여성을 위한 자동차 인테리어 디자인 평가척도 중요도에 관한 연구

황아용 전북대학교 일반대학원 2022 국내석사

In recent years, with the proportion of female drivers gradually increasing, female drivers have gradually become the main purchasing force in the automotive consumer market. Even so, most automobile designs on the market do not distinguish between male and female characteristics. Most studies and literature only show differences in the needs and purchasing power of men and women, but no specific distinction is made. In other words, since men and women have different automobile buying needs, it is necessary to come up with an automobile design suitable for women. According to some studies, women are more interested in the interior than the emotional design and appearance of the automobile. Therefore, interior design is the most important choice for female drivers when they buy and affects their purchasing power. Research related to the importance of each automobile element is incomplete in terms of relevant research trends both domestically and internationally. Given these research trends and contexts, there is a need to study female vehicle interior design that meets female needs through female-centered psychology. From this aspect, this study understands the characteristics of female drivers based on the evaluation elements of vehicle interiors. Also, it discusses the importance of each evaluation element of vehicle interiors for women and investigates vehicle interior solutions that meet female needs. Most of the current domestic and international research on automobiles is centered on user interfaces, seats, and automobile colors. It is based on evaluation models of vehicle interiors, with very insufficient research on the selection and importance of evaluation elements of vehicle interiors. Therefore, it is necessary to redefine the evaluation elements of vehicle interiors and use them as a basis for studying the priorities of vehicle interiors elements and classifying them by gender. In other words, to design female vehicle interiors, it is necessary to consider female psychology and study the design of female vehicle interiors that meet female needs. This study proposes an objective evaluation method that assigns weight values to each element, allowing for a more specific assessment than existing evaluation methods. First, the theoretical study analyzes the increase and trends of female economic activity in the automotive consumer market and analyzes the characteristics of male and female drivers. Then research advances concerning the field of empirical satisfaction are analyzed. Finally, the concept of the AHP technique is understood. Second, evaluation factors related to vehicle interiors were extracted and categorized with a Delphi survey as the center. Third, the importance ranking of evaluation factors was investigated in the empirical study, and the results were classified into upper and lower terms. Combining these factors, the weight values of the evaluation factors of vehicle interior design were compared between male and female experts. Among the upper items of the results, men rated internal and external sexual factors the highest and external sexual factors the lowest. In the overall ranking, male experts gave the highest weight to "aesthetics" with 18.91%, followed by "stability", "originality", "spatiality", "functionality", "visibility", "interactivity", "efficiency", "sustainability", and "accessibility". The results for female experts showed that the top item had the highest rating for internal and external factors and the lowest rating for internal factors. Female experts had the highest stability in the overall ranking with 17.25%, followed by visibility, sustainability, aesthetics, spatiality, interactivity, efficiency, originality, functionality, and accessibility. Finally, this study proposes a design improvement plan for six evaluation factors, including "stability," "visibility," "sustainability," "aesthetics," "spatiality," and "interactivity," with female drivers in mind. The psychological and emotional needs of female drivers are considered to develop vehicle interior designs suitable for women.

Marital Status and Female Labor Force Participation in Sri Lanka : An Empirical Study of Annual Labor Force Survey 2021

이레샤 서울대학교 대학원 2024 국내석사

Marital Status and Female Labor Force Participation in Sri Lanka: An Empirical Study of Annual Labor Force Survey 2021 Iresha Udayangani Rankiri Pathirannehelage International Development Graduate School of International Studies Seoul National University Low female labor force participation (FLFP) is an issue currently being discussed in Sri Lanka. While the male labor force participation rate is around 70%, female labor force participation rate is only around 30%. As such, females remain under-represented in the Sri Lankan labor force, despite increasing number of women attaining educational and professional qualifications. Female literacy rate is very high in Sri Lanka same as the male literacy rate. Although Sri Lanka has shown a remarkable achievement in the education of both male and female, there is a huge gap in the labor force participation of male and female. A national level policy intervention is required improve the FLFP, which will not only increase the supply of labor as a factor of production, but also will enhance the ability to create value in the labor force through new skills and talent brought in by gender diversity. Since Sri Lanka is still a developing country, currently having a huge economic crisis, there is an urgent need of accelerating the economic activities to improve the living statues of the people. Increasing the FLFP is important not only for the economic development but also for the development of women themselves. In order to increase the FLFP, it is vital to explore the reasons for this low FLFP in Sri Lanka. This study tries to clarify that marriage is an obstacle for women to participate actively in labor force or not. It could be found some studies which are exploring these factors but it is not abundant. Both developed and developing countries have been identified, getting married as an obstacle for FLFP. It is needed to test that hypothesis in Sri Lankan context. This effort is for cherishing the existing literature by filling the above research gap by identifying the relationship between the ‘marital status’ and the ‘female labor force participation’ in Sri Lanka. This identification is important for policy makers to take correct decisions where necessary. Although there are so many reports which are discussing the issue of low FLFP in Sri Lanka, only a few scientific studies have addressed this issue. Those studies also mostly tried to identify the reasons for low FLFP in Sri Lanka broadly. It cannot be found scientific studies which are directly tested the relationship between marital statues and FLFP in Sri Lanka. This study tries to fill that research gap. The questions of Q1. ‘Does female labor force participation vary by marital status in Sri Lanka?’, Q2. ‘In which situations females’ participation is less in the labor force?’ and Q3. ‘What is the relationship of ‘being a widowed, divorced or separated’ with ‘FLFP’?’ are answered by this research in relation to the Sri Lankan context. For this study, data was obtained from Sri Lanka annual labor force survey in 2021 conducted by the Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka. The Logit model (Logistic Regression) was used to analyze the data using STATA package. The results confirm that getting married significantly decreases the likelihood of FLFP as paid employees in Sri Lanka as expected from this study. Keyword: Female Labor Force Participation, Marital Status, Sri Lanka Student Number: 2022-20681 낮은 여성 노동력 참여(FLFP)는 현재 스리랑카에서 논의되고 있는 문제입니다. 남성 경제활동참가율은 약 70%인 반면, 여성 경제활동참가율은 30% 정도에 불과합니다. 따라서 교육 및 전문 자격을 취득한 여성의 수가 증가함에도 불구하고 스리랑카 노동력에서 여성의 대표성은 여전히 과소평가되고 있습니다. 스리랑카의 여성 문해율은 남성 문해율과 마찬가지로 매우 높습니다. 스리랑카는 남성과 여성 모두의 교육에서 놀라운 성과를 보였지만 남성과 여성의 노동 시장 참여에는 큰 격차가 있습니다. 생산요소로서 노동공급을 증가시킬 뿐만 아니라, 또한 성별 다양성으로 인해 발생하는 새로운 기술과 재능을 통해 노동력에서 가치를 창출하는 능력도 향상될 것입니다. 스리랑카는 아직 개발도상국이고, 현재 엄청난 경제위기를 겪고 있기 때문에, 인민의 살아있는 조각상을 개선하기 위한 경제활동을 가속화할 필요가 시급합니다. FLFP를 높이는 것은 경제 발전뿐만 아니라 여성 자신의 발전에도 중요합니다. FLFP를 높이려면 스리랑카에서 FLFP가 낮은 이유를 탐색하는 것이 중요합니다. 본 연구는 결혼이 여성의 적극적 노동참여 여부에 걸림돌이 된다는 점을 밝히고자 한다.이러한 요인을 탐구하는 일부 연구를 찾을 수 있지만 풍부하지는 않습니다. 선진국과 개발도상국 모두 결혼이 FLFP의 장애물로 확인되었습니다.스리랑카의 맥락에서 이 가설을 테스트할 필요가 있습니다. 이러한 노력은 스리랑카의 '결혼 여부'와 '여성 노동력 참여'의 관계를 규명함으로써 위의 연구 공백을 메워 기존 문헌을 소중히 여기려는 것이다.이러한 식별은 정책 입안자가 필요한 경우 올바른 결정을 내리는 데 중요합니다. 스리랑카의 낮은 FLFP 문제를 논의하는 보고서가 너무 많지만 이 문제를 다룬 과학적 연구는 소수에 불과합니다. 또한 이러한 연구는 대부분 스리랑카에서 FLFP가 낮은 이유를 광범위하게 확인하려고 노력했습니다. 스리랑카에서는 결혼상과 FLFP의 관계를 직접적으로 검증한 과학적 연구를 찾아볼 수 없습니다. Q1의 질문입니다. '스리랑카에서 여성의 노동시장 참여는 결혼 여부에 따라 달라지는가?', Q2. '여성의 노동시장 참여가 적은 상황은 무엇인가?'와 Q3. 본 연구는 스리랑카의 맥락과 관련하여 '과부, 이혼, 별거'와 'FLFP'의 관계는 무엇인가?'에 대한 답변을 제시합니다. 본 연구를 위해 스리랑카 인구조사통계부가 실시한 2021년 스리랑카 연간 노동력 조사에서 데이터를 얻었습니다. STATA 통계 소프트웨어 패키지를 사용하여 데이터를 분석하기 위해 Logit 모델(Logistic Regression)을 사용했습니다. 결과는 본 연구에서 예상한 바와 같이 결혼을 하면 스리랑카에서 FLFP가 유급 직원이 될 가능성이 크게 감소한다는 것을 확인시켜 줍니다. 키워드: 여성 노동력 참여, 결혼 여부, 스리랑카 학생번호: 2022-20681

Female-to-male proportions of the head and face in Koreans

김정일 건국대학교 대학원 2008 국내석사

It is well known that the head and face are smaller in females than in males. However, almost all previous studies have quantified the size difference between males and females as simple numerical values, which might not clarify the difference. The present study evaluated the female-to-male proportions of the head and face so as to clarify the sex-related differences. Totals of 1939 females and 1398 males were divided into three age groups: young (20-39 years), middle-aged (40-59 years), and elderly (60-79 years). The dimensions were classified into three categories: five cephalic, three frontal facial, and six lateral facial. Cephalic and frontal facial dimensions were measured directly on the head and face, and lateral facial dimensions were measured indirectly on standardized photographs. The female-to-male proportions of individual dimensions were compared in the three age groups using the following formula: female measurement value × 100 / (mean of male measurement value). The female-to-male proportions of the cephalic dimension increased with age, with the female cephalic dimensions overall being about 96% of the male cephalic dimensions. The female-to-male proportions of the frontal facial dimension were constant across the age groups, with the female frontal facial dimensions overall being 95% of the male frontal facial dimensions. The female lateral facial dimension increased markedly from the young to middle-aged group, and was constant or decreased slightly from the middle-aged to elderly group. Overall the female lateral facial dimensions were about 97% of the male lateral facial dimensions. The presence of cephalic and facial dimensions that were greater in females than in males varied with the measured dimension. Overall 14.8%, 16.1%, and 38.6% of cephalic, frontal facial, and lateral facial dimensions, respectively, were greater in females than in males. 일반적으로 머리와 얼굴의 크기는 남자가 여자보다 크다고 잘 알려져 있다. 그러나 대부분의 연구에서는 계측값만으로 그 차이를 제시하고 있어 쉽게 이해하기에 어려움이 있다. 이 연구에서는 여자의 머리와 얼굴을 남자를 기준으로 비율을 구하여 여자가 얼마나 작은지 보다 쉽게 알 수 있도록 하였다. 한국인 성인남자 1,398명, 성인여자 1,939명을 연구대상으로 하였고, 나이대를 정하여 세 집단으로 나누어 조사하였다. 머리와 얼굴을 자를 이용하여 직접 계측하거나, 사진을 이용하여 계측하였다. 머리에 관한 계측항목이 5개, 정면얼굴에 관한 계측항목 3개, 가쪽얼굴에 관한 계측항목이 6개였다. 각 계측값은 남자의 평균값을 기준으로 여자의 계측값이 얼마나 작은가 하는 것으로 나타내었다. 나이가 증가할수록 머리에 관한 비율은 점점 증가하는 경향을 보였고, 전체적으로 여자의 머리는 남자 머리크기의 약 96% 였다. 정면얼굴에 관한 비율은 나이에 따른 차이를 보이지 않았고, 남자 얼굴크기에 비해 약 95% 였다. 가쪽얼굴에 관한 비율은 젊은집단과 중년집단의 차이가 매우 컸으나 중년집단과 노년집단과의 차이는 크지 않았으며 전체적으로 남자의 가쪽얼굴크기에 비해 약 97% 정도 였다. 머리와 얼굴을 전체적으로 비교해 보면 여자의 머리얼굴크기는 남자의 약 96%였다. 여자의 머리와 얼굴이 남자보다 큰 경우는 계측항목에 따라 달랐다. 머리에 관한 계측항목에서는 전체 여자의 약 14.1%가 남자보다 컸고, 정면얼굴에 관한 계측항목에서는 여자의 16.1%가 남자보다 컸다. 가쪽얼굴에 관한 계측항목은 여자가 더 큰 경우가 많아 여자의 38.6%가 남자보다 크게 나타났다.

Female Commuting, Female Labor Supply, and Female-Only Ridehailing System in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Qiu, Waishan ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Cornell University 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Women in Saudi Arabia are no longer banned from driving since 2018. However, anecdotal evidence indicates that females still rely on male relatives, hired drivers, or ride-hailing to travel, and the unemployment rate is especially high among well-educated young women. Indicated by regional science and labor economy studies that focused on gender disparities, this study hypothesizes that when commute cost is high, female workers might 1) quit jobs, 2) reduce their daily hours of work, or 3) take closer-to-home but less-matched jobs. However, no study exists to quantify the associations between female commute cost and labor supply in Saudi Arabia due to the data scarcity on disaggregated-level female mobility patterns. To fill the gap, this study identifies more than two thousand female workers whose majority of taxi rides were home-to-work trips based on a million female ride-hailing trips data. Their commute costs regarding 1) distance, 2) time, 3) money and 4) burden, and labor supplies regarding 1) employment rate, 2) hours of work and 3) job-skill mismatch extent are inferred. The associations between female commuting cost and labor supply are then quantified using multivariate regression analysis. Furthermore, given the increasing safety concerns of female riders when traveling with male stranger drivers, providing a female-only ride-hailing service can improve riders’ safety confidence, which in return might improve women’s mobility and employment outcomes. While being a female driver could be a decent job. However, whether a female-only system is feasible will be subject to the number of female drivers available. Since drivers join ridehailing platforms to earn incomes, this study simulates the tradeoffs between female drivers’ effective hourly earning rate and female riders’ pick-up delay simultaneously, under a minimum fleet size framework. The results indicate that the effective hourly earning rate of an average prospective female driver is about 80% of the mean female job wage, justifying the feasibility of such a gender-dedicated service for Riyadh. This study enriches Regional Science and Time Geography studies with mobility big data and operational research to investigate issues important to feminists with special interests in Saudi Arabia and ride-hailing services.

Factors influencing female employment participation in Ecuador

Realpe Maigua Sandy Estephy Graduate School of Government and Business, Yonsei 2024 국내석사

Female employment significantly contributes to achieving various Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Ecuador, including eradicating poverty (SDG 1), achieving gender equality (SDG 5), and promoting full and productive employment (SDG 8). Recognized constitutionally and supported by the National Development Plan, women's role in the workforce is a key aspect of Ecuador's social and economic framework. Women constitute 43.1% of the labor force, contributing 14.5% to the country's GDP in 2023. Data from the National Institute of Statistics and Census (INEC) in 2023 highlights a high employment rate for females at 94.7%, demonstrating their significant role in the economy. However, this positive scenario is tempered by the unequal distribution of employment opportunities among women, influenced by factors like geographic location, ethnic background, education, and income level. These disparities are often under-addressed in policy frameworks, leading to normalized inequalities without targeted solutions for the diverse challenges faced by different groups of women. This quantitative research explores the primary factors influencing female employment in Ecuador, using data from the 2022 National Employment, Unemployment, and Underemployment Survey (ENEMDU), encompassing the entirety of Ecuador’s territory, including all 24 provinces and incorporating urban and rural areas. The study uses logistic regression analysis on a sample of 115,666 working-age females, split into urban (86,638) and rural (29,028) sub-samples. Findings indicate that age, certain ethnicities (Indigenous and Montubio), and marital status (being married) positively correlate with employment. Conversely, having family dependents and disabilities are factors that negatively affect employment opportunities for women. The study aims to broaden the academic dialogue by adopting an intersectional perspective, examining how various social factors intersect to affect female employment. Its objective is to inform public policy, offering insights for more inclusive and effective employment strategies for women in Ecuador. By addressing labor market disparities and challenges, this research contributes to the overarching goal of gender equality in employment, aligning with Ecuador's commitment to the SDGs. 여성 고용은 에콰도르에서 지속 가능한 개발 목표(SDGs)를 달성하는 데 기여하며, 이는 빈곤 퇴치(SDG 1), 성 평등 달성(SDG 5),전면적이고 생산적인 고용 촉진(SDG 8)을 포함합니다. 헌법적으로 인정받는 여성의 노동 시장에서의 역할은 에콰도르의 사회 및 경제 구조에서 핵심적인 측면입니다. 여성은 노동력의 43.1%를 구성하며, 2023년 국내 총생산 (GDP)의 14.5%에 기여했습니다. 2023년 국립 통계 및 센서스 연구소(INEC)의 데이터는 여성의 고용률이 94.7%로 높게 나타나 경제에서 중요한 역할을 하고 있음을 보여줍니다. 그러나, 이 긍정적인 상황은 지리적 위치, 인종 배경, 교육 및 소득 수준과 같은 요인에 의해 영향을 받는 고용 기회의 불평등한 분포에 의해 완화됩니다. 이러한 격차는 종종 정책 프레임워크에서 충분히 다루어지지 않으며, 여성 그룹별로 다양한 도전에 대한 목표로 한 해결책 없이 정상화된 불평등으로 이어집니다. 이 정량적 연구는 2022년 국가 고용, 실업 및 미취업 조사(ENEMDU)에서 얻은 데이터를 사용하여 에콰도르에서 여성 고용에 영향을 미치는 주요 요인을 탐색합니다. 이 조사는 에콰도르 전역의 모든 24개 주와 도시 및 농촌 지역을 포함합니다. 연구는 도시(86,638명) 및 농촌(29,028명) 하위 샘플로 나뉜 115,666명의 취업 연령 여성 샘플에 대한 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 사용합니다.연구 결과에 따르면 나이, 특정 인종(원주민 및 몬투비오), 결혼 상태(기혼)는 고용과 긍정적인 상관관계를 보입니다. 반면에 가족 부양 의무와 장애는 여성의 고용 기회에 부정적인 영향을 미칩니다.이 연구는 여러 사회적 요인이 어떻게 교차하여 여성 고용에 영향을 미치는지 검토함으로써 학술 대화를 넓히고자 합니다. 그 목적은 공공 정책에 정보를 제공하여 에콰도르 여성을 위한 더 포괄적이고 효과적인 고용 전략을 제시하는 것입니다. 노동 시장의 불균형과 도전을 해결함으로써, 이 연구는 고용에서의 성 평등이라는 광범위한 목표에 기여하며, 에콰도르의 SDGs에 대한 약속과 일치합니다.

A Qualitative study to overcome the barriers of Muslim Female Athletes regarding dress code in Pakistan

사니아 서울대학교 대학원 2023 국내석사

In Islam, there is a strong emphasis on promoting good health and fitness, encouraging individuals of all genders to actively engage in physical activities for the purpose of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Islam not only permits but also encourages sports and recreational pursuits, which not only provide physical benefits but also offer relief to the mind and spirit. Howev?er, Islamic teachings impose limitations on certain aspects of sports, specifi?cally prohibiting Muslim women from participating in mixed-gender sports. Unfortunately, many Muslim female athletes face obstacles when at?tempting to participate in sports, often due to misinterpretations of religious teachings or a lack of awareness regarding women's rights in sports. To support the significance of exercise and fitness for women, this research paper draws upon evidence from the Holy Quran and Hadith. In Pakistan, sports physical activities have long been dominated by men, posing substantial challenges for the participation of Muslim female in international completions. These challenges predominantly arise from dress code requirements and religious restrictions that limit the involvement of Muslim female athletes in sporting events. In Pakistan, Muslim female athletes face multiple barriers related to sports attire. Recognizing the concerning circumstances surrounding Muslim female athletes in sports competitions, proactive measures have been taken to address these challenges. The main focus of this research is to explore the experiences of Muslim female athletes with regard to dress code in sports. The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the obstacles faced by Muslim female athletes in Pakistan, due to religious affecting dress code. By the end of the study, recommendations and suggestions will be presented to empower Muslim female athletes in Pakistan, with a particular emphasis on overcoming barriers associated with dress code in sports. 이슬람에서는 건강과 피트니스를 촉진하고, 건강한 생활을 유지하기 위해 모든 성별의 개인들이 적극적으로 신체활동에 참여하도록 강조한다. 이슬람은 운동과 여가 활동을 허용할 뿐만 아니라 적극적으로 권장하며 신체적 이점을 제공하며 마음과 영혼에 안정감을 줍니다. 그러나 이슬람 교훈은 일부 운동 측면에 제한을 두고 있으며, 특히 성별 혼합 스포츠에 참여하는 것을 금지하고 있다. 많은 무슬림 여성 운동 선수들은 종종 종교 교훈을 잘못 해석하거나 여성의 스포츠 권리에 대한 인식 부족 때문에 운동에 참여하기 어려움을 겪고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 여성을 위한 운동과 피트니스의 중요성을 지원하기 위해 꾸란과 하디스에서의 증거를 참고한다. 파키스탄에서는 스포츠 신체 활동이 오랫동안 남성들에 의해 지배되어 왔으며, 이로 인해 무슬림 여성의 국제 대회 참가에 도전하고 있다. 이러한 도전은 주로 의상 요구 사항과 종교적 제한 때문에 무슬림 여성 운동 선수들의 참여를 제한한다. 파키스탄에서는 무슬림 여성 운동 선수들이 스포츠 의상과 관련하여 여러 가지 장벽을 직면하고 있다. 무슬림 여성 운동 선수들의 스포츠 경험을 탐구하는 것을 주요 목적으로 본 연구에서는 종교적인 영향으로 인한 의상 규정과 관련된 장애물에 대한 포괄적인 이해를 제공하고자 한다. 파키스탄의 무슬림 여성 운동 선수들이 종교적인 영향으로 인해 직면하는 장애물을 탐구하며 스포츠에서 의상 규정과 관련된 장애물을 극복하기 위해 파키스탄의 무슬림 여성 운동 선수들을 활성화하기 위한 권고와 제안이 제시되어있다.

女性犯罪에 관한 硏究

한휘전 朝鮮大學校 大學院 1993 국내박사

This study is on the female crimes, and I study the scholars' researched outlooks about it till now on through the theoretical background of female crimes. I analyzed and checked a cause of female crimes by dividing it into a biological, a psychologic medical, and a sociological factor. Finally, the contents of this study not only prevents and reduces an occurrence of female crimes in our country but also secures an establishment of returning policy to the society for the female who finished their prison terms as a sound social members. The conclusion of this study is as follows : 1. Owing to the rapid economic growth, our living standard is highly improved and the social environment is greatly changed recently. That is, as the industrialization, the urbanization, the trend of nuclear families, the propensity to consume and so on are greatly expanded, the views of traditional ethics are fallen down and materialism is prevailed. So the female crimes become increased gradually. 2. Based on C. Lombroso's study, which had dealt with the ethical views about the female crimes, it is understood that the skull, the outstanding feature of face, in particular, before menstruation or menstrual period, may function a cause of female crime. 3. The causes of female crimes can be examined in the female biological aspect. The female biological characteristics, the pregnancy, the childbirth menstruation and the meno-pause and so on may become a cause of female crime. From the psychological point of view, the female crimes are considered as passive and especially the female participation in a social affairs may bring about the opportunity to many female crimes. 4. The female crimes are more expanded rather than the male crimes in our country, as well as many major foreign countries gradually as in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Sweden, and other countries. 5. Looking into the tendency of Korea's female crimes, We can see that it makes the economic condition of people very prosperous because the number of females' economical activities are increased then it makes the level of education highly improved. So we can examine that the higher the level of education is the more the female crimes becomes. 6. Owing to the changing of our society, the changing of life style from supporting from the large family to the nuclear families and the almighty mammonism which prevent all of us from public moral are the prominent characters of crimes. 7. The present situation of female crimes in our country are as follows. 1) The age group thirties occupies a higher rate, and the group twenties and forties is the next. 2) While the female crime rate is decreased among the people who had not received the secondary education, the rate of the fe- male crimes occupies the highest among the people who had received above highly schooling. It shows that our education level is much more improved than ever before. 3) The people who belong to the low class of earning in terms of living conditions can commit a number of crimes in particular. The poverty may cause the female crimes. 4) Married female can commit more crimes than unmarried female. 8. In conclusion, we must take two types of measures to reduce the female crimes. One is to strengthen one's various education according to the normal education function and to make the education for the whole man for the purpose of bringing up the sound member of society. The other is to prevent the female crimes efficiently and to achieve a bright, clear environment, so all the people in this country must strive to make the whole world happy and innocent by means of the fiery cooperation and positive support.

A Fatalistic Hurdle on Female Non-regular Workers’ Class Formation in Korean Context of the Labor Politics : Subaltern’s Resistance Far from the War of Position

김다영(김재희) 연세대학교 대학원 2014 국내석사

Since IMF crisis in 1997, the accumulation regime including the modes of production has been transformed in Korea. The pattern of a labor movement under the developmental regime is not valid anymore. Facing ‘the crisis of labor,' the expectations for the role of non-regular workers in immaterial labor sector is increasing. In this context, female non-regular workers are deemed as the promising resistant subject whose job is categorized as the unstable ‘affective labor.’ Their subordinated status started to be visualized as the impetus constructing associational power in the labor politics.This study aims to explore the reasons female non-regular workers’ subalternity is preserved despite the support from women’s groups, labor unions and civil societies. Existing researches provide the basis to understand the subalternity of female non-regular workers such as globalization, internal inequality of the labor politics, and the gender blinded discursive interpretation of resistance. I try to explain the lack of subversive power of female workers in terms of class formation as laborers.Class formation is a process that develops along with the collective interests of class, self-awareness as working class, class habitus, and the class capacity to mobilize resources for sustaining the resistance. The construction of class-consciousness determines the maturity of class formation while the process of class identification plays the role to reinforce class-consciousness. In short, the strength of resistance comes from the (proletarian) class awareness toward a struggle.The case studies of clean-up workers’ strikes show the failure of female workers’ resistance. Although activists supported each strike, there is not the development of class-consciousness to deconstruct the oppressive labor conditions. Still, cleaners’ strike could not provide the base of political leverage because they failed to identify themselves as the proletariat.According to examples of strike in this study, the interruption of class identification is the obstacle against the formation of class and it is found in the patterns of the resistance. The failure of females’ class identification becomes fatalistic in two ways. The first reason is female non-regular workers’ position in the gender-based labor market. They are allowed to enter into only the temporary labor market. The occupations are followed by a low wage, poor welfare, weakness of employment protection, and social disrespect. They even have little chance to organize. Even if women workers have resisted, they can not escape their job from the category of low-paid and affective labors. The small victories of associational struggle prove that female workers can hardly deconstruct the cultural common sense that they are unskilled laborers. In fact, female workers are likely to concentrate on the ‘emotional association’ and identify themselves as ‘mothers,' the subject of care work.Secondly, I found that the cultural basis of resistance is constituted with the ‘pure’ sympathy for ‘the miserable cleaners’, unlike Negri, Hardt, and Duluez expected a counter-power to emerge against the hegemony by associational power of ‘the multitude’. This multitude, the supporters of the clean-up workers’ strikes and the argument of the opposition, relies on the value of ‘justice,' ‘humanity’, and ‘ pure sympathy.' Class habitus as a fuel for development of class capacity has been excluded at the first place. They hardly create the unique language of class to resist.This thesis verifies female workers’ situation as the subaltern with examples of struggle. Clean-up workers’ strikes suggests cultural path-dependency of female workers’ class struggle in Korean labor politics. The position of female workers in the labor market under neo-liberalist reformation and internal weakness of solidarity functioned as fatalistic hurdles for female workers to perform deconstructive the habitus. Non-regular workers as the subaltern had tried to organize but mobilized and after all they have failed to establish the war of position against the oppression

Regurgitation of the postcolonial female : a study of Tsitsi Dangarembga's nervous conditions and the books of not

김민경 서울대학교 대학원 2013 국내석사

This thesis examines Tsitsi Dangarembga’s two novels to date, Nervous Conditions (1988) and The Book of Not (2006), as the “regurgitation” of the postcolonial female whose body has been controlled and whose voice silenced in both the colonial and postcolonial periods in Zimbabwe. My usage of the term “regurgitation” is based on the representation of the native female body as a site of control and resistance in both texts. Yet the focus of regurgitation is not limited to her body but includes her voice as well. In this sense, “regurgitation” denotes a “remembering” or “rewriting” of the postcolonial female as both object and subject to claim her own subjectivity. As we follow Tambu, the main protagonist and narrator, through the two texts, we observe the change in her perspective according to the change in setting, as well as a collusion of the dominant ideologies of patriarchy, colonialism and nationalism. In dealing with the postcolonial female, Dangarembga’s texts draw and depart from Frantz Fanon’s analysis of the postcolonial. In this process, we are able to read not only the postcolonial female author’s attempt to disgorge the repressive double colonization that has been “Othering” her, but also her attempt to assert her own claim on herself, apart from those who have claimed to speak on behalf of the postcolonial woman. The second chapter looks at Nervous Conditions, focusing on both the representation of native females, especially on somatic aspects such as anorexia/bulimia, and on the regurgitation of the postcolonial female’s voice. The Rhodesian traditional culture’s patriarchal system, with the notion of disciplining the female body according to the Victorian feminine ideal in colonial education, exacerbated the oppression of the female natives. Yet despite the pain accompanying such enforcement, female natives in turn use their bodies as sites of resistance. By such portrayals of female bodies, Dangarembga begins the regurgitation of previously repressed histories that can function as alternatives to the official male history. The third chapter examines The Book of Not, comparing Tambu’s progress with the country’s progress toward independence. I observe how Dangarembga regurgitates the legacies of nationalism and colonialism by first juxtaposing the physically amputated native female bodies with the everyday violence of colonial education, and secondly by purposefully appropriating and distorting the “nationsroman” structure. In this process, the protracted trauma of contemporary Zimbabwean history is brought to light where violence persists and forgetting is enforced. Compared to Nervous Conditions, active regurgitation by the postcolonial female body is here deliberately lacking or delayed because in this larger and more sinister setting, the forced silence and violence fractures not just her body but also her sense of self. Yet this belatedness and non-redemptive narrative structure conversely demonstrates how inadequate and violent the traditions of existing ideologies are to the postcolonial female. Despite the fact that the two texts address different time periods with a changing focus, both texts thus portray the persisting wounds from the past and ask what postcoloniality means in a world where past legacies and ensuing traumas live on. Instead of giving definite answers, the texts allude to a possible solidarity with the postcolonial female’s roots, and by telling her story, Dangarembga paints the way forward for postcolonial women in Zimbabwe. 본고는 짐바브웨 출신 작가 치치 단가렘바의 두 소설 『불안한 상태』 (1988)와 『부정의 서』 (2006)를 탈식민적 “구토” (regurgitation)의 개념을 바탕으로 봄으로써, 그 동안 통제되고 억압되었던 탈식민 여성의 입장에서 그들의 몸과 목소리를 통해 짐바브웨 사회를 어떻게 비판하고 또 재구성하는지에 대해 논의하고자 한다. “구토”라는 개념은 작품에서 탈식민 여성의 몸이 억압의 장소이면서 동시에 저항이 일어나는 장소이기도 하다는 사실에 근거하는데, 본고에서는 여기에 덧붙여 언어적 의미를 포함한 ‘기억하기’ 혹은 ‘다시쓰기’를 통하여 탈식민 여성의 주체성을 되찾고자 하는 적극적인 노력을 뜻한다. 즉 본고에서 “구토”는 탈식민 여성의 몸과 목소리를 객체로서 뱉어내는 것과 주체로서 탈식민 여성이 뱉는 것 모두를 포괄하는 개념으로, 그 동안 제3세계 여성들을 ‘타자화’하고 억압한 ‘이중적 식민화’를 토해내려는 시도이자, 그들의 목소리를 대신했던 가부장제, 식민주의, 민족주의로부터 벗어나 스스로의 목소리를 내려는 시도이다. 본고는 두 작품 공통의 주인공이자 화자인 탐부 (Tambu)를 따라가며 두 작품 사이에 그녀의 시각이, 지배이데올로기인 가부장제, 식민주의, 민족주의의 간의 공모 양상과 배경의 변화에 따라 어떻게 변화하였는지를 살펴본다. 이는 작가가 프란츠 파농의 이론을 흡수하고 변용하여 탈식민 여성 문제에 반영하는 과정이기도 하다. 이를 통해 탈식민 여성의 문제를 제대로 다루기 위해서는 탈식민 여성의 문제에만 초점을 맞추던 방식으로부터 그녀를 둘러싼 사회•역사적 상황에 따른 여러 양상을 포함하여야 한다는 작가의 인식 변화를 알 수 있다. 2장에서는 첫 작품 『불안한 상태』에서 가부장제로부터 억압받는 피식민지 여성들의 몸—특히 거식증/폭식증에 걸린 몸—과 탈식민 여성의 목소리를 어떻게 구토하고 또 재현하는지를 살펴본다. 전통적인 가부장제 사회의 규율과 식민주의 교육에 녹아 든 여성의 몸에 대한 빅토리아 시대의 훈육방법이 합해져 피식민지 여성의 억압을 악화시킨다. 그러나 이러한 통제에서 오는 고통에도 불구하고 피식민지 여성은 그 몸을 통해 저항한다. 그리고 이 저항을 통해 그 동안 공식적인 남성중심의 역사 아래 억압되어 왔던 여성의 새로운 역사를 드러낸다. 3장에서는 다음 작품 『부정의 서』를 대상으로 탐부의 성장이 독립을 향한 신생국가의 성장과 병치된 모습을 살펴본다. 민족주의와 식민주의의 유산을 구토해내기 위한 방법으로 이 작품에서 작가는 첫째, 육체적으로 분절된 피식민지 여성의 몸과 식민주의 교육으로 인한 일상의 폭력을 병치하고, 둘째, 의도적으로 “내이션스로만” (nationsroman)의 구성을 취한 후 그것을 비틀어 민족주의와 식민주의의 유산을 뱉어낸다. 특히 『불안한 상태』와 비교했을 때 『부정의 서』에서 탈식민 여성의 몸을 통한 적극적인 구토가 의도적으로 지연되거나 은폐된 것은 폭력과 침묵을 강제하는 전쟁이 피식민 여성의 몸뿐 아니라 자아까지도 분열시켰음을 알려준다. 더 나아가 이 작품이 이러한 극단적인 상태를 그대로 보여줌으로써 역설적으로 그 동안의 전통적인 재현의 방식들이 적절치 않았음을 드러낸다. 이렇듯 두 작품은 비록 다른 공간과 시기를 다루며 초점을 달리 맞춘 듯 보이지만, 공통적으로 탈식민 여성이 과거의 상흔에서 어떻게 벗어날 수 있는지, 그리고 나아가 과연 식민지배 이후의 탈식민이란 무엇인지에 대해 묻는다. 그러나 두 작품 모두 이 질문에 대하여 직접적인 답을 제시하지 않는다. 대신 『부정의 서』의 마지막 부분에서 탐부의 어머니가 재등장하여 가족 사이의 유대관계를 말하는 부분을 통해 과거와 완전히 절연할 수는 없음을 암시한다. 이와 동시에 탐부의 이야기를 통해 탈식민 여성이 짐바브웨에서 걸어가야 할 대안적인 길을 모색한다.

초등 여교사의 교육행정·전문직 진출에 관한 연구

박영희 경성대학교 교육대학원 2000 국내석사

This study examines the recognition that male and female teachers' have about duty accomplishment when they are teaching, the difference of the perception between male and female work on educational administrative and supervisory positions, to analyse the factors which will cause an uneveness of female teachers'. To accomplish this purpose, the some questions of this study are as follows : 1. How is the difference between the perception of male and female teachers' in accomplishing their duties? 2. How is the difference of perception when male and female teachers' advance into educational administrative and supervisory position? 3. How is the difference of perception of male and female teachers' about obstructive factors when female teachers' advance into educational administrative and supervisory position? 4. What are the suggestions to activate the female teachers' advance of educational administrative and supervisory position? To examine these subjects, literature survey and researches had been carried out. Literature survey was focoused on advanced results of the studies, which were related to the main subject of this study. And the results would be consisted by theoretical background of the studying. The questionnaire, which was made by researchers under an academic teacher, contained the content of the entry female teachers into school administrative and supervisory position. The Independent variable averag and standard deviation for each question were yielded by statistical measurement. The F test was used to verify the difference of the response. The summary of the studying results are as follow : 1. The recognition of sex accomplishment in teaching 1) There is no difference of recognition about the fitness of females' teaching. Only the respondents understand that female teachers are more suitable for teaching students than male teachers. 2) The second, The respondents recognize, referring to the ability of accomplishment, female teachers aren't behind man. And it is a small matter for female teacher to manage a school as a administrator. 3) The perception of sex accomplishment of educational administrative is in the average response that male teachers' managerial position can't join actively than female teachers' administration. 4) The difference of ability in educational administrative and supervisory position is not sexual, but personal. 5) Referring the number of female teachers for the rate of the school administrative and supervisory position, they perceive the rate would b raised. 2. The recognition of need which female teaches in primary school have about an advance into educational administrative and supervisory position 1) The perception represents the high need to go up in proportion to man, status, schooling. Regarding the rate of female teachers in proportion to female assigned teachers, it can be said female teachers are willing to advance into educational administrative and supervisory positions. 2) Referring the perception of promotional rules of the public educational personnel, there are lots of differences in proportion to sex, status, career and scholarship, male teachers who are in high position with careers, perceive well. 3) Assigned teachers, administrators, graduate students and post graduate students perceive positively, and have accomplishing pride about their educational administrative and supervisory positions and an effort to expand their profession. 4) Lots of female teachers represented negative responses about teaching students in remote places and islands. Even though female teachers want to advance into educational administrative and supervisory position and are making efforts to extend their profession, it is actually impossible for female teachers to work on a school in remote places and islands, because female teachers' are suffering from many roles. 3. The recognition of obstructive factors in advance of female teachers into educational administration and supervisory position 1) There are some disadvantages for female teachers to be familiar with people who are in administrative position, and according to theopposite sex, educational administrators negatively perceive female teachers negatively. Female teachers have more handicaps than male teachers. 2) The respondents perceived that it is prevalent to underestimate woman's accomplishment in the man-centered educational atomosphere. Therefore, traditional thinking at the man-centered society and the negative perception which educational administrators have kept in their mind, a handicap to be familiar with administrators, and underestimation of woman's accomplishment are prevalent. Those are main factors to obstruct for female teachers to the push into educational administrative and supervisory position. Consequently female teachers are also aware of the handicaps in the teaching field. 4. The recognition of advance as primary female teachers into educational administration and supervisory position 1) Most of all, administrators should change their consciousness about of female teachers and they should be active and positive when they carry out their educational administrative and supervisory position. 2) According to the proportion of the number of female teachers, the rate of woman's educational administrative and supervisory position should be decided. Accomplishment record should be given equally without discrimination of sex. Consequently, to activate the advance of female teachers' into educational administrative and supervisory position, they should make an effort, develop themselves, change their mind positively and actively, and reduce the additional point which teachers at remote places and islands would get. At the same time, it is important for administrators to get out of the traditional man-centered thinking, to try to see female teachers from new point of view and to make an effort to find female teacher's hidden merits.