

니체의 철학 치료적 관점에서 본 사적 복수의 윤리적 해소 방안

김영우 인천대학교 교육대학원 2009 국내석사

현대사회에서 인간은 개인 대 개인, 개인 대 집단 사이에서 갈등을 겪는다. 이러한 갈등 속에서 사람들은 사적 복수를 꿈꾸게 된다. 사적 복수를 비롯한 우리 안의 부정적인 감정이 해소되지 않을 경우, 삶에 대한 활력을 잃기 쉽고, 극단적인 경우 정신병까지 유발될 수 있다. 그렇다고 해서 사적 복수와 같은 감정을 직접적으로 표출하는 것 역시 윤리적 이유에서건 법적 이유에서건 정당화될 수 없다는 데 문제의 심각성이 노정되어 있다. 본 논문의 문제의식은 ‘사적 복수는 정당화될 수 있는가’, 그리고 ‘사적 복수는 어떻게 해소될 수 있는가’로 요약해 볼 수 있다. 사적 복수의 문제는 그리스 비극작품《오레스테이아》나 영화작품《친절한 금자씨》등에서 잘 다루어지고 있다. 사실 우리는 문학이나 영화라는 텍스트를 통해 사적 복수와 같은 부정적인 감정을 간접적으로 해소할 수 있다. 이른바 카타르시스를 통한 해소 방안이다. 그러나 카타르시스를 통한 복수감정의 해소는 아직 소극적인 방법이다. 본 논문에서는 사적 복수의 적극적인 해소 방안을 철학치유의 맥락에서 니체의 주인도덕을 통해 제시하고자 한다. 니체에게 있어서 주인도덕이란 자기 극복을 통해서 삶을 조형하려는 강한 의지의 소유자, 많은 욕구들의 긴장과 대립을 제어하는 능력의 소유자, 자기 긍정과 자기 가치감을 새로운 선의 내용으로 제시할 수 있는 주체적 존재들의 도덕이다. 따라서 니체의 주인도덕은 사적 복수의 욕구를 억누르기보다는 승화, 정화시켜 정신건강과 심리치료의 측면에서 긍정적인 도움을 준다. 니체에 있어서 건강이란 관점주의적 사고에 의해 넓고 깊은 세계를 인식할 수 있는 열린 정신과 세계와의 화해를 통한 원한 감정으로부터 해방되고 삶을 긍정하는 초인 사상과 밀접한 관련을 맺고 있다. 초인의 주인도덕은 신체적 신진대사를 활발하게 해줄 뿐만 아니라 행복의 실제적 증진작용에 기여한다. 정신의 변형 과정 중 최종 단계인 어린아이의 단계는 창조력을 지닌 정신이자 모든 것을 긍정하는 창조적인 힘이다. 즉, 부정성을 긍정성으로, 정적인 것을 동적인 것으로 전환시키는 초인의 이미지이다. 어린아이의 단계에서 사적 복수는 비로소 창조적으로 승화될 수 있다. 어린아이로 표현되는 초인이야말로 현실·운명에 능동적으로 대처하는 존재이며, 새로운 시작, 놀이, 스스로의 힘에 의해 돌아가는 바퀴, 거룩한 긍정으로 삶을 긍정하며 사적 복수를 극복할 수 있는 존재이다. 여기서 유의할 점은 니체의 주인도덕과 대립되는 노예도덕 역시 동전의 양면처럼 서로 공존하고 침투하며 중재되어야 한다는 점이다. In modern society human go through conflicts between an individual and another individual and between an individual and a group. In these conflicts, people dream about private revenge. When the private revenge and negative emotions are not relieved, it is easy to lose vitality, to the extreme case, it can cause mental disease. However, the serious problem lies in the fact that one cannot be justified to express the private revenge directly in ethical reason speaking nor in legal reason. This treatise’s thesis could be simply said that whether ‘Private revenge could be justified’, and ‘How can private revenge could be calmed down’. The problem with private revenge is well portrayed in Greece tragedy《Oresteia》or the movie《Sympathy for Lady Vengeance》. Actually, we could get rid of negative feelings such as private revenge through text which is reading literature or watching movies. This is called catharsis. But it’s a mere method to calm the feeling of revenge. This treatise is going to suggest the way to relieve private’s revenge actively in veins of philosophy healing through Nietzsche's master moral. Master morality two is morality of main volume existences that can present owner of ability, own affirmation and own the theory of value that control owner of strong will, tension and confrontation of a lot of desires to mold life through own conquest to new good will contents to Nietzsche. Therefore, Nietzsche's master morality gives help that sublimate and abreacts rather than to press down private revenge desire and is positive in mental health and side of psychical cure. For Nietzsche, health is about how a person’s view point could percept wide world, compromising with world and be freed from negative feelings and has close relation of becoming a superman by being positive. Superman's master morality contributes in practical promotion action of happiness as well as make physical metabolism lively. Step of child, showdown among transformation process of mind, is creative force that acknowledge mind and everything that have creative power. It is nothing but turning negative to positive, passive to active which represent the superman’s image. In the process of child, private revenge could be developed in creative way. Superman described as a child is a real figure who could face reality and fate actively, new start, games, a wheel that runs by its own power, being positive by sense of holy positivity and get rid of the private revenge. Point to keep in mind here is point that Nietzsche's master morality and opposed slave morality should be coexists each other liked two faces of coin and permeates and arbitrates.

Three essays on corporate decisions of privately-held companies: investment, financing, and cost behavior

최희정 고려대학교 대학원 2017 국내박사

본 학위논문은 국내 비상장기업을 대상으로 비상장기업의 투자, 자금조달, 비용관리행태를 분석하는 3편의 소논문으로 구성되어 있다. 비상장기업의 기업정책분석은 다음의 이유들로 인해 그 중요성을 갖는다. 첫째, 개별 비상장기업의 기업규모는 미미하지만, 대부분의 기업들이 비상장인 상태에서 기업활동을 영위하는 바, 경제 전체에서 비상장기업이 차지하는 총규모는 상장기업과 비견할 만 하다고 할 수 있다. 둘째, 비상장기업과 상장기업은 기업규모, 소유구조, 자본시장에의 접근성, 자본시장의 견제 등에 있어 차이를 갖는데, 이러한 차이는 기업 의사결정에도 상당한 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 마지막으로, 비상장기업을 대상으로 한 연구를 통해 그 동안 상장기업을 대상으로 진행되어 온 연구 결과들을 교차검증을 하는 효과를 기대할 수 있다 (Gao, Harford, and Li, 2013). 비상장기업에 대한 연구가 갖는 상기의 중요성에도 불구하고 그 동안 해당 연구분야는 비상장 자료의 접근가능성을 주된 이유로 외면되어 온 것이 사실이다. 비상장기업과 상장기업을 대상으로 한 최신연구들은 비상장기업과 상장기업의 기업정책은 뚜렷한 차이를 가지며 비상장기업의 정책은 동일 산업에 존재하는 상장기업에 의해 영향을 받을 수 있음을 보고한다. 이들 연구에 따르면, 상장기업은 비상장기업에 비하여 과다한 현금을 보유하며 (Gao et al., 2013), 비효율적으로 과소투자를 하거나 (Asker, Farre-Mensa, and Ljungqvist, 2014), 배당을 평준화 하려는 성향 (Michaeley and Roberts, 2012)을 가진다. 이들은 비상장기업의 기업정책이 상장기업보다 효율적이라는 공통된 해석을 제시한다. 다음 세 편의 논문은 이들 선행연구와 그 흐름을 같이한다. 첫 번째 소논문은 비상장기업의 투자동조현상(comovement in investment)과 동일 산업 내 상장기업의 존재 사이의 관계를 규명한다. 산업수준 분석을 통해, 상장기업의 비율이 증가할수록 비상장기업 간 투자가 동행성을 갖는 것을 확인하였다. 추가분석 결과, 이러한 관계는 correlated fundamentals가설, social learning가설, costly information acquisition 가설의 예측과 일치하는 것으로 확인된다. 두 번째 소논문은 상장기업의 주가와 비상장기업의 기업정책 사이의 관계를 분석한다. 개별 비상장기업의 투자는 상장기업의 평균 q와 양의 관계를 가지는데 이러한 관계는 비상장기업과 상장기업의 fundamentals 사이 관련성이 높거나 상장기업의 주가가 비상장기업의 투자에 유의미한 정보를 가질 경우에 더욱 뚜렷이 관찰되었다. 비상장기업의 부채 및 자본조달 역시 상장기업의 q와 양의 관계를 갖는 것이 확인되었다. 마지막 소논문은 상장기업과 비상장기업의 비용관리행태를 판매비와관리비를 중심으로 비교하고 그 결과를 제시한다. 분석 결과 상장기업은 비상장기업보다 더 높은 수준의 판매비와관리비를 지출하면서도 더 낮은 매출액을 달성하는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 원가의 비대칭성 (cost asymmetry) – 매출 감소에 따른 비용감소의 크기가 매출증가에 대응하는 비용증가의 크기보다 더 작은 현상 – 은 상장기업에서 더욱 뚜렷이 관찰되는데 금융위기 기간 동안에는 상장기업 원가의 비대칭성이 사라지는 반면 비상장기업의 원가가 비대칭성을 갖는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 대체로 대리인비용의 설명과 일치하는 결과라고 할 수 있다. 세 소논문의 결과는 비상장기업의 기업행동이 합리적이고 효율적이라는 선행연구의 일반적인 결론과 일치한다. 비상장기업의 투자 및 자금조달 의사결정과 상장기업의 주가 사이의 양의 관계는 비상장기업의 합리적인 의사결정에 기인한 것으로 해석되며 비상장기업의 효율적인 비용관리에 대한 증거 역시 이러한 주장을 뒷받침한다. References Asker, J., Farre-Mensa, J., Ljungqvist, A., 2014. Corporate Investment and Stock Market Listing: A Puzzle? Review of Financial Studies, hhu077 Gao, H., Harford, J., Li, K., 2013. Determinants of corporate cash policy: Insights from private firms. Journal of Financial Economics 109, 623-639 Michaely, R., Roberts, M.R., 2012. Corporate dividend policies: Lessons from private firms. Review of Financial Studies 25, 711-746 This dissertation consists of three essays on corporate decisions of privately-held companies. Specifically, it focuses on investment, financing, and cost behavior. Investigating corporate behavior of private firms is considerably significant for the following reasons. First, even though private firms are much smaller than public companies, due to the large number in the economy, private firms are comparable to public firms as a whole. Second, intrinsic differences between public firms and private firms - such as firm size, ownership structure, accessibility to capital market, capital market pressure – highly predict the distinctive corporate policies of private firms from their public counterparts. Lastly, as Gao, Harford and Li (2013) point out, comparing corporate behavior of private and public firms serves as cross-validation of the previous studies on corporate policies using only public firms. Recent empirical studies indicate that corporate behaviors of publicly-traded companies and privately-held companies differ and corporate decisions of private firms can be affected by their public peers. They document that, compared to private firms, public firms tend to reserve more cash-holdings (Gao et al., 2013), inefficiently underinvest (Asker, Farre-Mensa, and Ljungqvist, 2014), or have higher propensity to smooth dividends (Michaely and Roberts, 2012). These findings end up with a common conclusion that corporate decisions of privately-held companies are more efficient than those of publicly-traded companies. The following three chapters are coherent with those studies. In the first chapter, the study examines the link between correlated corporate investment of private firms and public firm presence. It offers industry –level evidence that the coinvestment among private firms rises as the proportion of public firms in the industry increases. Further investigations on the possible drivers of such relation reveal that it can be explained by correlated fundamentals between a given private firm and the corresponding public peers, rational learning from stock prices, and information acquisition costs. It appears that private firms rationally coinvest when public firms exist in the same industry. The second chapter analyzes the relation between stock prices of public firms and corporate decisions of privately-held companies. It identifies that the investment decisions of private firms are associated with public peer q-ratio. Such a positive relationship is more pronounced when private firms and their public peers are fundamentally correlated. It also depends on the information quality of public information as well as own information, which is consistent with social learning hypothesis. Furthermore, the ability of private firms to raise additional debt or equity capital is related to the average q-ratio of their industry peers. The last chapter provides new empirical evidence on how public firms and private firms differ in their management of corporate resources. It finds that public firms expend more resources as SG&A spending than private firms do. Moreover, the asymmetric cost behavior - a tendency that SG&A spending decreases less when sales decreases than it increases when sales increases - is more prominent for public firms than private firms, whereas the opposite pattern is found during the financial crisis. It appears that self-interested managers in public firms indulge in spending corporate resources, although a crisis may attenuate this problem. The evidence is consistent with the idea that agency conflicts are more prevalent among public firms than among private firms, which results in asymmetric cost behavior. However, this study does not necessarily exclude other possible explanations. Results from those three essays are consistent with the general conclusion from the previous studies in that corporate decisions of private firms are more efficient than those of public firms. Moreover, the positive relation between private firms’ investment decisions as well as financing decisions can be explained in rational settings. The evidence of efficient resource management of private firms also supports the argument. References Asker, J., Farre-Mensa, J., Ljungqvist, A., 2014. Corporate Investment and Stock Market Listing: A Puzzle? Review of Financial Studies, hhu077 Gao, H., Harford, J., Li, K., 2013. Determinants of corporate cash policy: Insights from private firms. Journal of Financial Economics 109, 623-639 Michaely, R., Roberts, M.R., 2012. Corporate dividend policies: Lessons from private firms. Review of Financial Studies 25, 711-746

民營矯正制度 導入의 妥當性에 관한 硏究

이순길 東國大學校 大學院 1999 국내박사

The purpose of this dissertation is to study various methods for the civilian participation in the corrections, trying to enhance the efficiency and the economic effect, which results in restraining from recidivism and accumulating of people's faith in correctional activities. The privatization of corrections implies the participation of private company in the management of correctional facilities in some countries such as U.S., U.K., and Australia. Many countries have recently made efforts for institutional improvement since privatization of correction to promote the treatment of inmates. The matter of prison privatization, however, appeared to be very political. The conservatives have unclearly separated the public administration and private sectors, and want to strengthen their positions in creating another power within their authorities. A dispute over the prison privatization has recently begun in Korea. The public correctional institutions, however, are still fundamental facilities for custody and a symbol of the governmental power in Korea. This dissertation includes the studies of public correctional institutions and comparatively some private correctional companies which have participated in the privatization of corrections. It focuses on the following matters. Chapter Two explains the concept of the prison privatization and its historical background, and also introduces various studies about the prison privatization studied by foreign experts and controversies over them. Chapter Three covers the actual practices of prison privatization in U.S., U.K., Australia and Brazil, and describes the correctional privatization in Queensland, Australia and Humaita Private Prison in Brazil. The details of its management, contents of a contract between the government and the company, governmental supports, comparative study of costs and treatment of inmates in private prisons would be described in this chapter. Chapter Four examines necessity and feasibility for introducing the private prison system into Korea. Also it analyses some problems of the correctional administration in Korea and suggests an exemplary form of correctional privatization. Finally, this paper offers a summary about the main topics of this paper and deals with various conditions for promoting the civilian participation in corrections with a critical view affected by unique criminal culture and criminal policies in Korea. A correctional system which has no industrial efficiency is one of the heaviest burdens to any country. It seems that the system does not occupy a certain realm for the guarantee of inmates' humanity. People still think that there are lots of violence in the prison system, and have no confidence in the rehabilitation of inmates. Although every effort has been made for improving the conditions of correctional facilities, it has resulted in a partial development at best. Under this point of view, at present many correctional practitioners and scholars carefully consider the introduction of the private prison system. The correctional privatization means that a governmental correction system entrusts the civil or a private company in managing the prison system and treating offenders. This dissertation analyses lots of academical and practical materials, through systematic research, related to the private prison system. The privatization of corrections surely deserves to be studied today, even though its future is uncertain and it will be decided according to the national ideal and policy. The supporters insist that the privatization would offer more incentives for the managers of correctional systems to improve the operation of facilities with more flexibility and less bureaucracy. It seems, however, some negative factors still exist in managing a private prison beyond their expectation. Therefore, the management of correctional facilities in terms of privatization, considering suitable situation, must be practiced on a small scale to accomplish the object of correctional activities. Many factors such as prison overcrowding and lack of state finance caused to consider the privatization of corrections during the 1980s and early 1990s. The rapid increase of inmates and managing cost with the change of social and political situation made the implemented correctional policies modified at any rate. The historical and cultural prospect which imposes a great value on the privatization, the principle of free market, minimization of governmental intervention in business and generally negative view on public sector have contributed to the privatization of corrections. In case of foreign countries, there are various kinds of conditions which the government impose on the private company by the contract pertaining to privatization besides state-run facilities. For example, juvenile probation centers include a profit and a non-profit facility, and the latter has recently increased. The representative type of the prison privatization mainly implies the management of correctional facilities by private companies. Until now, however, it is mostly limited to the supply of certain goods and services. The authorities for the arrest and the punishment of offenders originally belong to the government. Also, the privatization of corrections is accompanied with some problems such as legal and systematic matters, financial shortage, and the lack of responsibility and professionality in executing the punishment for offenders. Therefore, it is very difficult to confirm whether the prison privatization will be a valuable substitute for the public prison or whether it will last as one of inmate education programs. The privatization of corrections, however, would be valuable if the insufficiency of governmental finance and the shortage of personnel strength can be solved even in small part. I believe that the privatization of corrections will be introduced in Korea in the near future if with the rapid change of our correctional surroundings, most people feel the necessity of it

Vygotsky관점에서의 혼잣말과 과제수행과의 관계

강은경 淑明女子大學校 2003 국내박사

This study concentrated in its objective on elucidating the relations between private speech and self-regulation, as viewed from the perspective of Vygotsky. With this in view, this study made an attempt to scrutinize what differences were shown of frequencies, types, and contents of task-relevant externalized private speech by difficulty (easy or difficult), task familiarity (familiar or unfamiliar), and task performance ability (upper, middle, or lower) in two tasks, including a perceptual task and a semantic tas For that purpose, carried out on 73 five-year olds were a primary experiment (on difficulty) and a second experiment (on familiarity). The primacy experiment gave the testees an easy task and a difficult task for each of a perceptual task (paper-folding) and a semantic task (story-sequence). And the second experiment gave a new task and a familiar task for each of the task types. Experiments were carried out individually, and records and copies were made of private speech that took place during the performance of task using a miniature microphone and a CCTV camera. And then an analysis was conducted of the frequency and types of private speech, and the contents of task-relevant externalized private speech. As for analysis of data, a repeated-measurement-based multiple analysis of variance was prosecuted first to clarify differences among frequencies, types, and contents of private speech by task difficulty, task familiarity and task performance ability, and subsequently simple comparisons were made by means of a one-way analysis of variance to test differences. Results were revealed, as follows: First, as to the frequency and types of private speech, contents of task-relevant externalized private speech by task difficulty, a higher frequency was shown of private speech in difficult tasks both in the perceptual task and in the semantic task. In the perceptual tasks, such private speeches were disclosed as those related to tasks, i.e explaining, expressing plans and goals, questions and answers directed to the self, and task-relevant emotional expression. However, the semantic task showed a tendency often using explaining, in case of a difficult task. Second, as to the frequency and types of private speech, contents of task-relevant externalized private speech by task familiarity, a higher frequency was represented of private speech from unfamiliar tasks than from familiar ones, both in the perceptual and in the semantic tasks. And task-related private speeches were much presented in case of an unfamiliar task both in the perceptual and in the semantic tasks, and explaining was frequently used. Third, an elucidation was carried out of what differences were shown among the frequency and types of private speech, contents of task-relevant externalized private speech by task performance ability. Consequently, it was revealed that the higher frequency of private speech was found in the middle group of task performance ability than the upper and the lower groups, especially with the frequent presentation of such words related to explaining in private speech. The aforementioned results suggests that private speech plays a self-regulation function, as Vygotsky insists. With this in mind, one thing to note here is that more follow-up studies should be conducted of patterns of private speech by task performance ability, and that we need take into account individual variables, including intelligence, sex, sociality, and individual abilities, in scaffolding schemes for the facilitation of young childrens private speech. 본 연구는 Vygotsky의 관점에서 혼잣말과 자기조절력과의 관계를 밝히고자 하였다. 그리하여 두 가지 과제(지각적 과제/의미론적 과제)에서 과제 난이도(쉬움/어려움) 및 과제 친숙도(친숙/비친숙), 그리고 과제 수행능력(상,중,하)에 따라 혼잣말의 빈도, 유형 및 과제와 관련된 혼잣말의 내용범주에서 차이가 나타나는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 만 5세 유아73명을 대상으로 1차 실험(난이도 실험)과 2차 실험(친숙도 실험)이 행해졌다. 1차 실험은 두 가지 과제유형 즉 지각적 과제(종이접기 과제)와 의미론적 과제(이야기 순서짓기)로 각각 쉬운 과제와 어려운 과제를 주었으며, 2차 실험은 두 가지 과제유형에 각각 새로운 과제와 친숙한 과제를 주었다. 전체 실험은 모두 개별적으로 이루어졌으며, 과제 수행 중 나 타나는 혼잣말을 초소형 마이크와 CCTV카메라를 사용하여 기록한 후 전사하였다. 그런 다음 혼잣말의 빈도, 유형, 과제와 관련된 혼잣말의 내용범주를 분석하였다. 자료의 분석은 과제 난이도, 과제 친숙도와 과제수행능력에 따른 혼잣말의 빈도, 유형, 내용범주의 차이를 알아보고자 일차적으로 반복측정 분산분석을 실시하였으며, 차의 검증을 위해 일원분산분석으로 단순비교를 하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 나타난 결과를 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 과제의 난이도에 따라 혼잣말의 빈도, 유형 및 과제와 관련된 혼잣말의 내용범주를 살펴보면 지각적 과제와 의미론적 과제 모두 쉬운 과제보다는 어려운 과제일 때 혼잣말의 빈도가 더 높았다. 지각적 과제에서는 어려운 과제일 때 ‘설명하기’, ‘계획목표표현’, ‘자신에게 질문 대답’ 과 ‘과제관련 정서표 현’의 과제와 관련된 혼잣말을 많이 하였다. 그러나 의미론적 과제에서는 어려운 과제일 때 ‘설명하기’를 많이 하는 경향을 보였다. 둘째, 과제의 친숙도에 따라 혼잣말의 빈도, 유형 및 과제와 관련된 혼잣말의 내용범주를 살펴보면 지각적 과제와 의미론적 과제 모두에서 친숙한 과제일 때보다는 비친숙한 과제일 때 혼잣말의 빈도가 높았다. 그리고 지각적 과제와 의미론적 과제 모두에서 비친숙한 과제일 때 과제와 관련된 혼잣말을 많이 하는 것으로 나타났으며 ‘설명하기’를 가장 많이 했다. 셋째, 과제수행능력에 따라 혼잣말의 빈도, 유형 및 과제와 관련된 혼잣말의 내용범주에서 차이가 나타나는지를 살펴보았다. 연구의 결과 과제 수행 능력이상 집단이나 하 집단보다 중 집단에서 혼잣말을 많이 하였으며 과제와 관련된 혼잣말을 많이 하였고, 특히 ‘설명하기’의 혼잣말을 많이 하였다. 이상의 연구 결과는 Vygotsky가 주장한 것처럼 혼잣말이 자기 조절적 기능을 한다는 것을 시사한다. 이러한 연구 결과를 중심으로 과제수행능력에 따른 혼잣말 사용양상에 대한 연구가 더 많이 필요하다는 것과 유아들의 혼잣말 사용 촉진을 위한 비계설정 등에서도 개인차 변인(지능, 성별, 개인적 능력)이 함께 고려되어야 한다는 점들이 논의되었다.

백화점 여성의류 자체브랜드자산(Private brand equity)의 영향요인

박성희 중앙대학교 2000 국내석사

민간경비 서비스 이용자의 만족도에 관한 연구

장정균 동국대학교 행정대학원 2007 국내석사

The changes in current social values have been monitored such as ambiguity of distinguishing social structure and priority of individualism. Therefore, decreased authority of government and minimized its size increase participation of private-fund in the field of private-security and attribute to improvement in a private-security industry. Even though increased needs of protection and defense towards one's life and property from various outside risk factors to purpose one's happiness in lifetime, the abilities of defense, safety assurance and maintaining public peace and order have not met the rapid development in insecurity of social psychology. The activity of the private-security industry which is based on fee for service has begun to reduce burden from the insecurity of social psychology and solve problems related to shortness manpower of police. Focusing on incremental quantity-based the private-security service already has approached to the edge of improvement in the private-security service. In addition, incremental of labor costs and gap between service provider and customer in terms of awareness high quality service become issues in the private-security service in Korea. This study has applied to the decision making factors for service quality to determine primary factors for service quality to determine primary fcators for increasing the customer satisfaction level and based on the result of the customer satisfaction survey further required factors to increase satisfaction level of customer in the future were discussed. This study is cosists of five chapters and its contents are as follows ; Chapter one is the obiective and method of this study, Chapter two is the basic concept and associated theories for developing the private-security service, Chapter three is affecting environmental factors for developing the private-security service in Korea. Chapter four is review the result of the customer satisfaction survey, Chpter five is overview the decision factors for utilizing the private-security service and idealize assuring quality of the private-security service.

Re-mapping public and private in Virginia Woolfs Mrs. Dalloway

이미정 서울대학교 대학원 2013 국내석사

이 논문은 도시, 공원, 방이라는 세 공간에 주목해 버지니아 울프가 『댈러웨이 부인』에서 공사 영역 분리의 이데올로기를 재현하고 비판하는 방식을 탐구한다. 작품의 공간적 구성은 영역의 분할이 공적 공간과 사적 공간의 분리를 통해 강화되는 방식과 다양한 공간에서의 개별적 경험을 설명하는 데 있어 전통적 의미의 공과 사가 가지는 한계를 드러낸다. 공사 영역과 공간 분리의 적법성에 대한 의문이 점점 강하게 제기되는 문화•역사적 변화 속에서 울프는 국가, 성, 계급과 같은 범주에 따라 통제되었던 개인과 공간의 관계를 보다 유연하게 이해하며 공과 사의 개념 자체의 재고를 요구하는 새로운 사회적 지형도를 그린다. 1장은 거리로 나서서 도시를 공적인 공간으로 규정하는 국가, 계급, 성 담론의 작동 방식을 분석한다. 울프는 특히 통합과 배제의 수사가 런던을 공적인 장소로 만드는 과정을 비판적으로 검토한다. 흔히 “도시 소설”이라 불리는 『댈러웨이 부인』은 거리를 배경으로 하는 여러 장면을 통해 한편으로 군중을 하나로 모으는 도시적 경험을 제시하고, 다른 한편으로는 그러한 통합의 이면에서 타자가 배제되는 논리를 포착한다. 승전국 영국의 수도 런던은 풍요롭고 활기차 보이지만, 셉티머스 스미스, 도리스 킬먼, 클라리싸 댈러웨이와 같은 인물들의 도시 경험은 표면적으로 밝은 도시에 편재하는 차별과 억압을 밝힌다. 2장은 공원으로 이동한다. 공원은 사적 공간과의 친연성에 있어 거리와 차별화되는 곳으로, 공적인 동시에 사적이다. 19세기 말에서 20세기 초에 도시 공원이 중요한 사회적 공간으로 부상했다. 이는 엄격히 사적인 것으로 제한되어 있던 가족과 건강 등의 영역이 공적 관리 대상으로 흡수되기 시작하고, 노숙자, 부랑자 등 가정의 부재를 암시하며 공사 구분을 위협하는 존재들이 사회적 문제로 부각되는 현상과 궤를 같이 한다. 소설에서 20세기 초 런던의 공원은 특정 사람이나 행동이 안에 머물러있지 않고 밖에 나왔을 때 그 가시성이 문제적이라고 인식되는 방식을 두드러지게 하는 공간으로서, 공적인 것과 사적의 것의 변화하는 관계를 상징적으로 나타내는 장소이다. 울프는 특히 공원 안 혹은 근처에 상주하는 거지 노파와 여성 부랑자를 향해 쏟아지는 시선을 통해 그들이 공원을 공적인 공간으로 구성하는 사회적 담론을 교란하는 방식을 보여준다. 3장은 집 안으로 들어가 다양한 종류의 방을 탐색한다. 1890년대의 버튼 시골 저택과 1920년대 런던의 댈러웨이네 집 사이를 오가는 울프는 특히 응접실과 다락방에 초점을 맞추어 성과 계급에 따른 방의 체계적 분리를 살핀다. 개인의 사적인 영역이 침범되는 양상은 공적 공간/영역의 대조항이자 그것으로부터의 은신처로서의 집/가정이 모두에게 철저히 사적인 공간으로 기능할 수 없음을 시사한다. 방 안에서, 그리고 방 사이에서 행해지는 공간적 위반, 재배치와 개조를 통해 소설의 인물들은 “자기만의 방”을 지켜내기 위해 분투한다. ‘사적인 것’의 정치적 함의는 클라리싸가 셉티머스의 죽음의 의의를 이해하는 파티의 클라이막스에서 극적으로 드러난다. 이는 1장의 거리와 2장의 공원이라는 공적 공간에서 이룬 ‘공적인 것’에 대한 비판적 고찰을 보완할 뿐 아니라 공과 사, 더 나아가 사회와 개인의 관계에 대한 울프의 재정의를 완성한다. 울프의 서사가 만들어내는 공간은 공간의 서사와 교직하며 공적•사적 공간에서 설 자리를 박탈당한 자들에게 “방”을 만들어주는 동시에 공간의 구획으로 가시화되는 사회적 지도에서 공과 사의 상호적 변화를 정초한다. This thesis examines the ways in which Virginia Woolf reveals as well as contests the operation of ideology manifest in public and private spaces in Mrs. Dalloway by focusing on three distinct types of space—the city, the park, and the room. A spatially constructed narrative shows the separation of spheres to be inscribed onto space as a way in which to reinforce this distinction as well as the failure of the traditional notions of public/private to account for individual experiences of various kinds of space. Writing from a cultural, historical juncture in which the doctrine of separate spheres, and thus space, is increasingly challenged, Woolf problematizes the spatial constructions based on nation, gender, and class and envisions a different mapping of space that in turn requires a reconsideration of what constitutes public and private. The first chapter deals with the city streets and the discourses of nation, class, and gender which mark the city as public space. Often referred to as Woolf’s “city-novel,” Mrs. Dalloway features a range of urban scenes which, on the one hand, portray collective experiences that unify the crowd, and on the other hand, illustrate the exclusions at the price of which such togetherness is achieved. Under the bright June surface of prosperous, victorious London are characters, such as Septimus Smith, Doris Kilman, and Clarissa Dalloway, whose city experiences expose the discrimination and oppression permeating that very city. Woolf criticizes the homogenizing process through which London is made a public space. The second chapter revolves around the park, a public space distinct from the streets in its affinity to private space. The rise of the urban park coincides with increasing emphasis on issues hitherto deemed exclusively private, such as the family and health, as well as social problems of homelessness and vagrancy that again call attention to the home through its implied lack. The park’s public and private qualities make it symbolic of the changing relationship between public and private spheres. The old beggar and female vagrant provoke and perturb assumptions about the public/private separation through their disturbing visibility. Woolf captures the shifts between public and private by portraying the ways in which certain actions and people are seen, interpreted, and regulated in concordance with dominant park discourse. The third chapter enters the many rooms that compose the private space of the home. Crisscrossing between the Bourton country house of the 1890s and the Dalloway house of the 1920s, Woolf explores the division of rooms based on gender and class, most patently through the drawing room and attic room. The category of private space, and the privacy that it should guarantee, is strongly questioned through the presentation of various instances of the loss of privacy, guarded and violated on spatial terms. Woolf has her characters struggle to secure private space and privacy by means of transgression and re-arranging in and between rooms throughout the day of the novel. The political implications of privacy, realized in the climactic moment of Clarissa’s sympathy for Septimus’s tragedy during her party, not only complement the critical examination of the public achieved in the outdoors of Mrs. Dalloway, but also complete Woolf’s argument for a radical re-thinking of the relationship between public and private as well as society and the individual. Criticizing the organization of space that leaves no room for “a room of one’s own,” in its place she succeeds in drawing a more accommodating narrative map.

複數原因에 의한 環境侵害의 私法的 求濟에 관한 硏究

김민수 창원대학교 2016 국내박사

A Study on Relief by Private Law to Environmental Infringement of Multiple Causes By Kim, Min?Soo Major of Private Law, Department of Law, Graduate School, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea (Supervised by Prof. Chang, Min, Ph.D.) With today’s environmental contamination and the increasing extent and severity of its damage, people’s concerns’ over environmental problems are higher than ever. Now, environmental problems are not limited to specific individuals or countries, but are emerging as global issues. Accordingly, how to cope with environmental problems is becoming one of the most crucial national and social tasks, and in particular, environmental infringement is not only problematic in the domain of life disturbance but is also continuously expanding to new domains. Environmental infringements such as air pollution, water and soil contamination, and waste are not temporary problems, but are directly linked to the survival of - 282 - mankind. According to Article 35 of the Korean Constitution, the environmental right is construed not only as people’s right but also as their obligation. Environmental infringement appears in the form of damage to natural environment and also as indirect infringements to people’s bodies and properties through the destruction of natural environment. In general, damage caused by environmental infringement is not direct infringement to people but a loss happening indirectly through damage to environmental goods (water, soil, air, etc.). Because infringement of environment itself does not violate individuals’ rights, it does not raise judicial liability for tort in principle. If individuals’ law?protected interests such as life or property are damaged as a result of environmental infringement, however, the offender should assume judicial liability for tort. In case a loss has taken place as well, there is a limitation in applying general legal principles on liability for tort, which assumes direct infringement, because environmental infringement is an indirect infringement. In this situation, it is believed quite meaningful to study the legal principle of liability for tort separately with considering the peculiarity of environmental infringement. Moreover, if environmental infringement is on natural environment itself, it is not ascribed to a specific person’s practical direct infringement, and in this sense, it is possible to regulate polluting businesses or to take an equivalent measure such as the imposition of environmental charge as a public?law and administrative measure. When environmental infringement inflicts a loss on individuals’ lives or properties, however, it is inevitable to seek right remedy through relief by private law. In such a case as well, agreement mediation or arbitration may be done by an administrative agency for the damaged individual, but because of its - 283 - incompleteness, the victim has to seek right remedy through a judicial measure such as claim for damage through a civil litigation, and it is common to rely on such a means of relief by private law. A civil litigation as a means of relief by private law also practically involves various difficulties and problems related to the performance of litigation due to the peculiarity of environmental infringement. That is, because of the peculiarity of environmental infringement, the victim may be in a very disadvantageous position with regard to general requirements of litigation such as malice, negligence, the occurrence of a loss, and the causal relationship between the violence and the loss. Often in an environmental litigation, for example, the offender has expert knowledge, science and technology, and advanced relevant information while the victim is in an inferior position due to the asymmetry of information and lack of scientific and technological knowledge, and therefore, unable to prove the causal relationship between the factor or substance of environmental infringement and the damage. In order to solve such problems, new relevant meaningful theories are emerging in the academic area, and the court also, recognizing such a gap in position between the involved parties, tends to seek the victims’ right remedy by easing their burden of proof. In the dimension of legislative policies, what is more, the Framework Act on Environmental Policy imposes absolute liability on the offender if specific requirements are satisfied, and individual laws such as Nuclear Liability Act have provisions acknowledging absolute liability. These days, environmental infringement may have just a single cause, but it is more common in the contemporary society that it involves multiple causes. In case of environmental infringement with multiple causes, the size of damage is - 284 - huge but it is not easy to prove the causal relationship between the infringement and damage. For this reason, it is particularly problematic how to impose liability for tort on the providers of the multiple causes. In an environmental infringement of multiple causes, the victim may have to claim damage for the loss against each cause according to causality, but it is not easy at all for the victim to assess the causality of each cause for the occurrence of the loss. Reflecting this problem, Clause 2 of Article 31 of the Framework Act on Environmental Policy provides, “If there are two or more workplaces involved and it is unknown by which workplace the damage in Clause 1 has happened, all the involved workplaces should be jointly liable for the damage.” This protection of the victim through mitigating the victim’s burden of proof is consistent with Article 760 of the Korean Civil Code and its purposes. On the other hand, if an environmental infringement competes with a natural disaster, namely, when a natural disaster has worked as a co-cause with the environmental infringement but it is difficult to prove that the loss might have occurred by just one of them, it may be very hard to prove a causal relationship required for admitting liability for tort. Going further, if the loss has been expanded because an environmental infringement worked as a co-cause with a natural disaster, it is obvious that the offender cannot avoid liability for tort, but questions should be discussed such as whether the damage may be reduced in consideration of the part related to the natural disaster, and if it is, how the reduction ratio should be set. When an environmental infringement competes with a natural force, moreover, the victim cannot exercise the right of indemnity as with ordinary joint tort, and this also requires a separate discussion. These days, a number of special acts have been - 285 - enacted for environmental infringement, but individual special acts have a limitation in solving all the problems arising from environmental infringement. Thus, as an effort to seek relief by private law to environmental infringement of multiple causes, it is quite meaningful to study theories on the legal constitution of environmental infringement systematically based on torts and liability of joint torts related to environmental infringement under the Korean Civil Code and related theories and precedent cases until now. There have been only a few previous studies on relief by private law to environmental infringement of multiple causes, and it seems that no systematic in?depth research or doctoral dissertation has been reported. With regard to relief by private law to environmental infringement of multiple causes, moreover, there is the question of how to systematize theories related to the remedy procedure. Thus, this study, as an approach to the liability of joint tort under the Korean Civil Code related to environmental infringement as relief by private law to environmental infringement of multiple causes, purposed to make in?depth and integrated research on how to construct the legal principles and how to systematize the remedy procedure along with the construction. With today’s industrial development and the advance of scientific civilization, environmental contamination and pollution have emerged as serious social problems, and remedy has been made through judicial claims for damage. Due to the limitation of pubic laws in solving environmental problems, such problems have to be resolved through claims by private law for damage. With regard to environmental contamination problems and remedies connoting the peculiarity of environmental infringement, we have to face limitations in resolving cases of environmental infringement if we try to solve only based on the legal principle of - 286 - liability for tort in Article 750 of the Korean Civil Code. What is more, because of the peculiar nature of environmental infringement through environmental contamination, it is also a very important issue to constitute legal principles to respond to environmental infringement. Within its scope and purposes, accordingly, this study attempted to constitute liability of joint tort under the Korean Civil Code as relief by private law based on the legal constitution for environmental infringement of multiple causes, and discussed the requirements and effects of the liability. Moreover, this study analyzed problems in the legal constitution of liability of joint tort, and based on the results, analyzed and examined the remedy procedure, dividing it into ex ante remedy and ex post remedy. The structure of this paper is as follows. First, Chapter I ‘Introduction’ analyzed the trends of previous studies and presented the purposes, scope, and methods of research. Chapter II ‘Legal Constitution of Environmental Infringement’ analyzed and examined foreign legislative cases on the protection of environmental rights and infringement of environmental private interests, and reviewed and systematized existing theories on environmental infringement of multiple causes. Chapter III ‘Judicial Liability for Damage by Environmental Infringement’ made multi-sided analysis and examination on liability for tort in relation to environmental infringement of multiple causes, and systematized the legal constitution of judicial remedy according to the provision of joint tort in Article 760 of the Korean Civil Code for environmental infringement of multiple causes in consideration of the reality that environmental infringement has more often multiple causes than a single cause. Chapter IV ‘Ex Ante and Ex Post Remedies of Environmental Infringement,’ taking note of the peculiarity and problems of relief by private law to environmental infringement, analyzed and examined provisional disposition and - 287 - injunction action as ex ante remedies, and also analyzed ex post remedies including civil action as an environmental litigation, environmental litigation as a class action and a citizen's suit, and litigation relief. Chapter V ‘Conclusions’ summarized the discussion on relief by private law to environmental infringement of multiple causes, suggested strategies for improvement, and forecasted future development. As to research methods, this study was performed basically through literature review of previous studies by collecting and analyzing books, research papers, dissertations, and precedent cases. In particular, foreign materials were collected and used in order to grasp research trends in overseas. In Chapter II ‘Legal Constitution of Environmental Infringement,’ legislative cases on environmental infringement and previous studies on the construction of legal principles were analyzed and systematized. In Chapter III, cases of disputes were collected through the analysis of precedent cases in order to identify the types of environmental infringement of multiple causes. Thus, this study was conducted through integrated literature review and analysis. [Key Words] Environmental Infringement of Multiple Causes, Relief by Private Law, Article 35 of the Korean Constitution, Article 760 of the Korean Civil Code, liability of joint tort, the remedy procedure, ex ante remedies, provisional disposition, injunction action, ex post remedies, civil action as an environmental litigation, litigation relief, etc.

사립 유아교육기관 기혼 여교사의 어려움과 요구에 관한 연구

엄은주 중앙대학교 교육대학원 2020 국내석사

This qualitative study analyzes in-depth interview on difficulty & request ex- perienced by married female teachers in private preschool educational in- stitution during the process of marriage, pregnancy & delivery. This study intends to understand difficulty of married female teachers in private preschool educational institution and to clarify relevant suggestion point by specifically ex- ploring what difficulty the married female teachers in private preschool educational institution experienced and what support they request during the process of marriage, pregnancy & delivery. The study issue established for this purpose of study is as follows. study issue1. What difficulty do married female teachers in private preschool educational institution experience? study issue2. What support do married female teachers in private preschool educational institution request? Materials were collected from December 2, 2019 to May 8, 2020. The participants of study are 10 female teachers experiencing marriage, pregnancy & delivery while serving in private preschool educational institution. They accepted to respond in individual in-depth interview and phone interview to investigate difficulty experienced by married female teachers in private preschool educational institution and request for support to improve the difficulty. Interview was led by participants of study mainly on exploring difficulty & request experi- enced by married female teacher in private preschool educational institution during the process of marriage, pregnancy & delivery. The collected materials were encoded & categorized for analysis by using repetitious comparative analysis method. The conclusion drawn through this study is as follows. First, investigating difficulty experienced by married female teachers in private preschool educational institution, it is subdivided into difficulty in workplace, difficulty at home and difficulty of self-realization. To begin with, difficulty in workplace is exhibited as ‘difficulty from service environment, lack of under- standing by colleagues, inconsistency of reality & system’ and difficulty at home is exhibited as ‘our own ethics of teaching profession which are incomprehensible even to family, divergence between mother & teacher’. Finally, difficulty of self-realization is exhibited as ‘My unattainable dream’ and ‘I who are diminishing gradually’. Second, investigating support requested by married female teachers in private preschool educational institution, it is subdivided into request to institution and request to government. Request to institution is exhibited as ‘request for prohibiting discrimination against married female teacher, request for regular service time, request for substitute manpower, request for maternity leave & guarantee of parental leave’. Request to government is exhibited as ‘request for child-rearing policy for married female teachers in private preschool educational in- stitution, legal request to institution which breaches maternity leave & parental leave, request for guarantee of reinstatement depending on acknowledgment of career.’ This study specifically shows difficulty experienced by married female teach- ers in private preschool educational institution and their expectation for im- provement of difficulty. I expect that such result of study helps private pre- school educational institution better understand difficulty experienced by married female teachers on account of marriage, pregnancy & delivery and it can be utilized as basic materials for establishing national & social politic support pro- gram & searching solutions in order to improve difficulty 본 연구는 사립 유아교육기관의 기혼 여교사가 결혼과 임신 및 출산을 경험하는 과정에서 겪는 어려움과 요구에 대한 심층면담을 분석한 질적연구이다. 사립유아교육기관에서 기혼 여교사가 결혼, 임신 및 출산을 경험하며 어떠한 어려움을 겪는지, 필요로 하는 요구는 무엇인지 구체적으로 탐색함으로써 사립 유아교육기관 기혼 여교사가 겪는 어려움을 이해하고 이에 대한 시사점을 밝히고자 하였다. 이러한 연구 목적을 위해 설정한 연구 문제는 다음과 같다. 연구문제1. 사립 유아교육기관 기혼 여교사들이 느끼는 어려움은 무엇인가? 연구문제2. 사립 유아교육기관 기혼 여교사들이 필요로 하는 요구는 무엇인가? 자료 수집은 2019년 12월 2일부터 2020년 5월 8일까지 이루어졌으며, 연구 참여자는 사립 유아교육기관에서 근무하며 결혼과 임신 및 출산을 경험한 여교사 10명이다. 참여자들은 사립 유아교육기관 기혼 여교사가 겪는 어려움과 그 어려움을 개선하기 위한 지원 요구를 알아보기 위해 개별적인 심층면담과 전화 인터뷰에 응하였다. 면담은 연구 참여자가 사립 유아교육기관 기혼 여교사가 결혼, 임신 및 출산을 경험하며 겪는 어려움과 필요 요구에 대한 탐색을 주 내용으로 진행하였다. 수집한 자료들은 반복적 비교분석법을 이용하여 부호화 및 범주화하여 분석하였고 본 연구를 통해 도출된 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 사립 유아교육기관 기혼 여교사가 느끼는 어려움을 살펴본 결과, 직장에서의 어려움, 가정에서의 어려움, 자아실현의 어려움으로 구분되었다. 먼저 직장에서의 어려움에는 ‘근무환경에서 오는 어려움, 동료들의 이해 부족, 현실과 제도의 괴리’로 나타났고, 가정에서의 어려움에서는 ‘가족도 이해 못 하는 우리만의 교직윤리, 엄마와 교사 사이에서의 갈림길’로 나타났다. 마지막으로 자아실현의 어려움에서는 ‘꿈꾸지 못하는 나의 꿈’과 ‘점점 작아지는 나’로 나타났다. 둘째, 사립 유아교육기관 기혼 여교사들이 필요로 하는 요구를 살펴본 결과, 기관에 대한 요구와 정부에 대한 요구로 구분되었다. 기관에 대한 요구로는 ‘기혼 여교사 차별 금지에 대한 요구, 규칙적인 근무시간에 대한 요구, 대체인력에 대한 요구, 출산휴가와 육아휴직 보장에 대한 요구’를 원하는 것으로 나타났다. 정부에 대한 요구로는 ‘사립 유아교육기관 기혼 여교사를 위한 육아정책 요구, 출산휴가와 육아휴직 미 이행 기관에 대한 법적 요구, 경력 인정에 따른 복직 보장 요구’를 바라는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 사립 유아교육기관 기혼 여교사가 느끼는 어려움과, 어려움을 개선하기 위한 그들의 기대에 대해 구체적으로 보여주었다. 이러한 연구 결과는 사립 유아교육기관에서 기혼 여교사들이 결혼, 임신 및 출산으로 인해 경험하는 어려움을 보다 심층적으로 이해하는데 도움을 주고, 어려움을 개선하기 위한 국가적ㆍ사회적으로 정책적 지원 방안을 수립하고 해결방안 모색을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.