An environmental policy failure, nuclear energy's threat to marine ecology : evalution of u.s. Thermal pollution policy and its application to korean coastal governance

오광석 Univ. of Delaware 2003 해외박사

Thermal pollution is an important environmental problem that has not received adequate attention, particularly in relation to the thermal effects of nuclear power plants on marine ecology. This issue is especially relevant to Korea because the nation is heavily dependent upon nuclear energy produced by facilities that create thermal pollution in coastal waters. Korea has not yet adopted a governmental policy to mitigate the environmental effects of thermal pollution, and it is at a point where increased reliance on nuclear power makes the development of such a policy critical. In considering policy options, the experience of the United States with thermal pollution regulation offers Korea an opportunity to assess and learn from the American case. It can identify factors that may foster or constrain the design and implementation of successful thermal pollution regulation in Korea. Within this framework, this analysis of the U.S. experience focuses on the formulation and implementation of thermal pollution regulation related primarily to coastal nuclear facilities. It assesses the effectiveness of this policy in terms of mitigating negative marine externalities. This study evaluates the policy outcome of thermal pollution regulation by analyzing the degree of enforcement and compliance and by exploring the outcome of court decisions. This study fully recognizes and notes that there are substantial differences between the Korean and American political economies and the dynamics and processes of making and carrying out policy, particularly in the case of the nuclear power industry’s role and status. At the same time, an examination of how marine-related thermal pollution regulations were formulated as well as assessment of the extent to which thermal pollution has been effectively mitigated in the United States can provide valuable lessons for Korea. These lessons can help Korea adopt its own thermal pollution policies to reduce the negative effects of nuclear facilities. The final intent of this study is to propose a thermal pollution policy that draws upon an analysis of the role and status of nuclear power generation in Korea. It examines the past and current status of government policies that deal with marine-related thermal pollution from such plants and considers relevant aspects of the American experience to accomplish this task.

The Impacts of Regional Air Pollution Load and Mobility Characteristics on the Occurrence of Environmental Diseases from an Environmental Justice Standpoint - Focused on Young Age Asthma Disease -

유영은 충북대학교 2021 국내석사

Environmental diseases (ENVDs) as diseases caused by environmental exposure. Therefore, for effective management, it is necessary to continuously monitor environmental pollution and health damage in vulnerable areas by adopting a "region-level approach" rather than a "disease-based approach." In addition, environmental benefits and burdens should be fairly shared according to the basic concept of environmental justice in Article 2 No. 2 of the Framework Act on Environmental Policy. The Act, in general, asks to identify the occurrence of ENVDs in and/or within the vulnerable classes, ages, and areas. This study intends to : First, analyze the relationship between air pollution load characteristics and the occurrence of ENVDs; Second, analyze the impacts of air pollution mobility characteristics on the relationships between air pollution load characteristics and the occurrence of ENVDs; Third, analyze impacts of the occurrence of ENVDs by spatiality outside the region in addition to air pollution load and mobility characteristics within the region; Fourth, analyze the impacts of age on the relationship between air pollutant load and mobility characteristics and the occurrence of ENVDs; Fifth, analyze the impacts of regional social and economic characteristics on clusters of occurrence of ENVDs. To this end, this study adopted principal component analysis, the testing of the moderating effect, negative binomial regression model, conditional autoregressive bayesian hierarchical model and random forest. This study found the following results : (1) The regional air pollution load characteristics have been shown to affect the occurrence of ENVDs. And the higher the concentration of A, which is the chemical manufacturing process, among air pollutants concentration the higher the occurrence of ENVDs. (2) The reigonal air pollution mobility characteristics act as a moderating effect in the relationship between air pollution load characteristics and the occurrence of ENVDs. In addition, the lower the wind speed and the higher the emissions of hazardous chemicals, the greater the impacts of air pollutants concentration on the occurrence of ENVDs. (3) There is a spatial autocorrelation relationship between the air pollution load and mobility characteristics in the region and the occurrence of ENVDs, and the goodness of fit in model considering the spatial impact is found to be more suitable. Therefore, in addition to the characteristics within the region, spatiality outside the region affects the occurrence of ENVDs. (4) In the case of a young age, the impacts of air pollution load and mobility characteristics on the occurrence of ENVDs has significant association, and the impacts of air pollution load and mobility characteristics on the occurrence of ENVDs is different by age groups. (5) the higher the vulnerability of the social and economic characteristics of the region, the more likely it is to be classified as HH regions of the occurrence of ENVDs clusters. These results suggest that the ENVDs occurs disproportionately where low income and vulnerable class people are disproportionately exposed to air pollutants. 환경성 질환은 환경 노출에 의하여 발생하는 질환이다. 따라서 실효적인 관리를 위해서는 ‘질환단위 접근방식’이 아닌 ‘지역단위 접근방식’을 채택하여 취약지역의 환경오염 및 건강피해를 지속적으로 모니터링 할 필요가 있다. 또한 환경정책기본법 제2조 2항 환경정의 기본이념에 따라 환경적 혜택과 부담은 공평하게 나눠져야 하며, 본 법에 따라 계층, 연령 및 지역의 취약성에 따른 환경성 질환 발생을 파악할 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 논문의 목적은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대기오염물질 부하 특성과 환경성 질환 발생과의 관계를 분석한다. 둘째, 대기오염물질 이동 특성이 대기오염물질 부하 특성과 환경성 질환 발생과의 관계에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 셋째, 지역 내 대기오염 특성 외에도 지역 외 공간이 환경성 질환 발생에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 넷째, 질환자의 연령이 대기오염물질 부하·이동 특성과 환경성 질환 발생과의 관계에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 다섯째, 지역의 사회·경제적 특성이 환경성 질환 발생 군집에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 이를 위해서 본 연구는 ‘음이항 회귀 모형’, ‘조건부 자기회귀 베이지안 위계모형’, 그리고 ‘랜덤 포레스트’을 채택하였다. 본 연구의 분석결과는 다음과 같다. (1) 지역의 대기오염물질 부하 특성은 환경성 질환 발생에 영향을 미치며, 대기오염 농도 특성 중 주요 배출원이 화학물질 제조공정인 , 농도가 높을수록 환경성 질환 발생에 미치는 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. (2) 지역의 대기오염 이동 특성은 대기오염물질 부하 특성과 환경성 질환 발생 간 영향 관계에서 조절효과로서 작용하며, 풍속이 낮은 지역일수록, 유해화학물질 배출량이 높은 지역일수록 대기오염물질 농도가 환경성 질환 발생에 미치는 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. (3) 지역의 대기오염물질 부하·이동 특성과 환경성 질환 발생 간 영향 관계에는 공간 자기상관성이 존재하며, 공간 영향을 고려한 모형이 설명력이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 지역 내 특성 이외에도 지역 외 공간이 환경성 질환 발생에 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있다. (4) 유소년 인구집단일 경우 대기오염물질 부하·이동 특성이 환경성 질환 발생에 미치는 영향에 유의한 연관성을 가지며, 연령별로 대기오염물질 부하·이동 특성이 환경성 질환 발생에 미치는 영향은 상이한 것으로 나타났다. (5) 지역의 사회·경제적 특성이 취약함에 따라 환경성 질환 발생의 HH지역으로 분류되는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 저소득층, 취약계층과 대기오염에 노출 가능성이 높은 지역에서 환경성 질환이 불균형적으로 발생함을 시사한다.

Essays on foreign direct investment and environmental pollution loadings

은웅 Utah State University 2002 해외박사

The role of foreign direct investment (FDI) as a channel of knowledge transfer and on the technological spillovers of know-how in the economy was the primary focus of this study. The key question addressed was whether countries with relatively low environmental standards may attract more foreign capital in environmentally demanding activities resulting in creation of "pollution havens" or do lower environmental standards, which attract large foreign capital inflows, introduce more efficient and less polluting technologies, that promote "pollution halos?" The first essay describes the dynamic relationship among pollution loadings, pollution abatement effort, and economic development with explicit consideration of FDI-related effects. It demonstrates how foreign direct investment may reduce environmental pollution through higher expenditure on pollution abatement. The second essay provides an empirical estimation of the relationship between selected pollution loadings and FDI, as well as other independent variables including industry specialization, domestic investment, and institutional variables designed to reflect a country's formal regulatory enactments related to control of pollution loadings and enrollment and compliance with international environmental protocols. With Korean time series data ranging from 1976 through 1997, the estimation results show that increases in FDI may reduce pollution loadings. These findings are comparatively robust for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), but less so for carbon dioxide (CO₂). In the former, both the direct effect and second turning points in pollution loadings were negative and statistically significant. For CO₂, the linear effect for FDI was not significant. However, when tested with FDI squared and FDI cubed for first and second turning points, respectively, the coefficient for FDI was found to be significant and negative in the quadratic case, and significant and negative in the cubic. In a similar examination of turning points for CO₂, the coefficient for FDI squared was significant with a positive sign in the quadratic, while in the cubic case, coefficients for neither FDI squared nor FDI cubed were significant. Findings were consistent with the research hypothesis that FDI reduces pollution loadings in the case of BOD, but for CO₂, only weakly supportive in linear and cubic cases and inconsistent in the quadratic case.

環境被害의 私法的 救濟

정세진 경희대학교 국제법무대학원 2002 국내석사

環境汚染被害에 대한 私法的 救濟는 個別 被害者의 民事訴訟에 의해 法定을 통해 이루어지는 救濟 手段으로, 이는 즉 司法的 救濟를 意味한다. 오늘날 環境汚染에 대한 公法的 規制가 강조되는 측면이 있으나 環境汚染被害가 발생한 경우에 最後의 救濟 手段은 역시 私法的 救濟일 수 밖에 없으므로 결국은 私法的 救濟를 통하여 環境汚染被害에 대한 개인 環境權의 최종적인 보장이 이루어 질 것이고 아울러 環境汚染被害의 발생을 적극적으로 억제하는 예방효과도 함께 거둘 수 있을 것이다. 우리나라에서 環境汚染被害에 대한 私法的 救濟는 民法 제750조 이하에 의한 不法行爲로 인한 損害賠償請求와 留止請求에 의해 이루어지는 가장 확실한 環境汚染被害 救濟手段이라고 할 수는 있으나 복잡한 民事訴訟에 따르는 여러가지 문제점도 내포하고 있다. 따라서 效率的인 環境汚染被害 救濟制度를 確立하기 위한 私法的 救濟의 活用方案이 집중적으로 연구 검토되어야 하는데 損害賠償請求와 관련된 내용으로는 侵害事實의 立證困難과 審理의 지연을 막기 위해 請求內容을 單純化해야 하고 多數의 당사자가 관련된 環境訴訟에서는 少額被害者를 보호하고 사건의 집단적 처리를 용이하게 할 수 있도록 집단소송과 같은 대규모 訴訟制度를 이용할 수 있어야 한다. 그리고 留止請求와 관련된 내용으로는 環境汚染被害의 발생에 대한 防止措置의 경우 고도의 전문적ㆍ과학적 기술이 필요하므로 作爲ㆍ不作爲 義務의 내용을 구체적으로 정하고 防止施設의 설치를 명하는 경우에는 그 구체적 방법을 특정지워 놓아야만 할 것이며, 특히 環境汚染으로 인한 被害는 인간의 생명과 신체 또는 자연환경에 대한 피해를 필연적으로 수반하므로 우선 당장 오염된 환경의 현상유지나 변경을 위해 假處分 制度의 적극적인 활용이 요청되며 經濟的으로 弱者인 대다수의 피해자들을 위해 訴訟救助制度 등이 적절하고 합리적인 방법으로 環境汚染被害訴訟에 기여 할 수 있도록 그 體系를 마련해 놓아야 한다. 또한 복잡한 民事訴訟을 통해야만 하는 여러가지 문제점 때문에 私法的 救濟制度가 環境汚染被害者에게 그렇게 많이 이용되지 못하고있는 우리의 실정을 감안해 私法的 救濟手段인 民事訴訟制度 이외에 제3자가 당사자간을 중개하여 화해와 타협을 이루어내는 環境紛爭調整制度 같은 行政的 救濟手段이 효율화ㆍ전문화ㆍ공정화 될 수 있도록 보다 더 확충해야만 할 것이다. 그리고 이러한 제도들의 장점을 적극적으로 활용하여 環境汚染被害 발생의 사전예방 기능을 강화하고 私法的 救濟制度의 문제점들을 계속적으로 보완하여 環境汚染으로 인한 被害를 최종적으로 확실하게 보장받을 수 있는 구체적인 수단으로서 私法的 救濟制度가 자리잡을 수 있도록 노력해나가야 하겠다. The idea of natural environment created to benefit human being was a popular belief. But times are beginning to change. Today, there is a constant concern of knowledge regarding the environment. The more we learn, the more we realize the misuse of the environment. The rapid progress of human civilization has caused the gradual pollution and destruction of natural environment. Environmental pollution has recently been appreciated as a real and serious problem. Nowadays, the problem of pollution has been seriously spread out around the world, especially in our country. If we do not handle this problem in a proper manner, we will suffer from frustration due to our uncertainty of our future in crisis. However, not everyone sees the future in a bright way, but hope remains. Several measures for environmental pollution might be developed, before it is too late. Refined measures, for example, legal measures might still be discovered and study being examined. There are two methods in the legal measures for environmental pollution, one is public control, the other is civil remedies. But this study is focused on the studying remedies of civil law for environmental pollution and deals with changes of the legal theory to exercise civil remedies in Korean legal system. And now, this study deals with the problems of the civil law of damages caused by environmental pollution. In this study, it deals with the concept of civil remedies of environmental pollution and the theories of civil remedies against environmental pollution. The legal theories applicable to the law of environmental pollution can be based on the legal characteristics of environmental pollution. And in order to establish revised or new theories applicable and suitable for environmental pollution cases, the legal theory and structure of similar system should first be defined and analyzed from the viewpoints of a comparative study of civil law. Furthermore, this study deals with the two systems to control damages resulting from environmental pollution. One is injunction for the injury and the other is compensation for the damage. The compensation for environmental damage is solved by the theory of torts generally. The compensation is to make amends for damages of monetary values. The responsibility for environmental pollution is the negligence of responsibility. Damages caused by environmental pollution, a claimant has burden of proof of causation. Also, there are various legal theories to effectuate the compensation in many ways, but there is no perfect theory to solve the problems properly. And injunction is a order of the court which prohibit illegal actions when environmental damages have occurred or seem to occur. But injunction is seldomly accepted. Therefore, it is necessary and justifiable to make effective methods to remedy environmental damages. When we face the problems of civil remedies against environmental pollution, injunction and compensation should be accepted easily and effectively. In addition, I wish that this study not only contribute to developing the legal theory of civil remedies against environmental pollution, but also improving the legislative policy of our country as well.

Multi-isotope approach (Cu-Zn-Pb) for tracing metal pollution sources into the marine environment

정혜령 과학기술연합대학원대학교 2022 국내박사

In the marine environment, metal pollution sources mainly originated from terrestrial regions, move to streams via rainfall runoff, and then flow into the marine environments or enter it via atmospheric diffusion. Metal pollution in marine and coastal environments has been reported worldwide, particularly Cu, Zn, and Pb pollution. Accurate information on the metal pollution sources is needed to prevent and manage metal pollution in marine environments. However, it is difficult to trace pollution sources accurately only through metal concentration studies due to the complexity of environmental pollution. A new analytical tool is needed to solve this environmental problem. Metal stable isotopes are used to trace pollution sources accurately and evaluate the contributions of each pollutant. However, marine samples have lower metal concentrations than terrestrial samples and contain large amounts of salt, which interferes with isotope analysis and thus makes it difficult to analyze metal stable isotopes. Since metal pollution in marine environments is closely related to terrestrial and atmospheric environments, it is essential to develop chemical separation methods for metal stable isotopes that can be applied to various environmental samples. Therefore, isotope methodology with high accuracy and precision for Cu, Zn, and Pb stable isotopes was developed to produce high-quality isotope data. Based on this method, this paper presents the isotopic compositions of Cu, Zn, and Pb from various pollution sources entering the marine environment originating from terrestrial regions, and investigates whether pollution sources can be distinguished. The applicability of metal stable isotopes in marine organisms was also investigated. The column separation method developed here gave Cu, Zn, and Pb yields over 99.2%. This method can be applied to various environmental samples. This study provides Cu, Zn, and Pb isotope data of thirty-three geological and biological reference materials used worldwide. Among the metal pollutants entering marine environments, the metal concentrations and isotopic compositions for Cu, Zn, and Pb in non-exhaust traffic emission sources (brake pad, asphalt, curb, road paint, tire, and brake dust) and fine road dust (PM10) in Busan were presented for the first time. These isotopic compositions distinguished the non-exhaust emission sources from each other and showed that each metal pollutant came from different sources. Road-deposited sediments (RDS) are transported to marine environments through rainfall runoff. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between size-fractionated RDS and total suspended solids (TSS) in rainfall runoff, and showed that less than 63 μm of RDS were entered into streams and marine environments by rainfall runoff. Various metal pollution sources exist in industrial areas. Metal concentrations and stable isotopes of Cu and Pb in the stream sediments of the Shihwa National Industrial Complex, which has the most industrial facilities in South Korea, were studied. RDS transported through rainfall runoff greatly affected Cu and Pb isotopic compositions in stream sediments. In addition, the Zn isotopic compositions in surface sediments and marine organisms (oysters and mussels) collected from the coast of South Korea are presented, and the relationship between sediments and marine organisms is investigated. Oysters are more suitable for biomonitoring metal contamination than mussels and can be used for monitoring and managing coastal environments and ecosystems. Multi-isotopic compositions (Cu, Zn, and Pb) and their combination can distinguish different pollution sources. This study also presented the metal stable isotopes of potential pollution sources entering the marine environment (non-exhaust emission sources, RDS, and stream sediments) and those in marine environmental samples (surface sediments, oysters, and mussels); such data are scarce worldwide. Environmental studies using metal stable isotopes and the application of multi-isotopes will play an important role in managing metal pollution sources and understanding biogeochemical processes.

한국의 환경오염 실태와 환경오염 방지 정책

정영화 연세대학교 경영대학원 1999 국내석사

지속적인 경제개발을 위해서는 환경오염을 어느 수준으로 줄이느냐가 중요한 문제로 등장하였다. 그것도 가장 효율적인 방법으로 환경오염을 줄일 수 있도록 정책을 입안하고 실행에 옮기는 가가 중요하게 되었다 본 연구는 우리나라의 환경오염실태를 살펴보고, 환경오염방지를 위하여 현재 시행되는 수단들을 검토하여 문제점을 찾아보았으며, 환경 문제해결을 위해 제품부담금과 같은 간접환경세제도 도입등, 수질오염·대기오염·폐기물처리의 환경오염방지제도의 개선안을 제시하고자 하였다. 본 논문에서는 국내외 환경관련 문헌과 연구논문을 비롯하여 각종 통계자료, 정부간행물, 환경관련 법규집 및 조세관련 법규집등의 문헌 조사를 활용하여 서술적 방법으로 접근하였다. 논문의 내용을 요약하면 첫째, 우리나라 환경오염의 원인으로는 인구의 증가, 도시집중, 중공업중심으로의 산업구조전환, 자동차 수의 급격한 증가, 환경오염방지 기술 및 시설낙후등인데 그 동안 환경오염방지를 위해 적절히 대응하지 못했기 때문에 환경오염의 실태는 상당히 악화되어 있다. 둘째, 현재 시행되고 있는 환경오염방지 수단은 직접규제와 경제적 유인제도를 함께 쓰고 있는데 효율면에서 보면 충분한 유인제도가 되지 못하고 있다. 셋째, 환경오염방지에는 경제적 유인제도가 직접규제보다는 효율적임을 알아보고, 수질오염·대기오염·폐기물처리에 알맞는 경제적 유인제도를 살펴보았다. 배출부과금 및 제품부담금과 같은 환경세는 오염비용부담자의 합리적선택을 유도하고 계속적으로 환경오염을 줄이고자 하는 유인효과가 있는 제도이다. 넷째, 환경세실시로 저소득층의 부담이 늘어나는 문제는 조세제도의 전반적인 개혁과정에서 흡수하여야 하고, 수출에 대한 어려움은 실시 시기의 조정·최종소비가 환경오염을 유발하거나 폐기물처리에 비용이 드는 경우 수출에 대하여 면세하여 해결한다. 위와 같은 개선방안에 따를 경우의 문제점과 긍정적인 효과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 문제점으로는 새로운 제도에 대한 부담자의 저항 내지는 저소득층의 부담증가, 전반적인 가격상승을 통한 물가에 대한 부담과 수출에 대한 영향, 원료투입단계의 제품부담금은 오염을 줄일 동기의 부족등을 들 수 있다. 둘째, 긍정적인 효과로는 환경오염방지투자의 확대 및 환경오염방지 기술의 발전을 가져오고, 에너지 효율제고 및 청정에너지 개발을 촉진하고, 환경친화적 조세체계는 소비형태를 시정하여 환경오염이 적은 상품의 개발을 유도하고, 지금까지 외부비용을 내부화함으로써 진정한 소득분배의 개선을 가져온다. 경제적 유인제도의 적극적인 활용은 적은 비용으로 환경목적을 달성하고, 새로운 무역장벽을 제거할 수 있어 가장 효율적인 방법이라 할 수 있다. The extent of reducing the environmental pollution for a sustainable economic growth has been highlighted as important issue. Specifically, it has become important to design and implement the policies of reducing environmental pollutions in a most effective way. This study aims to review the conditions of environmental pollutions in Korea, and thereupon, examine the current prevention's policies of environmental pollutions and address their problems, and thereby, suggest such solutions checking water/air pollutions and waste disposals as introduction of "indirect environmental tax systems" like a charge on products. To this end, a descriptive method was adopted by reviewing domestic and foreign environment-related literature and dissertations, various statistics, government publications, environmental control codes, relevant tax codes, etc. The results of this study can summarized as follows; First, the factors causing environmental pollutions in Korea may be manifold; increase of population, concentration of population in cities, industrial structure centered about heavy industries, rapid increase of automobiles running, poor anti-environmental pollution techniques and facilities, and so on. After all, since we have not responded to the environmental pollutions properly, our nation suffers now from th serious environmental pollutions. Second, the current anti-environmental pollution systems characterized by direct controls and economic instruments combined does not seem to be much effective. Third, assuming that economic instruments are more effective in checking the environmental pollutions than direct controls, the economic instruments to check water/air pollutions and waste disposals are discussed. For example, such environmental taxes as charges on 'discharged amount' or commodities may well urge the relevant people to select their production alternatives in a reasonable way and thus, serve to reduce the environmental pollutions on a continual basis. Fourth, the increasing tax burden of low-income people due to the introduction of environmental taxes can be solved by a comprehensive reform of the tax system, while the difficulties of exporters can be eased by adjusting the timing of the environmental taxes levied or exempting them from the taxes when it is judged that the final consumption of the commodities would cause an environmental pollution or their wastes should be disposed. The possible problems and positive effects of the above solutions can be enumerated as follows; First, the possible problems may be tax-payers' resistance to the new system, low-income people's increased tax burden, inflationary pressure and difficulty of exports due to higher commodity prices, suppression of the motives for reducing the pollutions (if the charges are levied at the stage of material input), etc. Second, the positive effects may be expansion of anti-environmental pollution investments, development of anti-environmental technology, improvement of energy efficiency, development of pro-environmental energies, correction of anti-environmental consumption patterns in favor of those commodities causing less environmental pollution, genuine improvement of income distribution owing to internalization of the external costs, etc. All in all, these economic instruments are perceived most effective, as they can serve to the achieve our environmental goals with less cost, while removing a new trade barrier.

환경경영시스템(ISO 14000) 운영기업과 비 운영기업 근로자의 환경오염인식에 대한 연구

진준수 연세대학교 보건대학원 2005 국내석사

We studied workers in companies with an environment management system (EMS: ISO 14000) and those working in companies without such a system in order to understand the recognition differentiations between the two groups by measuring recognition of environmental contamination, knowledge, communication methods, environment policy and education method within the companies. Based on the results,we verify the related factors affecting recognition of environment contamination. We obtained responses from 395 workers who work for companies with an EMS and 351 workers who work for companies without an EMS using a structured questionnaire.The level of environment pollution was recognized at an average 4.27, which is not so severe but 'more than medium-level.' And they stated that they are satisfied with the environmental status of Korea a little and their health status is very good.It is shown that both groups obtain information on the environment from mainly from television, followed by the Internet, newspapers, radio and company education and speeches, in that order. On the question whether incidents that happen during tasks may be harmful, they responded that they rather think it is harmful a little.The both groups responded that they are not aware of their companies'' environmental policy or that they have no interest in it, which means they generally don''t know the policy. In addition, they recognized that their employers do not care for environmental management. In terms of environmental educational methods within the companies, they responded that there have rarely been environment education and pollution prevention activities within their companies. Also, they don''t actively participate in educational programs, if provided, and believe that education for the environment is only a little helpful. On the question whether they think education for the environment and methods should be changed, they replied that they don''t have any interest in it or don''t know about it.In terms of main environmental pollution, on the question whether environmental pollution is harmful to people''s health, in general they recognized that it is harmful to people''s health. On the other hand, they also thought that the damage can be directly or indirectly reduced by technology or the ability of people. The recognition of the environmental pollution is higher in the workers who work for companies without an EMS than in the workers who work for companies with an EMS. The more the media sources where they can obtain information, the higher the education they got the more communication with outside interests when environment pollution occurs, the stronger the inclination they have in participating ineducation for the environment and in improving the educational methods and the more seriously they recognize environmental pollution. The employer''s interest in environmental pollution was shown as the main factor significantly affecting the workers'' recognition levels. Mutual consentand encouragement on the nature-friendly environmental management should be made by conducting follow-up studies on the recognition and behavior pattern of the owners of the companies, environmental management agencies, and workers. And the results should be consulted in forming a national environmental policy and in environmental legislation. At this time, government, industry and education should be combined in order to establish a propelling body that will support long-term and detailed objectives from planning to implementation. 본 연구는 ISO 14000 환경경영시스템(EMS) 운영기업과 비 운영기업 근로자를 대상으로 환경오염인식, 지식, 의사소통 방법, 기업 내 환경방침 및 교육방법을 측정하여 두 집단간 인식 차이를 파악하여 환경오염인식에 영향을 미치는 관련요인을 규명하기 위한 것이다. 환경오염원인 제공자 입장인 기업의 근로자를 대상으로 하여 구조화된 질문서를 이용하여 환경경영시스템(EMS) 운영기업 근로자 395명과 비 운영기업 근로자 351명으로부터 응답을 얻었다.현재 우리나라 환경오염에 대한 인식도는 평균은 4.27로 우리나라환경오염이 매우 심각하지는 않지만 “중간이상정도 오염되었다고” 인식하고 있었고, 우리나라의 환경상태에 대해서는 약간 만족한다고 하였으며, 현재 자신의 건강상태는 대체로 건강하다고 응답하였다.환경문제에 관한 지식 습득매체에 대해 두 집단 모두 1순위로 TV를 통해 환경문제에 대한 지식을 습득하는 것으로 나타났고, 그 다음으로는 인터넷(컴퓨터), 신문․잡지, 라디오, 회사의 교육 및 강연 순이었다. 작업 중 취급하거나 발생되는 물질이 건강에 유해한가에 대한 평가는 “약간 유해하다고 생각하는 편”이였다.두 집단은 환경방침에 대해 “모르거나, 관심이 없다”고 응답하여, 환경방침을 대체적으로 모르는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 기업 내 경영자가 환경경영에 관심이 별로 없는 것으로 인식 하였다. 기업 내 환경교육방법에 대한 인식을 살펴보면, 회사에서 실시하는 환경교육 및 오염방지에 대한 교육유무에서는 별로 없는 편이라고 응답하였고, 환경교육시에 적극적으로 참여하고 있지는 않는 것으로 응답하였고, 기업 내 환경교육이 실제적으로는 약간의 도움만 되는 편이라고 평가하였으며, 환경교육 및 방법이 개선되어야 하는지에 대한 평가는 모르거나 관심이 없었다.주요 환경오염문제에 대해 각각의 환경오염문제가 사람의 건강에 해를 끼치는지 인식을 살펴본 결과, 전체 평균값에는 유의한 차이가 있었으며, 인간의 건강에 유해한 영향을 미친다고 인식하였다. 또한 환경오염문제로 인해 발생되는 직간접적인 피해를 사람의 기술이나 능력으로 줄일 수 있다고 인식하고 있었다. 환경오염인식에 영향을 미치는 관련요인으로는 환경경영시스템 운영기업보다 비 운영기업 근로자 집단이 오염인식이 더 높았으며, 남자보다는 여자가 오염인식이 더 높았다. 환경문제에 관한 내용이나 정보를 얻는 매체가 많을수록, 학력이 높을수록 또한 환경오염발생시 외부이해관계자와 의사소통이 많을수록, 회사에서 실시하는 환경교육 참여의지와 환경교육 및 방법의 개선에 대한 성향이 강할수록 환경오염인식을 더 심각하게 느끼고 있었고, 경영자가 환경경영에 관심을 갖고 회사를 경영하는지가 환경오염인식에 유의한 영향을 미치는 결정요인이었다.회사를 경영하는 최고경영자와 환경경영대리인 또한 근로자 및 환경문제에 대한 사회구성원의 인식과 행동양식을 지속적으로 조사하여 지속가능하고 자연친화적인 환경경영의 합의점과 도출점을 찾아내어 이를 바탕으로 환경경영 정책수립과 집행과정에서 장기적이고 세부적인 목표와 이를 뒷받침할 수 있는 추진체계가 정부, 산업계, 학계를 중심으로 구성되어 국가 환경경영정책의 수립 및 입법과정과 추진되는 과정에 반영되도록 하는 것이 꼭 필요하다고 생각된다.

수질오염에 대한 고등학생들의 의식연구 : 고등학교 환경교과서 분석 및 환경 수업에 대한 학생 의식조사

유종수 연세대학교 교육대학원 2008 국내석사

The speed of water pollution has accelerated considerably in the recent decades, affecting not only the ecological environment but also harming the wellbeing of people. This problem has long since been raised in society and the schooling of the topic had also been discussed, yet its action had not taken place until recent years.This study offers water pollution related education, as a part of its ‘Ecology and Environment’ selective course for 11th and 12 graders. However, the rate of the selective course being chosen was proven low and environmental education was found to be included as a formality in many cases. This indicated that practical environmental education was seldom taking place.This research is aimed at clarifying the attitudes of highschool students regarding the topic of water pollutionand in researching the ways in which such education can be done in a more effective manner.Research methods include, analyzing the contents of Ecology and Environment textbooks in terms of the amount and the details it explores water pollution. High school students were also surveyed in order to find out their awareness of water pollution and how they were taught regarding the subject.The following conclusions were drawn.First, all three Ecology and Environment textbooks had included water pollution as a subpart under ‘environmental pollution’. Moreover, they failed to explain the precaution and prevention that students could perform in real life, only focusing on the causes and effects of the pollution.Second, students were found to be interested in the subject of water pollution and also knowledgeable of its defective state. However, schools were not providing enough information. There is a dire need for schools to tutor basic definitions and processes, at intellectual levels appropriate for students. Furthermore, as some schools are not providing environmental studies as a mandatory course, a change or integration into the syllabus of other subjects may be taken into consideration.Lastly, students had little field experiences related to water pollution and were taking in most of their knowledge through textbook and internet. For a schooling that will actually prove useful for the environment, practical data inquiring programs should be made available to teachers and field activities must be enforced on students. Moreover, by cohesion with other subject areas, such as science and social studies, environmental studies should be enforced as a broad and applicable subject. Furthermore, case studies showed that ecology lessons were taught by teachers of other subjects, substituted for individual study time, replaced by other classes or used for times of video showings. Schools and ministries of education should, therefore, become actively responsible and concern themselves with schools in regards to environmental education. 수질오염은 최근 몇 십년간 그 속도가 더욱 빨라져 수 생태계 뿐 아니라, 인간 건강에도 심각한 악영향을 끼치고 있다. 우리나라에서도 수질 오염은 이미 사회적으로 큰 문제점으로 지적되어 학교 현장에서도 이러한 문제와 관련한 교육의 필요성이 대두된 지 오래이나, 실제 학교 현장에서 환경 교육이 행해진 것은 얼마 되지 않았다.현재 7차 교육과정에서는 『생태와 환경』과목이 11, 12학년의 선택과목으로 편성되어 수질오염과 관련된 교육을 하고 있으나 학교 현장에서 선택하는 비율은 높지 않으며 실제 학교현장에서 환경 교육은 교과 과정에 편성만 되어 있고, 실제적인 환경 교육이 이루어지지 않고 있는 경우가 많았다.본 연구는 수질오염에 대한 고등학생들의 인식과 태도 및 학교에서 환경 교육이 어떻게 진행되고 있는가를 파악하는 것에 중점을 두고, 학교 현장에서 환경 수업이 충실하게 이루어지기 위한 방안을 강구하고자 하는 것에 연구의 목적을 두었다.본 연구를 위한 방법으로, 먼저 고등학교 『생태와 환경』교과서에서 수질오염과 관련된 내용이 얼마나 다루어지고 있으며, 어떤 내용으로 구성되어 있는지 분석하였다. 또한 고등학생들이 수질오염에 대해 어떤 의식과 태도를 지니고 있으며 실제 이 내용과 관련된 환경 교육이 어떻게 학교 현장에서 이루어지고 있는지 설문지를 통해 조사하였으며, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다.첫째, 『생태와 환경』 3개 교과서 모두가 수질오염을 환경 오염의 하나로 비중을 두고 다루고 있었으나 그 원인과 현상들에 대한 내용에 집중되어 있어 학생들은 실제 생활 속에서 실천할 수 있는 수질 오염 방지 방법 등에 관해 충분히 접하고 있지 못했다.둘째, 학습의 수요자인 학생들은 수질 오염에 대해 많은 관심을 가지고 있었으며 그 심각성에 대해서도 인지하고 있었다. 그러나 실제 학교 현장에서 충분한 내용이 제시되고 있지 못했다. 따라서 학생들이 이해할 수 있는 수준으로 수질 오염에 대한 기본적 용어나 현상들을 학교 현장에서 제시할 필요가 있다. 이는 환경 교과를 선택하지 않는 학교가 있으므로 타 과목에서도 이러한 내용을 편성하여 가르칠 필요가 있다.셋째, 학생들은 수질 오염과 관련된 현장 학습 경험이 거의 없었으며, 인터넷과 텔레비전을 통해 수질 오염과 관련된 내용을 접하고 있었다. 앞으로 실제적으로 도움이 되는 환경 교육을 위해서는, 현장 학습 경험을 확대하고, 실제적인 자료 위주의 교수 학습 프로그램의 개발을 해야 할 것이다. 이를 위해 ‘환경’ 교과만의 수업이 아니라, ‘과학’, ‘사회’ 과목 간의 연계를 통해 교과 간 유기적이고 통합적인 환경 수업이 이루어져야 할 필요가 있다. 또한 환경 수업 시간을 환경 교사가 아닌 타 과목 교사가 지도하고, 자습이나 타 과목 지도, 비디오 감상 등으로 대체하고 있는 경우가 많은 것으로 나타나, 학교와 교육 당국의 환경 교육에 관한 관심과 지도 관리가 절실하게 필요하다는 것을 보여주었다.

외국인직접투자 품질이 중국 환경오염에 미치는 영향분석 : 환경규제의 문턱효과를 중심으로

ZHU ZHAOKUAN 경희대학교 대학원 2023 국내석사

This study focuses on the limitations of existing studies that fail to examine the impact of FDI quality on local environmental pollution. Using "environmental regulation" as the threshold variable, we first analyze the effect of FDI quality on local environmental pollution in the country, and then empirically analyze whether there is a non-monotonic effect of FDI quality on local environmental pollution following the level of "environmental regulation". The empirical analysis finds the panel data of 30 Chinese provinces from 2005 to 2019 and runs the panel linear regression model and panel threshold regression model to verify the effect of FDI quality on environmental pollution by establishing the FDI quality index system. FDI quality is based on prior studies, and four variables, namely, average FDI inflow amount, export promotion, profitability, and technology level, are selected, and the entropy value method is used to establish comprehensive indicators. In the panel linear regression model, the effects of four FDI quality indicators, namely, average FDI inflow amount, FDI export promotion, FDI profitability, and FDI technology level, on environmental pollution were analyzed, and the results showed that average FDI inflow amount, FDI export promotion, and FDI profitability improvement had significant effects on reducing environmental pollution as expected, and the effects of FDI technology level improvement on environmental pollution were not significant. The results of the overall analysis, however, indicate that the enhancement of FDI quality helps to lessen environmental contamination. In addition, this study examined the non-monotonic effects of FDI quality on environmental pollution using a threshold regression model. The analysis results show that there is a significant threshold effect of environmental regulation on the environmental impact of FDI quality, and the environmental pollution improvement effect of FDI quality increases as the level of environmental regulation increases. When the environmental regulation is low, FDI quality can reduce the pollution of the local environment, but the effect is not fully revealed. Only when the environmental regulation reaches a certain level, FDI enterprises will expand their investment scale, improve green production technology, invest their profits in the research and development of green technology and process to adapt to the strict environmental regulation, and finally give full play to the environmental improvement effect.

Hybrid Nanofibrous Multifunctional Composite Membranes for Environmental Pollution Control: A Synergistic Design of MOFs, Carbon, and Polymer Composites

Minbeom Kim 광주과학기술원 2025 국내박사