한글 서체의 조형 연구 : 본인 작품을 중심으로

유향순 수원대학교 미술대학원 2007 국내석사

The calligraphy is a character art to pursue the beauty of the change with diversity &plasticity using dots & strokes. It's a special art pursuing fine presence & mind of the people and the refined & beautiful utility through a writing brush of character plasticity. The appearance of the character was the inevitable thing for human communications. When every country has its own language, smooth communications can be done. However, our country had the difficulty in the language communications because the Chinese characters had to be borrowed. So the original characters of the Korean Script were invented in our country by mind loving of the people of King Sejong. Firstly it was born as Panbonche(版本體), however, it changed from Wonpil(圓筆) to Bangpil(方筆) owing to the convenience of the printing process. In the periods after Hangeul invention without printing culture, copying increased naturally since the writing was conveyed by copying, court ladies to copy the official documents or national affairs were required at Court, and were managed by policy.Especially, since the late Joseon Dynasty, a lot of copying were performed because even the private citizens read the novels due to the expansion of the culture. In the late Joseon Dynasty, Bongseoche (封書體) in a cursive hand was developed in the most of the sympathy letters & ones inquiring after someone´s health from the King's handwriting of kings & queens to the gentry & common people. .Together with the expansion of Hangeul use in the Joseon Dynasty, based on the developments of the letters, old form of Korean Verses & Hangeul novels of the common people with colloquial style, Minche(民體)was born naturally in the process of copying of those novels, and it came to be a motive of the modern creation. Like above, Hangeul calligraphy established its form through forming & changing of handwriting after the invention of the Korean script, and continued it till today. Though Hangeul calligraphy has the shorter history compared with Chinese calligraphy, it has been developing with our own unique & individual form as one of the important artistic genre. However, it has still the limit unable to escape fromthe traditional frame, so it's certainly necessary to study plasticity of Hangeul handwriting for the aesthetic formation of the calligraphy creation satisfying the age of individuation & diversification. So, the writer inspected the generation & development processes of Hangeul handwriting in Chapter Ⅱ, and compared plasticity between the traditional handwriting & Hangeul calligraphy of the writer through selecting among the works of the writer exhibitedby handwriting in Chapter Ⅲ. In this study, in order to create the characteristic works by each Hangeul handwriting, the followings below werepaid attention to. First, the selection of handwriting was done as classics,Korean Literature, Bible and Wise sayings according to nature of the writer. Second, in handwriting, it was created diversely centered on every handwriting including Panbonche, Honseoche(混書體), cursive style, Real cursive style, other creative handwritings & Pilsache(筆寫體) of Hangeul, and Gold letters, seal characters, ornamental seal characters, printed style, semicursive style, seal engraving of the Chinese characters. Third, as for the materials, expressedwith ink stick, Chinese drawing paper, Hwayuseok(花乳石) & plaster. The work paper was used pale yellow & figured one in addition to white in order to express the aesthetic synergistic effect of the works. Forth, as for the size of the works, it was composed of the whole uncut paper for octavo volume, the whole uncut paper & paper folded in half, and the size of the character was expressed diversely as the large, medium, small & minute brushes. Fifth, as for seal engraving works, intaglio & emboss were expressed as a rubbed copy, and intended to pursue the plasticity of characters & diversification of the expression. The writer created 35 works based on these features. It was produced centered on Hangeul works including 23 of Hangeul, 6 of Chinese characters & 6 seal engravings by handwriting, and seal engraving works were createdin order to express Hangeul handwriting diversely. After selecting 10 works to present the creative intention of this researcher, inspected the backgrounds& intentions of the creation by research analysis standard, and as a result, the results like followings below could be found out. It could be grasped the formative elements of Hangeul and inspected the potentials of its change and came to grope for the method to select handwriting in the manufacturing process of the works. Also understood calligraphy including structure, character & sentence methods of handwriting. It was possible to acquire an appreciative eye & expression technique of the works from the various aspects through the results above. Till now, explored the invention & transition processes of Hangeul from the birth of characters, grasped the formative elements of each handwriting, so understand the selection of handwriting & calligraphy in the creative process of the works, and groped for the future direction. As a direction of calligraphy creation hereafter, in order to produce creative works fitting for the present age, self-identity has to be constructed through breaking the standardized frame of the classics & developing the unique handwriting of one's own with the continual training after obtaining calligraphy which only the classics can have through analyzing & exploring the classical calligraphy techniques of each handwriting. Through this study, by discussing the creation intention of Hangeul calligraphy which the writer pursues, it's believed that the endless potentials of the handwritingplasticity study of Hangeul calligraphy creation have to be investigated, and the development directions of the future calligraphy have to be also groped as the pursuit of the diversification through using the materials & instruments satisfying the emotions of the modern people. 서예는 점과 획을 이용하여 다양성과 조형성을 갖춘 변화의 미를 추구하는 문자예술이다. 문자의 조형성을 毛筆을 통해 사람들의 풍채와 정신, 곱고 아름다운 효용성을 추구하는 독특한 예술이다. 문자의 출현은 인간의 의사소통을 위해 필연적으로 발생되었다. 나라마다 그 나라의 언어가 있어야 원활한 의사소통이 될 수 있다. 그러나 우리나라에는 중국의 한자를 빌어 언어소통을 하였기 때문에 어려움이 있었다. 이에 세종대왕의 愛民정신에 의해 우리나라에도 훈민정음이라는 독창적인 언어가 생성되었다. 처음에는 판본체로서 탄생되었다가 활자화 과정의 편리성 때문에 원필에서 방필로 변하였다. 인쇄술의 문화가 형성되지 못한 한글창제이후 시기에는 필사에 의해 글이 전해지면서 자연스럽게 필사가 늘어나고, 궁중에서는 공문이나 나라의 일에 의해 필사하는 궁인이 필요하게 되었고, 궁궐에서는 이를 위해 정책적으로 관리하였다. 특히 조선후기에 이르러 문화의 확산으로 소설 등이 민간인들까지 읽게 되는 이유로 많은 필사가 이루어졌다. 조선 후기에는 왕이나 왕후의 어필로부터 사대부나 서민에 이르기까지 대부분 문안 편지와 안부편지로 흘림의 봉서가 발달하였다. 조선시대 한글사용의 확대와 더불어 서민들이 서신을 교환하거나 구어체로 말하던 서간, 가사, 한글소설의 발전을 토대로 그 소설을 베껴 쓰는(書寫) 과정에서 자연스럽게 민체가 태동되었고, 현대 창작의 모티브가 되고 있다. 이와 같이 한글서예는 훈민정음 창제이후 서체를 형성하고 변천하여 한글서예의 면모를 갖추고 오늘날에 이르렀다. 비록 한문서예에 비해 한글서예는 짧은 역사를 지니고 있지만 한글서예는 중요한 예술의 한 장르로, 우리만의 독특하고 개성적인 형태로 발전하여 왔다. 그러나 아직도 전통의 틀을 벗지 못하는 한계가 있으며,오늘날 보다 개성화되고 다양화 된 시대상황에 부응하는 서예창작의 미적 형상화를 위한 한글서체의 조형성 연구는 반드시 필요하다. 이에 본 논자는 연구를 위하여 제Ⅱ장에서는 한글서체의 생성과 발전과정을 알아보고, 제Ⅲ장에서는 본 논자의 작품전에 전시되었던 작품 중에서 서체별로 선별하여 전통서체와 본 논자의 한글서예의 조형성을 비교하였다. 본 연구에서는 한글의 각 서체별로 특성 있는 작품을 창작하기 위해 다음과 같은 점에 유의하여 창작하였다. 첫째, 서제의 선정은 본론자의 性情에 따라 ①고전, ②한국문학, ③성경, ④명언,등으로 하였다, 둘째, 서체에 있어 한글은 판본체, 정자, 혼서, 흘림, 진흘림, 기타 창작서체, 필사체이며, 한문은 금문, 전서, 예서, 해서, 행서, 전각으로서 모든 서체를 중심으로 다양하게 창작하였다 셋째, 재료적 측면으로는 먹, 화선지와 화유석, 석고에 표현하였다. 作品 紙는 작품의 미적 상승효과를 표현하기 위해 흰색 외에, 미색, 무늬지를 이용하였다. 넷째, 작품크기는 국전지, 전지, 반절지 소품으로 구성하였으며, 글자의 크기는 대, 중, 소, 세필로 다양하게 표현하였다., 다섯째, 전각 작품은 음각, 양각을 탁본으로 표현하여 문자의 조형성 및 표현의 다양성을 추구하고자 하였다. 본 논자는 이와 같은 특징을 바탕으로 35점 창작하였다. 각 서체별로 한글 23점, 한문 6점, 전각6점으로 한글 작품위주로 제작하였고, 전각 작품은 한글서체의 다양한 표현의 의도로 창작하였다. 그 중에 본 연구자의 창작적 의도가 피력되는 작품 10점을 선별하여 작품을 창작하게 된 배경과 의도를 연구 분석 기준에 의하여 고찰하여 본 결과, 다음과 같은 성과를 이루었다 1) 한글의 조형요소를 파악하였고, 그의 변화의 가능성을 살필 수 있었다. 2) 작품의 제작과정에서 서제를 선택하는 방법을 모색하게 되었다. 3) 서제의 결구, 자법, 장법 등 서법을 터득할 수 있었다. 이상과 같은 결과를 통하여 작품에 대한 안목과 작품의 표현기법을 다양한 측면에서 습득할 수 있었다. 지금까지 문자의 발생으로부터 한글의 생성, 변천과정을 탐색하고 각 서체의 조형요소를 파악하여, 작품을 창작하는 과정에서 서제의 선택, 서법 등에서 어느 정도의 맥락을 잡을 수 있었으며. 앞으로의 나아갈 방향을 모색하게 되었다. 앞으로 서예창작의 방향은 다양하게 변화하는 현시대 상황에 맞는 창작성이 높은 작품을 이루기 위해서는 각 서체의 고전의 필법을 두루 분석·탐색하여 고전만이 가질 수 있는 書法을 터득한 후 부단한 연마를 통하여 정형화된 고전의 틀을 깨고 자기만의 독특한 서체를 개발하여 자기 정체성을 구축하여야 한다. 이러한 연구를 통하여 본 論者가 추구하는 한글서예 창작의 의도가 더 구체적으로 논하여 짐으로서 이후 한글서예 창작의 서체적인 조형성 연구의 끝없는 가능성을 탐구하여야 하며, 현대인들의 정서에 부응되는 재료와 용구의 사용 또한 다양성의 추구로서 앞으로의 서예 발전 방향을 모색해야 한다고 믿는다.

Korean and Chinese Preschoolers' Handwriting and its Predictors : A Cross-Script Comparison of Home Literacy Environment and Sensorimotor Skills

캉리 서울대학교 대학원 2024 국내박사

이 연구는 비교문자적 관점에서 한국과 중국 유아의 글씨 쓰기 및 영향요인을 비교 평가하고자 하였다. 한글은 표음문자로 규칙적인 구조를 갖는 반면, 한자는 표의 문자로 복잡하고 다양한 문자 기호의 조합으로 이루어져 있다. 서로 다른 특징을 가진 문자체계에서의 글씨 쓰기 발달 및 예측요인에서는 차이가 있을 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 먼저 한-중 유아 글씨 쓰기 수행을 다양한 과제를 통해 확인하고자 하였다. 또한 글씨 쓰기의 하위영역과 이 연구에서 설정한 개인차 요인(가정문해환경과 감각운동기술)에서 한-중 집단 간 차이가 있는지 검증하고자 하였다. 그리고 이러한 예측요인이 유아의 글씨 쓰기를 설명하는 데에 한-중 유아 간 유의한 차이가 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 한국 서울에 거주하는 만 5세 유아 127명과 중국 베이징에 거주하는 유아 130명 및 유아의 어머니를 대상으로 자료를 수집하였다. 어머니를 대상으로 가정문해환경 및 사회인구학적 배경에 관한 설문조사를 실시하였고, 개별 유아를 대상으로는 글씨 쓰기 과제(이름 쓰기, 따라 쓰기, 자유 쓰기)와 감각운동기술(소근육운동기술, 시지각기술, 시각-운동통합) 검사를 실시하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 29.0 프로그램을 이용하여 기술통계, 독립표본 t-검정, 회귀분석 등을 분석하였고, AMOS 27.0 프로그램을 활용하여 다집단 분석을 실시하였다. 이 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 유아의 글씨 쓰기 수행은 과제에 따라 다양한 특성을 보였다. 한-중 유아 모두 따라 쓰기, 이름 쓰기 과제에서 높은 점수를 받은 반면, 자유 쓰기 과제에서는 유아 간 개인차가 크게 나타났다. 유아는 자유 쓰기 과제에서 창안적 문자나 그림 등으로 글자를 대체하는 경향이 있었는데, 이는 유아가 인지적 요구가 낮고 연습이 많이 된 과제에서는 높은 수행을 보이지만, 복잡한 자유 쓰기 과제에서는 어려움을 겪음을 시사한다. 둘째, 글씨 쓰기 수행과 예측요인에서 한-중 유아 간 유의한 차이가 발견되었다. 글씨 쓰기 하위영역 중 관습성을 제외한 모든 영역에서 집단 간 차이가 유의하였다. 중국 유아는 글씨 쓰기 정교성에서 한국 유아에 비해 높은 점수를 받았고, 한국 유아는 명료성과 유창성에서 높은 수행을 보였다. 가정문해환경의 하위요인인 가정인쇄물노출에서는 두 집단 간에 차이가 없었으나, 발현적 쓰기연습 및 관습적 쓰기연습이 포함된 가정 쓰기연습에서는 한국 유아가 중국 유아에 비해 더 많이 하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 감각운동 기술의 모든 하위영역(소근육운동기술, 시지각기술, 시각-운동통합)에서 중국 유아가 한국 유아에 비해 더 높은 수준을 보였다. 셋째, 글씨 쓰기 예측요인에서 한-중 유아 간에 공통된 요인과 차별적 요인이 모두 발견되었다. 소근육운동기술은 한-중 유아 모두에서 글씨 쓰기에 공통적으로 중요한 요인으로 나타났다. 그러나 다른 예측요인에서는 차이가 있었다. 가정문해환경 중 가정인쇄물노출은 한국 유아의 글씨 쓰기를 더 잘 예측한 반면, 중국 유아의 글씨 쓰기에서는 관습적 쓰기연습과 시지각 기술이 차별된 요인으로 나타났다. 넷째, 이 연구에서 설정한 예측요인이 글씨 쓰기에 미치는 영향력이 한-중 유아에 따라 차이가 있는지 확인하기 위해 다집단 분석을 실시한 결과, 감각운동기술은 한-중 유아 모두에게 글씨 쓰기의 유의한 예측요인으로 나타났지만, 집단 간의 차이가 유의하지 않았다. 가정문해환경과 글씨 쓰기 간의 관계에서는 집단 간 유의한 차이가 있었다. 즉, 한국 유아에서는 가정문해환경이 풍부할수록 글씨 쓰기 수행이 유의하게 우수했지만, 중국 유아의 경우 이 관계가 유의하지 않았다. 본 연구는 한-중 유아 간 글씨 쓰기 양상과 그에 영향을 미치는 예측요인에세 공통점과 차별점이 모두 존재함을 확인하였다. 이러한 차이는 각 문자체계의 특성과 초기 문해 경험의 차이로 설명할 수 있으며, 각 문자체계에 맞는 글씨 쓰기 교육의 필요성을 제기한다. 이는 지금까지 주로 영어권 문자체계에서만 이루어진 문해발달 연구를 보다 더 넓은 문자체계에 확장하였으며, 문자체계와 초기 문해 경험의 중요성을 확인하였다. 또한 다양한 글씨 쓰기 과제와 평가 방법을 포함함으로써 유아의 글씨 쓰기에 나타나는 특성을 보다 자세히 이해할 수 있었다. 나아가 이 연구는 한-중 글씨 쓰기에 영향을 미치는 구제척인 요인을 확인함으로써 유아의 쓰기 발달 기제를 보다 깊이 이해하고, 한-중 유아의 쓰기 지도에 관한 구체적인 교육적 함의를 제시하였다. The present study examined the handwriting performance and its predictors among Korean and Chinese preschoolers from a cross-script perspective. Korean Hangul, with its consistent grapheme-sound correspondences and limited symbol sets, contrasts with Chinese Hanzi, which has inconsistent character-sound mappings and a large symbol set. Children exposed to and learning these scripts may differ in handwriting performance and its predictors. This study first assessed preschoolers’ handwriting performance across various tasks and then compared handwriting and its predictor variables (home literacy environment and sensorimotor skills) between the two groups. Finally, the shared and unique predictors of handwriting between Korean and Chinese preschoolers were identified, and examined whether these predictors’ associations with handwriting differ across the two groups. A total of 257 mothers and their five-year-old preschoolers from Seoul, Korea (n = 127) and Beijing, China (n = 130) participated in this study. To address the research questions, mothers completed a questionnaire on the home literacy environment and sociodemographic factors. The children were individually assessed on handwriting tasks (copying, name writing, and free writing) and sensorimotor skills (fine motor skills, visual perceptual skills, and visual-motor integration) during institution visits. The collected data were analyzed using statistical analysis programs, SPSS 29.0 and AMOS 27.0. The major findings are summarized as follows. First, the results revealed that children exhibited varying characteristics in their handwriting performance across different tasks. While many Korean and Chinese children demonstrated high proficiency in tasks such as copying written syllables and correctly writing their names, their performance showed large variability in the free writing task. Children often employed invented spelling or used pictures to represent unknown syllables, reflecting a notable divergence in their ability to manage more complex writing demands. These findings indicate that children generally performed better on simpler, more frequently practiced tasks such as copying and name writing but faced challenges with the more intricate demands of free writing. Second, significant differences were observed in both handwriting performance and its predictors between Korean and Chinese preschoolers. All handwriting dimensions, except for handwriting conventions, revealed significant group differences. Chinese children outperformed their Korean counterparts in handwriting accuracy, whereas Korean children demonstrated superior performance in legibility and fluency. Regarding the home literacy environment, while children in both groups received similar levels of support for home print exposure, Korean children engaged in more frequent writing practice at home than their Chinese counterparts. Additionally, Chinese children scored significantly higher across all sensorimotor components—fine motor skills, visual perceptual skills, and visual-motor integration—indicating a relative advantage in sensorimotor processing among the Chinese group. Third, the study identified both shared and unique predictors of handwriting between Korean and Chinese preschoolers. Fine motor skills emerged as a critical predictor of handwriting performance across both groups. However, distinct differences were observed in other predictors: home print exposure was a stronger predictor of handwriting proficiency, whereas conventional writing practice and visual perceptual skills were more predictive of handwriting outcomes for Chinese children. Fourth, the multigroup analyses revealed no significant difference in the relationship between sensorimotor skills and handwriting across groups, whereas a significant group difference was found in the path from the home literacy environment to handwriting. Specifically, positive reports from parents about the home literacy environment correlated with higher handwriting performance among Korean preschoolers, while this relationship was not significant in Chinese preschoolers. Taken together, the current study suggests that although there are commonalities in handwriting performance and its predictors between Korean and Chinese preschoolers, notable differences also exist. These variations may be attributed to the distinct characteristics of each script and the differing early literacy experiences associated with learning these scripts. It underscores the need for tailored handwriting instruction that accounts for script-specific characteristics to more effectively enhance early handwriting outcomes. This study enriches the cross-script literature on early literacy acquisition, which has predominantly focused on English alphabetic scripts, by emphasizing the critical role of script characteristics and early literacy experiences in learning specific scripts. By employing various tasks and evaluating different dimensions of handwriting as indicators of early handwriting proficiency, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of preschoolers’ handwriting. Furthermore, a thorough examination of handwriting predictors across different scripts could provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying children’s handwriting development.

학령기 아동의 글씨쓰기 평가도구 개발

임경민 연세대학교 대학원 2017 국내박사

The objectives of the present study were to develop a tool to assess school-aged children’s handwriting using Rasch analysis, testing the tool’s reliability and validity. The development of the handwriting evaluation tool proceeded in three steps namely, construction of assessment items, test for construct validity using Rasch analysis, and test for inter-rater reliability. In the first stage, 17 items were constructed through literature search and expert review, and testing and scoring methods were determined. In the second stage, data were collected from 326 1st–6th grade children and a handwriting evaluation tool consisting of 16 items was developed based on the Rasch analysis results. Finally, in the third stage, inter-rater reliability was tested with 20 occupational therapists. The following results were obtained. First, regarding subject fit and item fit examined through Rasch analysis, on the sentences of lower difficulty the number of misfit subjects were 13 and misfit items were reverse and the degree to which lines were smooth, while on the sentences of higher difficulty the number of misfit subjects were 11 and misfit item was the degree to which lines were smooth. Second, regarding item difficulty, the average subject ability was higher than the average item difficulty. The most difficult item was consistency in letter size, while the least difficult item was reverse. Third, the item reliability computed in the Rasch analysis was excellent, ranging from .96–.99, and the subject reliability was acceptable with a range of .69–.70. Fourth, children’s handwriting improved with grade level, and girls scored higher than boys. Fifth, inter-rater reliability was very high with a range of .920–.974. This study is significant since it is the first to develop a tool that takes the unique features of Hangul (Korean alphabet) into account and objectively assesses school-aged children’s handwriting. We believe the study’s findings will be useful for occupational therapists who assess and treat school-aged children’s major task, handwriting. 본 연구는 학령기 아동의 글씨쓰기를 평가하기 위해 라쉬분석을 활용하여 글씨쓰기 평가도구를 개발하고, 신뢰도 및 타당도를 검증하고자 하였다. 글씨쓰기 평가도구의 개발 과정은 3단계로 진행되었다. 첫 번째 단계는 평가문항 구성, 두 번째 단계는 라쉬분석을 이용한 구성타당도 검증, 세 번째 단계는 검사자간 신뢰도 검증이었다. 첫 번째 단계에서 문헌 검색 및 전문가 검증을 통해 17문항의 평가도구 문항을 구성, 검사 방법 및 점수화 방법을 선정하였다. 두 번째 단계에서 1~6학년 일반 아동 326명의 자료를 수집하였으며, 라쉬분석 결과를 바탕으로 16문항의 글씨쓰기 평가도구를 개발하였다. 세 번째 단계에서는 작업치료사 20명을 대상으로 검사자간 신뢰도를 시행하였다. 연구 결과, 첫째, 라쉬분석을 통한 대상자 및 문항 적합도 결과 난이도가 낮은 문장에서 부적합 대상자는 13명, 부적합 문항은 역전과 선의 매끄러운 정도, 난이도가 높은 문장에서 부적합 대상자 11명, 부적합 문항은 선의 매끄러운 정도 문항이었다. 둘째, 글씨쓰기 평가도구의 문항 난이도는 대상자의 능력 평균이 문항난이도의 평균보다 높고, 가장 어려운 문항은 글자크기의 일관성, 가장 쉬운 문항은 역전 문항이었다. 셋째, 라쉬분석을 통한 문항 분리신뢰도는 .96~.99로 높은 수준이고, 대상자 분리신뢰도는 .69~.70으로 받아들일 만한 수준이었다. 넷째, 학년별 글씨쓰기 수준은 학년이 올라갈수록 증가하였고, 여아가 남아보다 더 높았다. 다섯째, 검사자간 신뢰도는 .920~.974로 매우 높은 수준이었다. 본 연구는 한글의 특성에 맞추어 학령기 아동의 글씨쓰기를 객관적으로 평가할 수 있는 평가도구 개발에 관한 첫 연구라는데 의의가 있다. 따라서 이와 같은 연구 결과는 학령기 아동의 주요 작업인 글씨쓰기를 평가하고 치료하는 작업치료사에게 유용한 자료가 될 것이라 사료된다.

Recovery of Drawing Order from Multi-stroke Handwritten Images Based on Graph Models and Ambiguous Zone Analysis

DinhCongMinh 전남대학교 2015 국내석사

Recovery of drawing order of strokes in a handwritten image can be seen as searching the smoothest path for each stroke on an undirected graph that is constructed from the skeleton of the handwritten image. However, this requires the correction of separating strokes, and detecting starting points at first. Moreover, ambiguousness at junction points (ambiguous zones) increases the complexity of finding these paths. In order to resolve these issues, an effective four-stage approach that can simultaneously detect the points to separate strokes and find the smoothest path for each stroke is proposed. In the first stage, a skeleton graph is built from the thinned image of handwriting. Adjustments that include merging nodes of spurious edges and separating touching characters and crossing strokes in some cases are performed. The smoothness of two adjacent edges that is used to search the smoothest path is estimated by a function of the angle between those edges at their junction point. The skeleton graph may be divided into many subgraphs as the result of this stage, and then each of those is iteratively input into next stages. In the second stage, the smoothest path is searched on the line graph of each subgraph. Some potential starting edges are proposed. For each of those, a smoothest path is obtained and the best one is chosen. Touches and crossings at ambiguous zones are detected and the smoothness values are adjusted to improve accuracy of the recovery. Then, the smoothest path is separated to many strokes in the third stage by using the curvature of edges, the un-smoothness between edges and the appearance of double-traced edges. Finally, in the fourth stage, pixel sequences of strokes are extracted and ordered by using rules of handwriting. In order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, experiments are performed on two datasets. The first dataset includes 2180 images of single-stroke handwriting. The second includes 1640 images of multi-stroke handwriting. Root Means Square Error (RMSE) and Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) are applied to measure the error between the recovered drawing order and ground truth. Results of the proposed method show impressive accuracy and are compared to two recent methods. 필기체 궤적복원은 필기체의 골격(skeleton)으로 부터 구성된 무방향 그래프의 각 획의 smoothest path를 찾는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 그러나 필기체 궤적복원은 처음에 분리된 획들의 교정과 시작점을 검출하는 것을 요구한다. 더욱이 교차점(junction point)에서의 애매함은 smoothest path를 찾는 것을 어렵게 한다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해, 획들을 분리하기 위한 점을 검출하고 각 획의 smoothest path를 찾는 효과적인 네 단계 방법을 제안한다. 첫 번째 단계로, 세선화된(thinned) 필기체 이미지로 골격 그래프를 만든다. 그리고 spurious edges의 노드 통합, 접촉된 문자의 분리(separating touching characters), 교차된 획의 분리를 수행한다. 두 개의 인접 엣지들의 smoothness는 인접 엣지들 사이의 각도에 대한 함수로 추정한다. 골격 그래프는 많은 서브 그래프들로 나눠지고, 그것들은 다음단계에 반복적으로 사용된다. 두 번째 단계로, smoothest path를 각 서브그래프의 line graph에서 찾는다. 먼저, 필기체 규칙에 의해 시작하는 엣지 후보군을 찾는다. 엣지 후보군 각각에 대해 smoothest path를 구하고 최선의 것을 선택한다. 그리고 애매한 영역(ambiguous zones)에서 접촉?교차하는 부분을 검출하고, 복원의 정확률을 높히기 위해 smoothness values를 보정한다. 세 번째 단계에서 smoothest path는 엣지들의 곡률, 엣지와 double-traced 엣지들 사이의 un-smoothness를 사용하여 많은 획들로 나눈다. 마지막으로, 네 번째 단계에서 필기 규칙을 사용함에 따라 획들의 픽셀 순서가 추출되고 정렬된다. 제안된 방법의 효과를 입증하기 위해 두 가지 데이터셋에 대해 실험이 수행 되었다. 첫번째 데이터셋은 2180개의 single-stroke 필기체를 포함한다. 두 번째는 1640개의 multi-stroke 필기체를 포함한다. 복원된 궤적과 ground truth 사이의 에러를 측정하기 위해 제곱근 편차(RMSE)와 DTW(Dynamic Time Warping)를 사용하였다. 본 논문에서 제안된 방법은 최근의 다른 두 방법들과 비교해서 인상적인 정확률을 보여주고 있다.

Improved HMM Based On-line Recognition of Handwritten Characters : 필기체 온라인 인식을 위한 개선된 HMM 알고리즘

MING MA 배재대학교 일반대학원 2009 국내박사

In this study, an improved HMM based recognition model is proposed for on-line English and Korean handwritten characters. The pattern elements of the handwriting model are subcharacter strokes and ligatures. To deal with the problem of handwriting style variations, a modified Hierarchical Clustering approach is introduced to partition different writing styles into severalclasses. For each of the English letters and each primitive grapheme in Korean characters, one HMM that models temporal and spatial variability of handwriting is constructed based on each class. Then the HMMs of Korean graphemes are concatenated to form the Korean character models. The recognition of handwriting characters is implemented by a modified level building algorithm, which incorporates the Korean character combination rules within the efficient network search procedure. Due to the limitation of HMM based method, a post-processing procedure which takes the global and structural features into account is proposed. Experiments showed the proposed recognition system achieved high writer independent recognition rate on unconstrained samples of both English and Korean characters. The comparison with other schemes of HMM-based recognition is also performed to evaluate the system. In this study, an improved HMM based recognition model is proposed for on-line English and Korean handwritten characters. The pattern elements of the handwriting model are subcharacter strokes and ligatures. To deal with the problem of handwriting style variations, a modified Hierarchical Clustering approach is introduced to partition different writing styles into severalclasses. For each of the English letters and each primitive grapheme in Korean characters, one HMM that models temporal and spatial variability of handwriting is constructed based on each class. Then the HMMs of Korean graphemes are concatenated to form the Korean character models. The recognition of handwriting characters is implemented by a modified level building algorithm, which incorporates the Korean character combination rules within the efficient network search procedure. Due to the limitation of HMM based method, a post-processing procedure which takes the global and structural features into account is proposed. Experiments showed the proposed recognition system achieved high writer independent recognition rate on unconstrained samples of both English and Korean characters. The comparison with other schemes of HMM-based recognition is also performed to evaluate the system.본 논문은 필기체로 작성된 영문과 한글 글자를 실시간으로 인식할 수 있도록 개선된 HMM 알고리즘을 제안한다. 필기체의 패턴요소는 글자를 구성하는 스트로크와 연결선 이다. 사람마다 다른 필기체는 스타일을 여러 개의 클래스로 구분하여 취급하는 계층적 클러스터링 알고리즘을 사용한다. 영어의 알파벳 글자와 한글의 기본 획에 대하여 클래스가 구축되고, 클래스 각각에 대하여 순간적이고 공간적인 필기체의 변화를 모델링하는 HMM 알고리즘이 적용된다. 그러면 한글의 기본 획에 대응되는 HMM이 순차적으로 연결되어 한글 글자를 인식하게 된다. 필기체 한글의 자모를 모아 글자를 인식하는 과정에서 레벨 빌딩 알고리즘을 변형하여 적용한다. 즉, 한글 자모들이 결합되는 규칙을 모델링한 네트웍을 효과적으로 탐색하는 기능이다. HMM 알고리즘의 태생적 제약을 극복하기 위하여 전역적이고 구조적인 특성을 고려하는 후처리 과정이 추가되었다. 본 논문에 구현된 알고리즘을 자유로운 한글과 영문 필기체 샘플들에 적용하여 실험한 결과 필자에 무관하게 높은 인식율을 얻을 수 있었다. HMM 알고리즘을 기반으로 개발된 다른 방식과 비교함으로써 본 논문이 제시한 필기 인식 시스템의 성능을 평가하였다.

筆寫本 華容道 硏究 : 作品群의 形成과 變異 樣相을 中心으로

이기형 경희대학교 대학원 2001 국내박사

The aim of this study is, by making handwriting 《Hwayongdo》 a subject of this study and setting up a group of different versions, to reason the aspects of variation and transmission exposed to the work, handwriting 《Hwayongdo》 . In order to perform this study, I collected forty different copies of handwriting and among them, selected 20 pieces belonging to Changbon group, as the major sources of the study. In the second chapter, the reason 《Hwayondo》 came to be separated from the Chinese nobel, 《Samgukji》 and be formed into a new work 《Hwayongdo》 were examined. The early process of formation of 《Hwayongdo》 was considered as well. 《Samgukji》 is developed with the rise and fall of Chok centered on. 《Hwayongdo》, separated from 《Samgukji》, deals with Chukpyukdaejeon which played a crucial role in founding the Chinese country, Chok. It was formed in the process of translating and expanding the story of 《Chukpyukdaejeon》. The condition which caused 《Hwayongdo》 to be made up could be identified in the structure of 《Samgukji》. The circulation of many books and change of consciousness on the viewpoint of looking at novels contributed in constructing 《Hwayongdo》 as welll. The early features of 《Hwayongdo》 was chased in 《Hwayoungdotaryong》 and the forming process of 《Chukpyukga》 written by Shin Jaehyo was also examined. In Chapter 3, groups were established centering on the forty copies of Handwriting 《Hwayongdo》 《Hwayongdo》 is not just an reading material. It reflects various aspects of record and information by word of mouth. Therefore, the already established viewpoint that 《Chukpyukga》 is Pansori Sasol and 《Hwayongdo》 is just a reading material should be corrected. In order to prove it the contents of the forty copies of Handwriting 《Hwayongdo》 were introduced in full detail In Chapter 4, with 20 pieces of Handwriting belonging to Changpon group the subject of the study, I divided them into six pieces of common paragraph and examined the aspects of their formation and variation. Through this, I looked into the a view of the world which people of the day had as well. Handwriting 《Hwayongdo》 can be classified into two types; one with song inserted into the currency of the reading material and the other with singing function intensified. This tendency proves that Handwriting 《Hwayongdo》 was made up in the process of dismantlement and reorganization of reading material translated. The principle which acted in the formation of 《Hwayongdo》 is expansion by using formal-typed phrases. The formal-typed phrases were commonly used to Sijo, Gasa, Muga, etc at that time. Accordingly, it can be inferred that 《Hwayongdo》 was made up with the union of reading culture and singing culture. The theme which dominates 《Hwayongdo》 is the ideology of loyalty. But inserted song reflected the earnest wish to restore the essential life of human beings and the will to overcome reality. In Chapter 5, the characteristic of the social stratum who created 《Hwayongdo》 was examined. Not only Pansori entertainers but also Gagaks(which means singers) who were in charge of Shijo-Chang played a leading role in forming 《Hwayongdo》. Such a fact could be identified by Shijo written by Gagaks. The marks of Yeonhaeng Culture(which means enjoying performing dancing and playing) of the day could be traced in 《Hwayongdo》 as well. The already established studies have been developed with Pansori Sasol 《Chukpyukga》 as a central figure. Handwriting 《Hwayongdo》 has both of two characteristics at the same time; the characteristic of recording reading material and informing material for song by word of mouth. Therefore, only when 《Chukpyukga》 is studied within the scope of 《Hwayongdo》 can it be approached in the right direction. Until now 《Hwayongdo》 has been discussed only in terms of Pansori Sasol. It resulted from the difficulty of access to the materials. Now that many handwriting materials are open to the public in earnest, this will, hopefully, spur deeper discussion on this field.

한글 署名의 계측을 통한 특징점 분류와 희소성 평가

김정호 忠南大學校 大學院 2010 국내박사

Hangul signature identification has only been depended on personal experience without certain procedure of fixed standards. The characteristics of handwriting consistency, judgement of change range in a writer's signature, scarcity have not been routinely considered during the Hangul signature identification. This study intended to systematize the methods for the Hangul signature identification. The major topic that is discussed in this study is the followings. First is an overview on the defects of the identification methods depending on examiner's experience and its reform plan. It is possible to partially identify persons' handwriting and thumbprint. The characteristic of the one's handwriting can be classified as the identification on the document level characteristic, inter-character level characteristic and intra-character level characteristic. These factors should be considered and be mentioned in the report of the identification result. The change of one's handwriting and characteristic of the handwriting must be identified according to a definite standard. All of the terminology used for the identification must be systematized in certain standard to prevent misunderstanding. Additionally, the terminology must be selected in laymen's term for the common people to understand. Footnote may be added as well. Second, the handwriting of a person in different condition must be analyzed too. According to a precedent, a test is conducted to see the difference of one's handwriting when he or she is in normal condition or drunken condition. This test was conducted by 4 professional document examiners and 4 trainees who have practiced in the advanced course of document examination in Chung-nam National University for more than a year. Out of 30 samples, 14 samples (46.7%) to 24 samples (80%) have shown the same identification in signature when he or she writes in normal condition and drunken condition. The rest of the samples have not shown any same identification in their signatures. When the signature identification is conducted based on the experience of examiners', the results showed some personal disagreement. When the signatures were written in drunken condition, they showed the differences in various details such as connection of strokes, arrangement of characters, arrangement of consonants and vowels, etc. This means that the results were not sufficient enough to be used as the examination data of the signature samples. In order to reduce the difference in the test result of the samples, certain standard of characteristics must be systematized such as characteristics of handwriting, criteria on scarcity according to appearance frequency, criteria of change range etc. Third, the test result conducted by the scale for handwriting identification(SHWI) indicated that 21 (70 %) samples out of 30 showed difference in size of the characters. 9 (30%) samples out of 30 showed difference in space between characters about 4.8 mm. The size of character, space between characters, omission of strokes, connection of strokes derived from alcohol drinking are not necessarily proportional to blood alcohol concentration ; BAC. Thus, persons' handwriting including signatures when he or she is drunken is not appropriate to be used as signature samples for examination, but it is appropriate to be used as reference considering the change differences depending on individuals. Fourth, the following Korean alphabets ㄱ, ㄴ, ㅅ, ㅇ, ㅈ, ㅓ, and l are classified according to their characteristics and appearance frequency. The types of character such as horizontal type, vertical type and mixed type are considered in classification procedure. First consonant, final consonant are observed for the difference of individual handwriting depending on its position in a character. The criteria on scarcity according to appearance frequency is possible to considering the various characteristics of consonants and vowels. ‘김’(Kim), ‘이’(Yi), ‘정’(Jung) characteristic according to beginning stroke, ending stroke and bending part etc. are numbered. The characteristics are classified by using method of SHWI based on the locations of each part. The handwriting characteristic of Hangul character(syllable) is based on the detailed characteristics of consonant and vowel. It can be verified by observing the characteristics derived from combination of the first consonant and vowel, final consonant and vowel, the first and final consonant. The 67 primary characteristics and 345 sub-characteristics or detailed characteristics are observed in ‘김’. The 11 primary characteristics and 70 sub-characteristics or detailed characteristics are observed in ‘이’. Lastly, 51 primary characteristics and 267 sub-characteristics or detailed characteristics are observed in ‘정’. By observing the appearance frequency of above mentioned characteristics enables by the examiners to distinguish the scarcity. When characteristic and appearance frequency of 470 frequently found in Hangul characters were carefully examined and the results were accumulated, the accuracy for the handwriting identification would remarkably increase. In order to systematized these methods for the Hangul handwriting identification, all the data must be accumulated such as handwriting difference due to persons' condition whether he or she is under the alcohol drunken condition or other respective condition, change range, location change of the hangul consonant and vowel, classification according to characteristics, criteria on scarcity according to appearance frequency. These data must be considered and accumulated by computer data base. I believe that based on above mentioned system, Hangul identification should be conducted according to certain standard with accuracy. By the cooperation of forensic science of other field, systematized Hangul identification could be contribute to the finding of truth more effectively.

3D On-line Handwriting Recognition System for Wearable Devices

김민지 고려대학교 대학원 2015 국내석사

In this paper, we propose a on-line handwriting recognition for wearable computing devices. Most of the existing handwriting recognition require elaborate preprocessing techniques and training processes. We present a online handwriting recognition method using patterns of primitives. The basic idea of our approach is to extract primitives from the handwritten character by using the information of writing direction. The experimental result shows that the classifier with simplified preprocessing and training stage allows handwriting recognition in an efficient way for the writer independent case. We also present a 3D handwriting recognition system for an input interface of wearable devices. To track the motion of the user’s finger, we developed a input system using an accelerometer and a gyroscope. Motion-based feature extraction enables characters well recognized no matter the characters are inclined or overlapped in three dimensional space.

파킨슨병의 소자증 특성 : 가로쓰기와 세로쓰기의 비교

장윤원 연세대학교 대학원 2015 국내석사

Micrographia is an acquired disorder that causes an abnormal reduction in handwriting size, which exists in 50 to 60% of Parkinson’s disease(PD) patients. It is widely used in the clinical field as a monitoring tool that can diagnose, detect the progress, and identify the effects of the varied interventions. Although handwriting is a movement that serves a linguistic process, the motor aspects of speech had been the focus of research. In addition, the development of technology significantly reduced the need for handwriting in our daily life but handwriting is one of the indispensable types of communication. In this study, we have analyzed the handwriting size to determine if the size increased for phrases, group of syllables, 3-syllable word, and repeating 1-syllable word when written vertically instead of horizontally. Eleven patients were selected with idiopathic PD(IPD) along with eleven normal test subjects as the control group. They were asked to handwrite the ‘yeobogejeogijeogeboyeo’ phrase and a grouped syllable ‘bobobobobobo’ to check for handwriting size differences for the research. The main results of this study are as follows : First, the IPD showed significant increase in handwriting size for all the phrases, each syllables and 3-syllable word in the vertical rather than the horizontal directions. However, normal showed no significant changes in writing horizontally or vertically. Second, the IPD showed an increase in handwriting size for both grouped syllables and for each syllable when handwriting vertically as opposed to writing horizontally for writing group of syllables. However, the control group showed almost no difference in vertical or horizontal writing. This result may be caused by the damage to the basal ganglia, which is responsible for stimulating the reduced sensory feedback that shows up as an external indicator, which disables them to control the intensity of the action when IPD switch from writing horizontally to vertically. Moreover, the decrease of focusing attention and the lack of sense of time by PD patients is caused by the decreased blood flow in the frontal and parietal lobes. The change in the direction of the cognitive stimulation through vertical writing can be interpreted as enabling IPD to continuously focus and cause the handwriting size to increase. The significance of this study is that when written vertically, syllables or phrases, and Korean words as well as writing repeating 1-syllable word can help overcome the micrographia in PD patients. Furthermore, by having PD patients write vertically, the legibility of the writing in patients with micrographia can improve their writing to become more legible which the clinical applicability has been verified. 파킨슨병 환자들의 50~60%는 병의 진전 초기 단계부터 발병 전과 비교하여 글자 크기가 감소하게 되는 소자증(micrographia)을 경험하게 된다. 따라서 소자증은 파킨슨병의 진단과 진전, 중재 효과 등을 모니터링하는 도구로써 임상 현장에서 널리 사용되어 왔다. 그럼에도 불구하고 구어를 수단으로 하는 의사소통 증진 연구에 비해 소자증에 대한 연구는 상당히 적은 수를 차지하고 있다. 또한 기술의 발달로 인해 일상생활에서 손글씨 쓰기가 요구되는 상황이 현저히 감소했지만, 쓰기는 의사소통 수단 중 없어서는 안 될 한 유형이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 점진적 소자증(progressive micrographia)을 나타내는 특발성 파킨슨병 환자 11명과 정상 대조군 11명을 대상으로 구 쓰기(‘여보게저기저게보여’)와 한 음절 쓰기(‘보보보보보보’)를 수행할 때, 가로쓰기에 비해 세로쓰기에서 전체 구나 음절 묶음의 크기 변화율과 세부적 음절 및 유의미 단어(‘여보게’)와 한 음절 반복쓰기(‘보보보’) 내 음절의 크기 변화율이 감소하는지를 분석하였다. 본 연구를 통해 얻은 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 구 쓰기에서 환자군은 가로쓰기에 비해 세로쓰기를 할 때 전체 구와 세부적 음절의 크기 변화율 및 유의미 단어 내 음절의 크기 변화율이 유의하게 작았다. 반면 정상군은 가로쓰기와 비교하여 세로쓰기를 할 때 전체 구와 유의미 단어 내 음절 크기 변화율에는 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 세부적 음절의 크기 변화율은 세로쓰기를 할 때 유의하게 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 둘째, 한 음절 쓰기에서 환자군은 가로쓰기에 비해 세로쓰기를 할 때 전체 음절 묶음과 세부적 음절의 크기 변화율 및 한 음절 반복 쓰기 내 음절의 크기 변화율이 유의하게 작았다. 그러나 정상군은 모든 과제 수행에서 가로쓰기와 비교하여 세로쓰기를 할 때, 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 이와 같은 결과는 기저핵의 손상으로 인해 행동의 강도를 조절하는데 쓰기 방향을 가로쓰기에서 세로쓰기로 바꿔 과제를 진행한 것이 하나의 외적 신호로 작용하여 이들의 감소된 감각적 피드백을 자극하는 역할을 담당한 것으로 해석된다. 뿐만 아니라 전두엽과 두정엽의 혈류량 저하로 인해 주의 집중과 시공간 감각이 감소된 파킨슨병 환자들에게 세로쓰기라는 쓰기 방향의 전환을 통해 자극의 인지 방향을 변화시킴으로써, 파킨슨병 환자들의 지속적인 주의 집중을 가능하게 하여 글자 크기의 증가를 이끌어낸 것으로 해석된다. 본 연구는 세로쓰기 방법이 구 쓰기나 한 음절 쓰기 뿐만 아니라 순수 한글로 구성된 유의미 단어 및 한 음절 반복 쓰기에서도 파킨슨병 환자들의 소자증 변화에 도움이 될 수 있다는 객관화된 사실을 도출했다는 점에서 연구의 의의를 찾을 수 있다. 즉, 순수 한글인 ‘여보게’라는 유의미 단어와 이들의 음절 위치와 대응되는 한 음절 반복쓰기 내 음절 간의 크기 변화율를 비교해 본 결과, 언어 환경적 특수성의 차이 발생을 기대했음에도 불구하고 환자군에서는 파킨슨병의 소자증 특성이 개별 언어 환경에 따라 발생할 수 있는 특수성을 상쇄시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 다시 말해, 점진적 소자증을 나타내는 파킨슨병 환자들은 쓰기 과제 종류와는 상관없이 가로쓰기에 비해 세로쓰기를 할 때 글자 크기 변화율이 유의하게 작았다. 이와 함께 평행선이나 방안선, 혹은 청각 단서 등의 물리적인 외부 자극이 제공되지 않는 상황에서도 세로쓰기를 통해 글자 크기를 유지할 수 있다는 점에서 임상적 적용 가능성을 기대해 볼 수 있게 한다.

廣開土好太王碑文 書體의 造形的 特徵과 書藝史的 位置

류지혁 경주대학교 대학원 2001 국내석사