Closure System of An Entourage

Ho, Moon-Lyong 수원대학교 기초과학연구소 1997 基礎科學論文集 Vol.6 No.-

위상공간의 entourage에 폐포 entourage와 폐 entourage를 정의하고, 그들사이의 몇 가지 성질을 규명한다.

1643년 계미사행을 전후한 화원 이기룡의 행적 및 활동

이정은 ( Lee Jeong-eun ) 부산광역시사편찬위원회 2017 항도부산 Vol.33 No.-

Painter Lee Gi-ryong (李起龍, 1600~ ) is an entourage painter of Gyemisahaeng (癸未使行, 1643). Gyemisahaeng was a journey in which there was a change in the role and position of the entourage painters as Japan`s demand for Joseon paintings or paintings of entourage painters increased. In fact, since Gyemisahaeng, the nature of the envoys was strengthened as a cultural delegation rather than a political and military aspect. When studying Joseon Envoys in terms of cultural exchanges between Joseon and Japan, it is very important to examine the role and performance of the entourage painters. Nonetheless, Lee Gi-ryong`s journey records as well as the record of his domestic activities were negligent and studies on him were not fully conducted. In this paper, this study reviewed pre- and post-activities of Gyemisahaeng focusing on Lee Gi-ryong`s Gyemisahaeng activities. When Lee Gi-ryong was dispatched to Gyemisahaeng following the Byeongja journey, line drawing was an art trend in Japanese painting circles. Due to line drawing, unlike Kim Myeong-guk who joined Gyemisahaeng following Byeongja journey, there are no known works of Lee Gi-ryong` line drawing. Unlike Kim Myeong-guk, who left a line drawing, Lee Gi-ryong did not leave a piece of a line drawing, which suggests that there was a difference in the roles and activities of the two painters dispatched. As an entourage painter, Kim Myeong-guk, who had drawn pictures to respond to the request of the Japanese side, conveyed his activity history through the records while it is difficult to find Lee Gi-ryong`s activities. It is thought that Joseon undergoing Jeongmyohoran (Injo 5) and Byeongjahoran (Injo 14) was supposed to try to record the military information of the other country in the diplomatic activities and this mission may have been given to Lee Gi-ryong. He was a painter who represented Joseon in a public position rather than as an individual painter, and his performance has been evaluated within such a category. As an entourage painter, Lee Gi-ryong whose personal works do not exist, was studied by extending the category of Painter Lee Gi-ryong`s activities further, to examine his inner and outer activities before and after the entourage painter by looking into his family background and his activities in Dohwaseo.

원간섭기 토지분급제도의 양상과 특징

신은제 부산경남사학회 2023 역사와 경계 Vol.125 No.-

This study was written to analyze the aspects of the land distribution system in the late Goryeo period, especially during the Yuan Intervention period. To this end, first of all, it was reviewed whether the Jeonsigwa(田柴科) system, the land distribution system of the early Goryeo period, was maintained even during the Yuan Intervention period. The Jeonsigwa(田柴科) system was a system in which land was provided according to ranks, from bureaucrats to military officers. For this reason, the provided land usually is divided into two types: land given to nobles and land given to military officers. Since Nokgwajeon and Sageupjeon during the Yuan Intervention period were mainly paid to bureaucrats, this study is limited to the Yangban Jeonsigwa. It was understood that the Yangban Jeonsigwa was not paid to bureaucrats during the Yuan intervention period for three main reasons. First, after the Jeonsigwa System was enacted, there was a case in which the Royal Court paid an additional lands when the nobleman's rank was raised due to a celebration in the country. In 1153 (the 7th year of King Uijong), Uijong, who installed his son Wang Hong as the crown prince, added lands to bureaucrats. In the message after his accession to the throne, Shin Jong added ranks and lands to bureaucrats. However, after this case, it is difficult to find a case in which paid for the lands in the 『Goryeosa』 Second, in the reign of King Chungmok, reform of the land system in the Yuan Intervention period is required. The request for reform of the land system was well reflected in the writing posted by Lee Jehyeon to the Dodang(都堂), and in the first year of King Chungmok, Dopyeonguisasa tried to reform the Nokgwajeon and Sageupjeon systems. By the way, Lee Jehyeon put the reform plan of the land distribution system, which was paid to the entire Goryeo Dynasty, especially to bureaucrats, on the restoration of Nogwahyeon. Lee Jehyeon, who had a good understanding of Goryeo's land system, took the restoration of Nokgwajeon as a reform plan because the Jeonsigwa was virtually collapsed and could not be restored. Third, Jo Jun named the Nokgwajeonsi while submit a written opinion for reform of land’s system. Jo Jun named it Nokgwajeonsi because the Yangban Jeonsigwa had already disappeared and Nokgwajeon had replaced it. King Chungnyeol moved to the Yuan after taking power, drove out some collaborators such as Hong Dagu, and then strengthened the royal authority. During this process, King Chungnyeol revised the Nokgwajeon system, and the revised Nokgwajeon at this time was aimed at providing fertile land to his favorite ministers or newly appointed Bichikchi officials. However, those close to him were worried that their Sapaejeon would be distributed as Nokgwajeon because they had already received the fertile land of the Gyeonggi through Sapaejeon. In response, King Chungnyeol takes measures to prevent the payment of land paid for Sapaejeon to Nokgwajeon. From this time on, Sapaejeon, which was occupied by the close associates, came into conflict with the Nokgwajeon system. As King Chungnyeol's reign grew longer, the politics of his close associates were strengthened, and in the process of confrontation with his son King Chungseon over the throne, the politics of close associate were structured into a new political form in Goryeo. Of course, the Sapaejeon was further expanded. To make matters worse, those who enjoyed power as the close associates began to seize the land around Sapaejeon, but the target of sequestration was not just the land of the people. Officials' land was also subject to deprivation, and Sapaejeon became a major source of infringement on Nokgwajeon. As a result, whenever ...

Cofinite Graphs and Groupoids and their Profinite Completions

Acharyya, Amrita,Corson, Jon M.,Das, Bikash Department of Mathematics 2018 Kyungpook mathematical journal Vol.58 No.2

Cofinite graphs and cofinite groupoids are defined in a unified way extending the notion of cofinite group introduced by Hartley. These objects have in common an underlying structure of a directed graph endowed with a certain type of uniform structure, called a cofinite uniformity. Much of the theory of cofinite directed graphs turns out to be completely analogous to that of cofinite groups. For instance, the completion of a directed graph Γ with respect to a cofinite uniformity is a profinite directed graph and the cofinite structures on Γ determine and distinguish all the profinite directed graphs that contain Γ as a dense sub-directed graph. The completion of the underlying directed graph of a cofinite graph or cofinite groupoid is observed to often admit a natural structure of a profinite graph or profinite groupoid, respectively.

『창사기행(滄槎紀行)』의 특징과 안광묵(安光黙)의 일본(日本) 사행(使行) 경험(經驗)

문순희 ( 文淳嬉 ) 한국어문교육연구회 2021 어문연구 Vol.49 No.2

This paper focuses on Ahn Kwang-Muk’s (安光默) Changsa Kiheng (滄槎 紀行, Record of Travels in Japan), and examines the followings: its characteristics as diplomatic records and the first experience of thw juoney as an envoy, which was recorded from his own perspective different from that of the lead envoy Kim Ki-Soo (金綺秀). Changsa Kiheng is a joint work, as was customary for all envoy travel records. However, the personal experiences and emotions of Ahn throughout the journey as an envoy were faithfully recorded. In particular, the detailed description of his personal interests, activities, and excellent portrayal of objects, which was not recorded in Kim’s Ildong Kiyu (日東記遊) and Sushinsa Ilgi (修信使日記), had a significant value in that it can show highlighting some changes into the envoy’s perspective of Japan, which had was been highly extremely reliant on lead envoy Kim’s materials. Ahn showed keen interest in Japanese culture, such as Japanese food and folk dances that he saw during his stay there. In particular, he carefully recorded the costumes and movements of the performers. In addition, the principles behind modern contraptions such as signboards, streetlights, and photography were recorded in detail. Ahn also conversed in writing with several Japanese counterparts and exchanged poems during his stay in Japan, even though it did not happen albeit infrequently. In particular, he communicated in writing with OkuGisei (奧義制), an official with ofthe Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs several times, and he did not take a negative view on modernized Japan. However, he made negative comments on specific did not appreciate the Japanese culture that does of not teaching the lessons of great Confucian scholars in school.

A Method of Constructing Compatible Frame Quasi-uniformities

Maria Joao Ferreira,Jorge Picado 경북대학교 자연과학대학 수학과 2004 Kyungpook mathematical journal Vol.44 No.3

Unlike a uniformity, a quasi-uniformity is not determined by its quasi-uniform covers. However, a classical construction, due to P. Fletcher, which assigns a transitive quasi-uniformity to each family of interior-preserving open covers, allows to describe all transitive quasi-uniformities on the topological spaces in terms of those families of covers. In this paper we develop a point free generalization of this, which solves a problem posed by G. C. L. Br¨ummer, together with various examples and applications that illustrateits remarkable usefulness. By this construction, many kinds of interior-preserving open covers (e.g. locally finite, point-finite, spectrum, well-monotone) induce compatible quasi-uniformities on an arbitrary frame.