(A) systematic approach to design for lifelong aircraft evolution

임동욱 UMI Dissertation Services 2009 국내박사

Physiological and Genetic Improvement of Solventogenic Clostridia for Biobutanol Production : 바이오부탄올 생산을 위한Solventogenic Clostridia의 생리학적 및 유전적 개선

벤추라제이알 Graduate School, Myongji University 2013 국내박사

The need to find a suitable alternative and renewable fuel source is in a big quest nowadays. As a superior biofuel compared to ethanol, butanol is thought to be a better alternative because it has higher energy, it is less volatile, less corrosive, and less hydroscopic, it can be used at higher blend, and it can be transported through existing fuel pipelines. Aside from the butanol that can be obtained from acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation, hydrogen gas, acetone, and ethanol are also valuable by-products. The ABE fermentation can also be an alternative way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as it replaces the synthetic fuel production. So far, the limitations due to solvent toxicity and low production titer are the biggest problems of this technology. However, if one can find cheap feedstock, this technology can become more feasible. Other solutions such as process modifications, metabolic alterations or strain improvement were also given attention to delimit the low titer problem and low solvent tolerance. To address some of the limitations of biobutanol production, this study evaluated the used of cheap substrate fermentation (Chapter 3), two-stage fermentation (Chapter 4), novel biochemical synthesis (Chapter 5), and strain improvement (Chapter 6). In Chapter 3, four species of brown algae (Undaria pinnatifida, Laminaria japonica, Ecklonia stolonifera, Hizikia fusiforme, and Sargassum fulvellum) and two species of red algae (Porphyra tenera and Gelidium amansii) were investigated for the production of butanol by Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4. Dilute acid hydrolysis was carried out to hydrolyze the macroalgae. And overliming and activated carbon were also investigated for the post treatment of the chemically treated macroalgae hydrolysate. In Chapter 4, two-stage fermentation was performed using the butyrate broth of the Clostridium tyrobutyricum fermentation from L. japonica. The butyrate broth was then utilized for the butanol fermentation of C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4. In this fermentation, it was found that the added butyrate obtained from fermentation broth were equal to the synthetic butyrate addition in terms of butanol concentration, yield, and productivity. In Chapter 5, a butanol synthesis was investigated from the conversion of butyric acid using a bioelectrochemically reduced enzymes from the crude cell extracts of C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4. The study was based from the regeneration of the exhausted NAD(P)+ to NAD(P)H using a membrane separated graphite cathode and Pt-anode supplied with an overpotential of 1.5V. The electrochemical reduction was successfully achieved using neutral red as electron mediator. Lastly, in Chapter 6, an overexpression of both the 6-phosphofructokinase (pfkA) and pyruvate kinase (pykA) genes were created to enhance the butanol production of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. In this study, a marked increase of butanol production were observed in both batch and fed-batch fermentation, respectively. The improved butanol formation was attributed to the enhanced NADH and ATP concentrations and increased butanol tolerance of the double-overexpressed strain. The pfkA and pykA were observed to be the one responsible for the high NADH and ATP production of the cell that leads to the higher butanol yield and tolerance of C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824/pfkA+pykA. 현재, 세계적으로 적절한 대안 신재생 연료 자원을 찾아야 할 필요가 있다. 부탄올은 에너지가 높고, 휘발성, 부식성 및 흡습성이 낮을 뿐만 아니라, 기존의 연료 파이프 라인을 통해 수송 될 수 있어 에탄올과 비교하였을 시 우수한 바이오연료로서 더 나은 대안으로 사료된다. 부탄올 이외에 아세톤-부탄올-에탄올(acetone-butanol-ethanol, ABE) 발효로부터 얻을 수 있는 수소, 아세톤 및 에탄올 또한 가치 있는 부산물이다. 그러므로 ABE 발효를 통하여 생산한 바이오부탄올은 온실가스 배출을 줄일 수 있는 대안 방법이 될 수 있다. 현재까지 이 기술의 가장 큰 문제점은 용매의 독성과 낮은 생산 수율이었다. 그 해결책으로 값 싼 원료를 찾는다면 이 기술은 실현 가능성이 더 높아질 것이다. 또 다른 해결책으로 공정 수정, metabolic 개선 또는 기질 향상과 같은 연구는 수율이 낮다는 점과 용매 내성이 낮다는 점을 향상시키기 위하여 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 바이오 부탄올 생산의 한계를 해결하기 위해, 저렴한 기질 발효의 사용(제 3장), 두 단계 발효 (제 4장), 새로운 생화학적 합성(제 5장) 및 기질 개선(제 6장)에 대하여 평가하였다. 제 3장에서는 Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4에 의한 바이오부탄올 생산을 위하여 네 종류의 갈조류(Undaria pinnatifida, Laminaria japonica, Ecklonia stolonifera, Hizikia fusiforme, Sargassum fulvellum) 및 두 종류의 홍조류(Porphyra tenera, Gelidium amansii)를 이용하였다. 희석한 산 가수분해는 해조류를 가수분해하기 위하여 수행하였다. 또한 overliming과 활성탄은 해조류를 화학적으로 가수분해하기 위한 전처리에 사용하였다. 제 4장에서는 2단계의 발효는 L.japonica 기질을 Clostridium tyrobutyricum의 butyrate broth로 이용하였다. 또한 butyrate broth는 C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4의 부탄올 발효에 사용되었다. 발효 단계에서는 발효액으로부터 얻은 butyrate은 부탄올의 농도, 수율, 생산성 측면에서 합성 butyrate와 동일하였다. 제 5장에서는 부탄올 합성은 C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4의 원유 세포 추출물에서 생물•전기화학적으로 감소된 효소를 이용함으로써 butyric acid의 전환에 대하여 연구하였다. 1.5 V의 과전류와 함께 흑연 음극과 백금 양극을 가진 membrane을 이용하여NAD(P)+를 NAD(P)H로 재생시켰다. 전자전달 매개체로서 neutral red는 성공적으로 생물•전기화학적 감소를 이루어졌다. 마지막으로 제 6장에서는 6-phosphofructokinase (pfkA)와 pyruvate kinase (pykA) 유전자 모두 과발현으로 Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824의 부탄올 생산을 향상시키기 위해 연구하였다. 본 연구에서는 batch 형식 발효와 fed-batch 형식 발효에서 모두 부탄올 생산이 급격히 증가하는 것을 관찰되었다. 개선된 부탄올의 형성은 증가된 NADH와 ATP의 농도가 두 배 정도 과발현되어 strain이 증가된 부탄올 내성에 기인하였다. pfkA 및 pykA는 C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824/pfkA + pykA의 높은 부탄올 수율 및 내성에 이르게 하여 cell의 높은 NADH와 세포의 ATP 생산에 원인이 되는 것으로 보였다.

A Study of Entrepreneurship Network Development

Rosenblatt, Meryl ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Pace University 2020 해외박사(DDOD)

There is broad consensus among entrepreneurship scholars of the need to develop a more complete and integrated understanding of network development and change processes. This paper presents a study of entrepreneurship network development that quantifies network capital and network structure as the firm grows. The focus is on the transformation of entrepreneurship networks and how they develop over time. This research addresses an important gap in the entrepreneurship literature, where network relationships and network structure are simultaneously explored, and the dependent variable is the network itself. By drawing on the proposed arguments of Larson and Starr (1993) and Hite and Hesterly (2001), this study proposes integrating these two theoretical models to gain a more cohesive perspective of the evolution of the entrepreneur’s social network. This would provide scholars the ability to evaluate the various and often conflicting theoretical arguments, through micro- and macro-level lens, assessing changes in network ties and patterns of network structure. This research also tests for the moderating effects of industry environment, using a five-item scale to measure environmental dynamism. Findings from this research provide limited support for the propositions presented in the earlier literature, where the focus is on off-line networks. This research provides evidence that the rapid growth of online social network platforms and the interplay between offline and online networks have resulted in changing paradigms that require consideration of new theory that reflects the current business environment, where online networks have assumed a much greater role and the entrepreneur is less dependent on the resources and relationships provided by their offline networks.

진단방법발명의 특허성에 관한 연구

배지현 연세대학교 공학대학원 2009 국내석사

The medical technologies have been evolving in association with other disciplines such as electronics, optics and mechanics. However, despite the amended patent deliberation criteria for the diagnosis method inventions, the patents of such medical technologies are being limited due to the defects involving their availability of industrial uses. The purpose of this study was to review the legal criteria for patent of such medical inventions in terms of legal provisions and practical deliberations in comparison with the cases of such advanced nations as the United States, Japan and European nations.In particular, this study reviewed the cases, procedures and results of the judical cases regarding the patent litigations in consideration of the characteristics of the medical diagnosis and examined the background of the deliberation criteria and their contents and explored the solutions to the problems.All in all in, it is deemed necessary to set the criteria for judgement of the patent rights about the diagnostic inventions, and thereby, reform the deliberation criteria for the diagnostic inventions in terms of amendment of the criteria, rearrangement of the relevant laws and regulations, and establishment of new provisions solving the contradictions with other laws. 의료분야의 기술은 생명공학기술 발달과 더불어 전자, 광학, 기계 등의 다른 분야의 기술과 접목되어 발전을 거듭하고 있다. 하지만, 우리나라는 진단방법발명에 관한 최근 특허 심사기준의 개정에도 불구하고, 이러한 의료분야 기술에 관해서 산업상이용가능성 흠결을 이유로 여전히 제한적으로 특허를 허여해주고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 의료방법발명에 대한 우리나라의 특허성 판단 기준을 법조문 및 심사실무와 함께 살펴보고, 이와 관련하여 미국, 일본, 유럽의 관련 특허제도 및 심·판결례를 살펴본다. 특히 최근 이슈화되고 있는 진단방법 발명의 특수성을 고려하여, 이와 관련한 우리나라를 비롯한 각국 특허법상의 취급 및 심사실무와 심·판결례를 함께 살펴보고, 우리나라의 최근 개정된 진단방법 관련 심사기준의 배경과 주요내용을 분석하고 개선점은 무엇인지 살펴본다.우리나라 및 주요국의 진단방법발명에 관한 특허성 판단 기준 및 심?판결례를 기초로, 진단방법발명에 관한 적절한 보호방안으로 심사기준의 추가 개정, 법조문의 재정비, 타법과의 저촉문제를 해결하기 위해 규정 신설이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

Thermally Activated Defect Processes in Metallic Materials: From Rate Theory to Mechanical Properties

Wang, Yifan ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Stanford Universit 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

Understanding the mechanical strength of metals and alloys under different temperatures is essential in materials design for modern technology applications. Predicting temperature-dependent mechanical properties requires detailed knowledge of the elementary thermally activated defect processes governing plasticity. These microstructural mechanisms contribute to the plastic flow stress through (a) the 'intrinsic energy barrier' due to unfavorable atomic structures; (b) the long-range elastic interactions between these defects and other obstacles. Both aspects provide crucial inputs to mesoscale modeling methods for plasticity, such as dislocation dynamics (DD). This thesis includes three major projects. The first two focus mainly on (a), in which we combine atomistic simulation with statistical mechanical analysis to develop predictive kinetic theories of defect dynamics under stress. The third project focuses on (b), in which we develop a fast elasticity solver for solving long-range dislocation-void interactions.The first part of the thesis discusses the cross slip of screw dislocations in fcc metals, an essential mechanism for the temperature-dependent stage-III strain hardening. Cross slip of screw dislocations in crystalline solids is a stress-driven thermally activated process essential to many phenomena during plastic deformation, including dislocation pattern formation, strain hardening, and dynamic recovery. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation has played an important role in determining the microscopic mechanisms of cross slip, but due to its limited timescale, predicting cross slip rate from MD is only possible at high-stress or high-temperature conditions. The transition state theory (TST) can predict the cross-slip rate over a wide range of stress and temperature conditions, but its predictions have been found to be several orders of magnitude too low in comparison to MD results. This discrepancy can be expressed by a large activation entropy whose physical origin remains unclear. Here we resolve this discrepancy by showing that the large activation entropy results from anharmonic effects, including thermal softening, thermal expansion, and soft vibrational modes of the dislocation. We expect these anharmonic effects to be significant when determining the rate of a wide range of stress-driven thermally activated processes in solids.The second part investigates how shear-transformation (ST) events respond to applied stress and thermal activation in CuZr metallic glasses. Understanding how shear transformation (ST) events respond to applied stress and thermal activation remains challenging for glassy materials due to their amorphous structure. Using MD simulation of early-stage deformation of CuZr metallic glasses, we find an anomalous temperature dependence of the elastic limit. We present the energy-strain landscape (ESL) based on high-throughput NEB calculations to probe the strain dependence on activation energies of multiple competitive ST events. A quantitative description is obtained from ESL analyses for the ST dynamics in metallic glasses, which reveals that the reversibility of ST events governs the elastic limit. We discover a strain-independent quantity eigen barrier that characterizes the reversibility of ST events and thus predicts the elastic limit of metallic glasses. We believe that the ESL picture brings a new perspective to understanding ST events' dynamics in glassy materials under external loading.

라이프스타일 공학으로서의 고령친화 주거환경 계획연구

곽윤정 연세대학교 대학원 2009 국내석사

인구의 고령화 및 삶의 질에 대한 관심이 높아지는 현재, 한국의 경우 세계적으로 유래 없는 속도로 고령화가 진행되고 있음에도 불구하고 고령인구의 다양한 삶의 가치와 문화를 배려하는 주거환경 계획에 대한 연구가 미미하다. 노인은 오랜 기간 동안 서로 다른 개인적, 문화적, 사회적 변화를 경험한 집단이며, 평균수명의 연장으로 노년기는 어느 집단보다 더욱 다양한 연령층을 포함하기 때문에 사고방식, 심신의 건강상태 및 생활행태 등의 여러 가지 측면에서 다른 모습을 나타내는 거대한 소비자집단으로 부상되고 있다. 다원화 사회에서 삶의 정체성과 가치에 대한 요구를 더욱 드러낼 주요 층인 노인은 유비쿼터스 기술과 문화의 최대 수혜자이다. 즉 유비쿼터스 기술은 노인이 궁극적으로 지향하는 삶의 질 즉, 신체적으로 건강하고, 경제적으로 안정적이며, 사회적으로 활동적인 삶을 지속시키는데 적지 않게 기여 할 것이다. 이미 정보화 사회에서 주거환경의 모습은 다양한 개인의 라이프스타일에 대응하기 위한 변화를 보여주고 있다. 그러므로 고령사회와 유비쿼터스 문화를 함께 대비하기 위해, 고령자가 각자의 개성을 추구하며 고유의 라이프스타일을 갖는 다양한 집단의 집합이라는 관점에서 접근하는 것은 수요자 중심의 주거환경을 계획하기 위해 필수적인 과정이라고 할 수 있다. 즉 거주자의 삶을 이루고 있는 생활행위의 총체적 개념인 라이프스타일을 지원하고 그것을 물리적인 실체로 창조하는 이른바「라이프스타일 공학」이라는 관점에서 주택계획과 개발이 접근되어야 한다는 것이다.「라이프스타일 공학」은 정보화 사회에서 주거개념의 패러다임 변화로 인해 정립된 것으로서, 인간의 삶을 지원하는 새로운 물리적 환경체제와 네트워크 체제를 기반으로 이루어지는 주거를 의미한다. 즉, 인간 생활측면의 소프트웨어로서 라이프스타일과 물리적 측면의 하드웨어로서 기술공학이 만나는 융합 과학적 의미를 지닌 것으로 정의될 수 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 고령친화 주거환경 계획을 위해 예비노인층의 라이프스타일 유형 별 차별화된 주거환경 계획 특성을 파악하는 것이다. 본 연구의 연구방법은 문헌조사, 사례조사, 설문조사로 이루어졌다. 문헌조사와 사례조사를 통해 고령자의 라이프컨텐츠를 체계적으로 분류하여 라이프스타일을 유형화하기 위한 기반을 마련하였고, 라이프스타일 측정도구를 개발하여 설문도구를 작성하였다. 특히 조사대상자인 예비노인층이 이해하기 쉽고, 흥미를 유발할 수 있도록 게임방법을 도입하여, 예비노인층 거주자의 라이프스타일 유형에 따른 일상생활 행위에 대한 주거환경 지원 요구를 실증적으로 조사하였다. 본 연구의 결과분석 내용을 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 디지털 정보사회로의 변화에 따른 예비노인층의 일상생활 의식과 행동양상을 살펴보면 주거환경 지원성 중 중요하게 생각하는 특성으로 심리적 안정성이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 건강성, 쾌적성의 순으로 나타났다. 일상생활에서 중요하게 생각하는 행위에 대해 건강관리가 가장 높게 나타났으며 경제행위, 휴식의 순으로 나타났다. 이는 노년기로 들어서면서 신체적 및 정신적 건강이 주요 관심이 되며 따라서 주거환경이 이를 지원해야 함을 시사한다. 일상생활에서 중요하게 생각하는 주거공간에 대해 거실이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 이는 거실이 예비노인층의 다양한 생활행위가 이뤄지는 주요 장소로서 인식되고 있음을 알 수 있다.둘째, 예비노인층의 라이프스타일 유형에 따른 주거환경 계획에 대한 요구 특성은 다음과 같다. ‘자아존중 ? 관리형’은 자아존중 욕구가 가장 높은 유형으로 쾌적성을 중시하는 집단이다. 자아존중과 감성만족 행위에 대해 개인/가족공간에서 아날로그적인 충족을 원하지만 품위유지를 위한 관리는 디지털적 서비스로 충족되기를 원한다. ‘원격교류? 성취지향형’은 자아실현에 대한 욕구가 가장 높으며, 건강성을 중시하는 집단으로서 개인 표현 및 감성 만족을 충족시키기 위한 행위를 개인/가족공간에서 아날로그적 서비스를 통해 성취하고자 하며, 사회적 관계와 관련된 정보교류 등 주요 행위에 대해서는 단지/지역주민공유공간에서 디지털 서비스를 통해 지원받고자 한다. ‘적극적 건강 ? 교류추구형’은 사회적 욕구가 가장 높게 요구되는 유형으로서 물리적 안전성 및 편의성을 중시하는 집단이다. 사회적 욕구 중 교류행위에 대해서는 공유공간에서의 아날로그적 지원을 선호하고 있지만, 한편 교육 및 신뢰를 기반으로 하는 정보관리 행위에 대해서는 개인/가족공간에서 디지털 서비스에 의해 해결하기를 원하는 집단이다. ‘편의적 가사 ? 위생관리형’은 생리적 욕구와 안전의 욕구가 강하게 요구되는 유형으로서 이들은 심리적 안전성, 건강성, 쾌적성을 중시하는 집단이다. 생리적 욕구에 해당하는 위생 행위가 감성만족을 추구하기 위한 취미행위와 관련하여 나타나는 것이 특징이며 이러한 위생행위는 주택 내 개인/가족공간에서 아날로그적으로 추구하고 있다. 한편 가사관리 행위에 대해서는 주택 내 가족공간에서 디지털 서비스에 의해 지원받기를 원한다. 본 연구는「라이프스타일 공학」이라는 관점에서 새로운 소비층인 예비노인층을 대상으로 연구하고자 한 첫 번째 시도로서, 그 고유성을 지닌다는 것과 노인을 다양하고 세분화된 집단의 그룹으로 인식하여 이들 예비노년층이 하나의 다양한 소비자 군이라는 관점에서 접근한 것에 의의가 있다. 향후 고령자를 배려하는 고령친화 주거환경을 계획하는 데 기초적 자료가 될 것이다. Now concern about aging and the quality of life is increasing. In Korea's case, aging is on going at unparalleled speed in history, but the study for residential environment planning which is for values and cultures of life is insignificant. The elderly is a group experiencing different types of individual, cultural, and social changes. Also, owing to lengthened life span, the senescence includes a variety of age groups. Therefore the elderly group is emerging as a enormous consumer group in terms of a way of thinking, overall health, and life style. The elderly is the greatest beneficiary of ubiquitous technology and culture. That is, ubiquitous technology will make the most outstanding contributions in the ultimate end of life; healthy, financially stable, socially active. The residential environment in the information-oriented society already shows the changes for coping with diverse personal life style. Therefore, to make preparation for both aging society and ubiquitous culture, approach to point of view that the elderly group is a set of various collectives pursuing their own personality and life style is an essential process for planning the user-oriented residential environment. 「Life-style Engineering」is stood by changes of paradigm about residential concept in the information-oriented society. That is, it means the residence that is based on new physical environmental system and network system supporting the living. The purpose of this study is to grasp the characteristics of differential residential environmental planning classified by life style types for planning Aging-Friendly housing. The research methods of this study was composed of literature reviews, case studies, and survey. I systemically classified the elders' life contents through literature reviews and case studies to type life-style, and I made out the survey instrument after developing the life-style measurement tool. I introduced a game tool to understand easily and stimulate interest for the preparatory-elderly, and I positively researched the needs of residential environmental supports for daily activities according to life-style types of the preparatory-elderly. The result was summarized as followed. First, examining the preparatory-elderly's daily life attitudes and behavior aspects according to change to digital-information society, psychological stability among residential environmental supportiveness was considered the most important, and then health supportiveness, pleasantness. Health care was considered as the most important behavior in daily life, and economic activities, rest in order of importance. It implies that residential environment should support the physical and mental health as getting into the old age. Living room was considered as the most important residential area in daily life. This means that the living room is recognized as main place for the preparatory-elderly's diverse living activities. Second, the needs' characteristics for residential environmental planning according to the preparatory-elderly's life-style were summarized as follows. 'Remote interchange ? accomplishment-oriented type' has very high desire for self-actualization. This group considers health supportiveness important, and they want to accomplish the behavior to fulfill the personal expression and emotional satisfaction through the analogue service in the individual/family place. Also they are supposed to be supported the social behavior such as information exchange related to social relationship through digital service in the community center. ‘Positive health ? interaction-oriented type', which requires the social needs the most, is a group that makes much account of physical safety and convenience. For interaction behavior, they prefer analogue supporting in the shared space, but for information control behavior based on the education and reliance, they prefer digital service in the individual/family place. 'Convenient housework ? health control type', which has strong physiological needs and safety needs, considers psychological stability, health supportiveness, pleasantness important. The characteristic of this type is that hygiene behavior relates with hobby activities for emotional satisfaction, and this hygiene behavior would be supported by analogue supporting at the individual/family space in the house. Also, housework control behavior would be supported by digital service at the family space in the house. The significance of this study is to have a characteristic as a first experiment studying the preparatory-elderly, new emerging consumer group, from the view point of 「Life-style Engineering」and to approach the preparatory-elderly from the view point of various consumer group after recognizing the elderly group as diverse and segmental group. This study would be expected to be a basic material for planning aging-friendly housing.

Integrated Sustainability Assessment and Design of Processes, Supply Chains, Ecosystems and Economy Using Life Cycle Modeling Methods

Ghosh, Tapajyoti ProQuest Dissertations & Theses The Ohio State Uni 2019 해외박사(DDOD)

Sustainable process design (SPD) has employed life cycle assessment (LCA) methods for determining the environmental impact while designing manufacturing technologies. However, deficiencies in LCA propagate to the design problem, resulting in suboptimal solutions. For example, despite the wide use of LCA for environmental profiling, the approach for determining the system boundary continues to be subjective and lacking in mathematical rigor. As a result, life cycle models are often developed in an ad-hoc manner, making it difficult to compare results across different studies. Significant environmental impacts may be inadvertently left out and ensuring inclusion of the most important activities in the selected system boundary is difficult to guarantee.Furthermore, conventional SPD has mostly ignored the supply and limits of ecological system services such as resource availability and pollution remediation among others. Not including flows to and from ecosystems in engineering has resulted in designs that exceed nature’s carrying capacity leading to unintended environmental degradation. Studies have already demonstrated that engineering designs incorporating ecosystems can be environmentally and economically superior to conventional techno-centric designs. However, spatial variability of ecosystems has not been considered in these studies.One more significant drawback of SPD is that it does not consider market components such as supply demand elasticities, changing taxes and prices which may have a significant effect on design decisions as well as on the environmental impacts. Conventional LCA directly compares a functional unit of a new technology with a base technology and determines which one is environmentally superior. It does not consider the introduction of this technology into society, its acceptance and the ripple effects that might occur due to such a technology in the real world. Such a problem can be thought of as being analogous to a chemical engineering design problem in a laboratory (attributional LCA) versus a full-sized industry (real world impacts).First, the thesis describes a simple application of LCA for determining the environmental benefit of carbon fiber composites over steel for producing vehicle components and point out the most important factors for multiplying their benefit. Next the thesis expands the application of LCA using a multiscale framework for multiobjective process optimization and engineering design of a bioethanol process. It develops a method for integrating byproduct flows between scales in the design framework. This thesis addresses the system boundary problem while designing processes by describing an algorithm for multiscale (hybrid) life cycle model generation and paves the way for a general mathematical procedure for combining data of different quality being used in a model at different resolutions and demonstrate the effect of parametric uncertainty on the final results. Next, the thesis provides an answer to the definition of sustainability by incorporating nature’s carrying capacity bounds on the engineering design of supply chains and processes. Using the novel Process-to-planet Techno ecological synergy framework, process design, supply chain design is performed in a multiscale approach while incorporating flows to and from ecosystems at different spatial scales. Ultimately, the thesis explores the conveniently ignored areas of economics, market effects, prices, elasticities of substitution and consequences by SPD. Consequently, a novel multiscale process design framework is developed that integrates economic equilibrium models with process design models to capture these unintended effects on process optimization and operation. Such an approach extends the bounds of engineering design to capture concealed phenomena such as Jevons paradox.

Study on human Fc engineering of anti-colorectal cancer antibody to enhance serum half-life in plant transient expression system

이대환 중앙대학교 대학원 2025 국내석사

가치공학 및 생애주기비용 분석기법을 이용한 해상교량의 주형형식 설계에 관한 연구

문인기 단국대학교 정책경영대학원 2010 국내석사

3면이 바다인 우리나라 지형 특성상 연도교 및 연육교의 건설이 증가되고 있다. 이러한 해상교량은 랜드마크인 중･장대교량이 대부분의 공사구간을 차지하고 있어 해상교량에 적용되는 주형형식을 최적화하는 노력이 매우 중요하다. 특히 해상교량의 주요 특성을 반영한 가치공학(Value Engineering, VE) 및 생애주기비용(Life Cycle Cost, LCC) 분석이 필수적이라 할 수 있다. 교량을 설계할 때에는 건설에 따른 초기비용 이외에도 교량의 유지관리비, 교량의 손상에 따른 보수･보강 및 교량의 해체･재건설과 같은 구조물의 경제적인 수명 전반에 걸친 생애주기비용 관점에서 경제성이 고려되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 해상교량에서 주로 사용이 가능한 PSC 및 강합성 주형을 선정하고, 각 대안별로 계획성, 내구성, 안정성, 유지관리성, 시공성, 경관성등 특성을 비교검토 하였다. 대상교량의 구성요소인 교량받침 및 신축이음장치, 교면포장등에 대하여 유지관리비를 비교 검토하였다. 해상에 건설되는 교량임을 감안하여 경제성, 시공성 및 경관과의 조화성이 우수할 뿐만 아니라, 주변지형과의 경관조화성과 접속교와 조화 및 기초규모의 최소화로 인한 친환경적 측면이 유리함을 확인할 수 있었다. 다른 검토안 대비 유지관리와 친환경적인 측면을 집중 개선한 가치향상으로 설계할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 연구결과를 토대로 생애주기비용을 고려한 효율적인 설계, 시공 및 유지관리 대안의 검토로 건설사업의 원가절감 및 품질향상을 도모할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. Recently, the ocean bridges have been increasingly constructed to develop the national transportation system. These structures are to be designed to connect the land and the island. Also that to constructs the wide place is many very and public corporation the expense is the litter. The specialists are saying and maintenance budget also being enormous. VE(Value Engineering) system, which launched in the United States to promote productivity in construction management by removing squandering factors and inefficiency in the process of construction, has been introduced to South Korea`s laws. The VE considering user's satisfaction and improvement of value is being focusing in order to diminish inefficiency and increase productivity in Korean construction market. However, VE activity in design stage which makes better improvement effect is not prevailed on korea for the lack of general acknowledgement, practiced operation method, and detail process. According to this, VE in design process assessed by LCC(Life Cycle cost) is obligated for public owner construction. However, practiced VE process, study on a building past maintenance data is not sufficient and study on LCC analysis for bridge is too platonic to apply practically. Therefore, this study identify the relation between VE in design stage and LCC analysis model focusing applicability and reliability of analysis result in evaluation stage during the VE in ocean bridges design process. And by the process, feasibility study identify performed for the application. Based on this result, cost reduction and quality improvement in construction is expected through analysis for each alternative in ocean bridges design, construction and operation & maintenance stage with proposed VE process.

Integrated analysis of designing safety integrity level during the life cycle of hydroxylamine production process

김재하 서울대학교 대학원 2013 국내석사

Recently, safety management of hazardous chemical production plant has been considered as a part of plant LCE (Life Cycle Engineering). It means the concept that integrated safety management and construction of database are aimed by using plant management support system from design to decommission step of the plant. According to this trend, it is recommended that SIL (Safety Integrity Level) analysis should be performed to meet both efficiency of process operation and safety specification of process at the same time because of the fact that it can be conveniently available in all parts of plant LCE. To improve process safety of hydroxylamine (HA) production plant, this thesis proposed a series of procedure from hazard identification to determination of the demanded SIL, especially focused on preventing HA thermal decomposition. As a method of determining the demanded SIL, LOPA (Layer of Protection Analysis) applied in fuzzy logic was used. To perform fuzzy LOPA, it is essential to carry out PHA (Preliminary Hazard Analysis) i.e., HAZOP (Hazard and Operability) study. In this thesis, intelligent HAZOP support system developed by Kawamura in 2008 was used and a part of plant LCE for HA production process has been implemented. This HAZOP support system has an advantage to reduce time and efforts. Also, HAZOP reports become easy to be reused and reflect their consistency and fidelity. Based on cause-consequence pairs obtained from HAZOP study, fuzzy LOPA was conducted. As provided by Markowski in 2006, fuzzy LOPA can work out the problem that IPL (Independence Protection Layer) has different effects depending on particular situation of the risks, which is the difference from traditional LOPA. Also, fuzzy LOPA can solve the objective uncertainty such as failure rate data and PFD (Probability of Failure on Demand), and subjective uncertainty which can occurs when severity of incident scenarios is estimated by experts opinion. As a conclusion of this thesis, the required SIL for each scenario was determined and SIS (Safety Instrumented System) was recommended to fit the demanded SIL. This thesis proposed the integrated framework for designing the required SIL in order to improve process safety of HA production process. It can be of great help in proposing methodology of determining the required SIL, especially in plant dealing with reactive and hazardous chemicals, which is expected to be more beneficial research when considered cost-benefit analysis (CBA).