생존의 문화번역과 수키 김의 『통역가』

이선주 ( Seon Ju Lee ) 한국아메리카학회 2011 미국학논집 Vol.43 No.2

This study examines the theories of Walter Benjamin, Tejaswini Niranjana, Rey Chow, and Homi Bhabha to ponder upon literature translation theories of our age. Benjamin breaks up the ontological hierarchy that the original work is the origin and the translation is a derived copy. A relationship of linguistic complementation which aspires pure language exists between the original and the copy. Benjamin`s translation theory which gives weight to language is widely appropriated by cultural translation theorists who deal with contact and negotiation between cultures. Deriving from Benjamin`s translation theories, post-Benjamin translation theorists put forth realistic and at times bellicose cultural translation theories. Niranjana emphasizes the post-colonial historicity of cultural translation and Chow stresses that ``primitive`` society and the western world are both equally corrupt, decadent participants in contemporary world culture. Bhabha`s concept of translation, which applies Benjamin`s concept of linguistic translation to migrants` translation, becomes a matter of survival. The cultural translation of the migrant foreign to the existing society is a performative behavior which raises the matter of survival of how newness enters the world. When translation transcends beyond the limits of language to cultural translation, it enters into the arena of socio-political power. Suki Kim`s The Interpreter shows why a cultural translation which is trans-hierarchical between the original and the copy and is in the perspective of the minority is urgent. Main-stream American society and American government institutions are in the position of the origin which orders and controls immigrants. Thinking that the original is in the stance of owner, they feel that they have the initiative in whether or not to take a tolerant attitude towards foreignness. The Korean immigrants use all their might to translate into the stubborn America. For the immigrant, cultural translation is a cultural translation of survival. On the basis of cultural translation theories, this study examines how cultural translation is one-way and that such one-way cultural translation leads to betrayal. Also, there are diverse differential identities within the immigrant society and when translating becomes impossible, the immigrants become much more vulnerable.

문화번역과 포스트식민 이주서사: 자메이카 킨케이드의 『루시』

이경란 ( Kyung Ran Lee ) 한국현대영미소설학회 2012 현대영미소설 Vol.19 No.1

The idea of ``cultural translation`` was most significantly presented by the Indian cultural theorist Homi Bhabha in a chapter called How newness enters the world: Postmodern space, postcolonial times and the trials of cultural translation in The Location of Culture (1994). ``Cultural translation,`` articulated through his challenging but rewarding discussion of the examples of cultural translation found in the fictional works of Joseph Conrad, Salman Rushdie, and Derek Walcott, focuses on the cultural process itself rather than on the linguistic texts or translated products. As the movements of people crossing borders cause cultural translation, the intermediary position of the migrants, the cultural hybridity and cross-cultural movement that characterizes that position, and the problematic nature of the cultural borders crossed by all cultural translators are significant points of discussion in Bhabha`s ``cultural translation.`` However, despite Bhabha`s influential idea of ``cultural translation,`` what should be noted is that there have been other interesting ``cultural translation`` discourses. In anthropology and ethnography, where the term ``cultural translation`` was earlier coined, ethnographers understood their job as translating or even re-constructing primitive cultures into Western languages for Western readers. In Translation Studies, Cultural Studies, and Postcolonial Studies, the translation of linguistic texts has become the axis around which cultural politics and cultural phenomena in general might be discussed, including the cultural effects of translations, unequal power relations between languages and cultures, and colonial and postcolonial cultural politics. With different definitions and functions of cultural translation in mind, the paper reads Jamaica Kincaid`s postcolonial immigrant narrative as a cultural translation. As a postcolonial immigrant crossing national and cultural borders, Kincaid`s heroine Lucy finds herself as one of translated men, a term by Salman Rushdie. Resisting the negatively ``translated`` identity imposed on her leads her to the process of constantly translating and retranslating cultural versions provided by the metropolis, which regards everything of the West as civilized and superior and that of the non-West as un-civilized and inferior. Such cross-cultural translations and retranslations reveal the problematics of the boundary between the civilized west and the primitive Caribbean, and allows Lucy the distance necessary to reevaluate her post/colonial history as well as metropolitan reality. The last episode, in which her names are blurred with her shameful tears, signifies the fact that her self-invention and cultural translation will be an on-going process.

Crying in H-Mart에 나타난 문화 번역과 번역 전략: 문화특정항목을 중심으로

최은경 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2023 영어권문화연구 Vol.16 No.3

This study aims to examine cultural translation in Crying in H-Mart by a Korean-American writer and analyze its Korean translation, focusing on culture-specific items (CSIs). Crying in H-Mart, originally written in English and published in the US, but uniquely features linguistic and cultural hybrid of two different cultures, illustrating the process of adopting Korean culture into the writer's own through cultural translation. Unlike the traditional concept of translation, cultural translation does not involve two different languages and cultures but is understood as a process of interpretation and condition of human migrancy. This paper presents examples of cultural translation of Korean cultural elements within the Korean-American writer's work and analyzes its translation strategies employed in translating CSIs into Korean. The results show that the writer implemented cultural translation through orthographic adaptation, glossing, unmarkedness, and synonyms, enabling readers to share in the experience of cultural hybridity. However, it is observed that only glossing and synonyms emerge as effective translation strategies for the foreignness inherent in the experience of cultural translation, while orthographic adaptation and unmarkedness may diminish foreignness that cultural translation represented.

Cultural Awareness and Translation Strategies in Literary Translation

Xiaoxia Ji,Hongmei Ruan 한국외국어대학교 통번역연구소 2019 한국외국어대학교 통번역연구소 학술대회 Vol.2019 No.07

With the emergence of foreign “cultural turn” in the 1980s, cultural translations have become more and more important. Translation studies are no longer limited to simple linguistic analysis and comparative analysis between source text and target text, beginning to consider broader issues related to context, history, and tradition. Scholars have paid more attention to the cultural factors in their works, put forward a series of cultural translation theories and regarded translation behavior as an intercultural communication activity. As the main body of translation, translators should not only have profound bilingual ability and bilingual cultural knowledge, but also have sensitive cultural awareness, so as to successfully convey the information and meaning of the original text. The translator’s cultural consciousness refers to the translator’s way of thinking, which is the conscious or unconscious judgment and sensitive cognition of culture. It runs through the whole translation process and restricts the translator’s choice of cultural translation strategies. The research corpus of this thesis is the English translation of Pearl S. Pearl S. Buck is a writer who devotes herself to the cultural exchange between China and the West and a translator who promotes the Water Margin to the world. This paper compares the translation of four-character, proverbs and customs in the source and target texts. Pearl S. Buck adopts different translation strategies according to different languages and culture characteristics, making the translation on the basis of the faithful original text, as far as possible in line with the reader’s expectation. It is of great practical significance to explore these cultural characteristics and their translation.

지난 20년간 '문화용어'에 대한 국내 통번역연구 고찰

김혜림 한국외국어대학교 통번역연구소 2019 통번역학연구 Vol.23 No.4

This study aims to analyze the perspectives which academic circles in translation and interpretation have had regarding cultural terms and to examine the directions they should move forward in future research. By analyzing studies posted in three domestic journals of translation and interpretation, including The Journal of Translation Studies , Journal of Interpretation and Translation Institute , and Interpretation and Translation, this study develops definitions of "cultural terms" and summaries research topics and methods. Cultural terms can be defined as "concept words related to human life or lifestyle," and each of their sub-components forms a specific terminology group. Studies on cultural terms are largely conducted in the direction of comparing source texts and target texts, analyzing translation methods, then presenting desirable translation strategies. Research topics are mostly composed of studies on literary works and on the outcomes of public sector translation. In most cases, translation strategies are proposed to make up for the asymmetry of cultural elements. The significance of the studies on cultural terms over the past two decades can be found in 1) identification of comprehensive categories of cultural terms and approach to components of cultural terms, 2) standardization of specific terminologies within macro cultural terms, 3) establishment and sharing of translation guidelines, even if partially, and 4) implementation of these guidelines in the form of online, open knowledge glossary. Future research should be conducted, first in the short term, in specific areas at the micro level focusing on impending issues. Seen from a macro perspective, however, problems of existing translation drafts will be analyzed. In this process, standards will be established and shared, which is expected to eventually bring a virtuous circle of spreading into business practice and education.

한국 신문에 나타난 문화소의 중국어 번역 고찰 - 단어 차원의 문화소를 중심으로

남철진 한국외국어대학교 통번역연구소 2013 통번역학연구 Vol.17 No.3

Cultural elements can be entirely unfamiliar to target readers; therefore, translators should consider the difference of cultures and try to utilize a dynamic equivalence when translating such cultural elements. This is the first thing to be considered translating cultural elements. Researchers talk about utilizing an interpretive theory of translation when translating cultural elements, employing a complicated process of “deverbalization”, “sense” and “reformulation” This is a difficult process to accomplish, requiring a great deal of intellectual labor. Nevertheless, there is high possibility that the resultant translation could be criticized because of its loose translation. Literal translations can be very convenient in these cases, but it is not easy for target readers to understand the meaning of the cultural elements. However, literal translation is very useful when target readers indirectly through the context can guess the meaning of the cultural elements. So sometimes the translation strategy of cultural elements depends on the context, making context the second element to be considered when translating cultural elements. Finally, the medium or genre of what is being translated should be considered when translating cultural elements. Newspapers don’t always need to deliver an exact meaning to readers so omission can be a useful strategy when translating cultural elements. Ultimately, then, the third element to be considered when translating cultural elements is the genre or medium where the translation occurs. In conclusion, recognizing cultural differences between the source and target languages, paying attention to the context and considering the genre or medium for the translation are important factors when translating cultural elements.

중국 고대문화텍스트 문화소의 중한 기계번역 오역 고찰 - 파파고 기계번역을 기반으로

( Liuyan ),( Lianzhe ) 천진사범대학교 한국문화연구중심 2021 중한언어문화연구 Vol.21 No.-

With the development of neural network machine translation technology, the level or machine translation as an important auxiliary means of manual translation is also constantly improving. However, in the translation of cultural texts, because the cultural elements contained therein have the particular characteristics and poor cultural adaptability, not only linguistic factors must be considered when translating, but also cultural background knowledge except the language. It is quite difficult to correctly translate cultural texts. This article selects examples of mistranslation of Chinese-Korean machine translation of ancient Chinese cultural texts, sorts out and analyzes mistranslations of different types of cultural elements and the reasons for such errors, hoping to help improve the quality of Chinese-Korean machine translation. The introduction mainly introduces the prior research on machine translation mistranslation and the research scope and research methods of this article. Chapter 2 introduces the definition and classification of cultural elements. Chapter three to chapter six analyzes the Mistranslation and reasons of inherent nouns, specific cultural elements, idioms and weights and measures in Chinese and Korean machine translation, Through analysis, it can be seen that translation is an activity that spans multiple disciplines. Cultural elements include background knowledge such as unique national culture, historical events, and idioms. Therefore, there are problems in the process of machine translation caused by the inability to correctly judge the logical relationship of the text. There is still a big developing space for improvement on issues such as mistranslation and omission. In particular, attention should be paid to cross-disciplinary and cross-cultural integration and communication, and should not be limited to computer technology and linguistics.

한국어 문화 번역 교수 방안 - Spradley의 ‘문화 영역 분석’을 중심으로 -

김정란 국제어문학회 2022 국제어문 Vol.- No.93

The purpose of this study is to introduce cultural translation into Korean education to help teach translation and establish an appropriate teaching method through theoretical discussion. finding that the conceptual definition and function of cultural translation in Korean education should be clarified, and that semantic relevance within the cultural domain should be emphasized. It also revealed that strategies for cultural mediation can be actively used. The professor mode of Korean cultural translation was derived, and an example was explained by applying an international market text from a Busan tourist guide map to the cultural translation professor model. Cultural translation is beneficial to those who find it difficult to understand the original text or need to practice translation conversion during initial translation education. The significance of the study lies in the teaching model which was presented poetically for the practical application of cultural translation.

번역의 윤리와 정치성 : 문화번역의 관점에서 본 한국의 세계문학 번역사

정은귀 이화여자대학교 이화인문과학원 2014 탈경계인문학 Vol.7 No.2

This essay tries to reflect the ethics and politics of translation and then invites readers to rethink the process of world literature translation here in Korea. Briefly tracing the studies of Kim Byungchul who wrote the translation history of world literature in Korea from 1895 to the early 1980s, this essay invites readers to remap the arena of literary translation as the space of cultural acculturation. In the process, this essay questions the notions of cultural translation not as a all-purpose tool but as the practice of contacting otherness and difference of cultures. What does the phenomenon of translating world literature here in Korea imply especially in the process of constructing modern Korea and its national identity? What are the roles and ethics of literary translation? How can translators get over the cultural partiality that is deeply colligated in the field of translation? With the various questions embedded in publishing collected works of world literature, this essay problematizes the politics of translation and explores the possibility of rebuilding the cultural contact zone through literature translation where foreignness is cordially invited to the making of cultural identity. While the earlier translations of world literature focused on the acceptance of Western modernity, today’s translation of world literature might be meaningful as the active site of transforming our culture and identity.

《紅樓夢》 韓譯에 있어서의 ‘文化素’와 ‘文化空白’에 관한 재고찰

高旼喜 한국중국소설학회 2019 中國小說論叢 Vol.59 No.-

21세기의 세계는 글로벌 시대를 맞이하여 그 어느 때보다도 나라와 민족 간의 疏通이 중시되고 있으며, 그러한 소통은 무엇보다도 문화적 이해가 밑바탕 되어야 한다. 서로 다른 문화를 지닌 민족과 국가 간의 跨文化交流는 나날이 중시되고 있으며, 이를 위한 가장 유효한 소통 통로 가운데 하나는 아마도 ‘번역’일 것이다. 이러한 측면에서 《紅樓夢》의 韓譯은 한국과 중국 간의 跨文化交流를 위한 대단히 의미 있는 작업이라고 여겨진다. ‘文化小說’이라고 정의내릴 수 있는 《紅樓夢》에는 거의 모든 중국문화가 용해되어 있으며, 이를 통해서 중국민족의 인문의식과 인문전통 등을 잘 이해할 수 있기 때문이다. 《紅樓夢》에 풍부하게 내재되어 있는 문화적 요소, 즉 ‘文化素’는 ‘문화소설’로서의 《紅樓夢》의 위상을 드높여주는 요체이기는 하나, 번역에 있어서는 도착어로 옮기기 어려운 크나큰 난관이 아닐 수 없다. 언어와 문화상의 차이로 인하여 《紅樓夢》의 ‘문화소’를 도착어로 옮기기가 어렵거나 불가능한 경우가 허다하며, 이러한 문화적 含意의 消失은 이른바 ‘文化空白’ 현상을 초래한다. 본고는 《紅樓夢》을 한역함에 있어서 문화적 함의가 상당부분 소실되거나 완전히 소실됨으로써 문화정보가 제대로 전달되지 못하는 경우에 주목하여, ‘문화공백’이라는 용어를 key word로 삼아 ‘문화소’의 번역 양상에 대하여 정리·분석하였다. 《紅樓夢》 한역에 있어서의 ‘문화공백’ 현상은 ‘중국문화의 다양한 면모를 드러내고 있는 文化素’와 ‘중국어 특유의 文化素’로 대별하여 분석하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 이러한 ‘문화공백’ 현상을 메울 수 있는 몇 가지 ‘補償策略’을 모색하고 제안함으로써 향후의 보완과 수정을 위한 밑바탕을 초보적이나마 마련해 보았다. Heralding a new era of globalization, the world of the 21st century sets a higher value on communication between the different ethnic groups across the countries than ever. Of course, such communication requires cultural understanding. As intercultural communication with those from other cultural backgrounds has become more important these days, ‘translation’ has emerged as one of the most effective communication channels. In that sense, the translation of A Dream of Red Mansions, a classic Chinese novel, from Chinese into Korean language is regarded as a very meaningful work contributing to the intercultural communication between Korea and China. This is because, the readers can well understand the perception of humanity and humanistic tradition, etc. specific to the Chinese people through A Dream of Red Mansions, which can be literally defined as a cultural novel, since the book encompasses almost all Chinese cultural elements. Although cultural elements that richly inherent in A Dream of Red Mansions, i.e., ‘culturemes,’ have served as a key point in enhancing the stature of A Dream of Red Mansions as a cultural novel, translating such cultural elements in the source language into the target language is seen as a big challenge. Linguistic and cultural differences often make it difficult or impossible to translate ‘culturemes’ in A Dream of Red Mansions from the source language into the target language. The loss of cultural implications in the process of translation brings about a phenomenon of so-called ‘cultural blanks.’ In this regard, this study arranged and analyzed the patterns of ‘cultureme’ translation along with ‘cultural blanks’ as a keyword by focusing on the failure in appropriately conveying cultural information due to tremendous or complete loss of cultural implications in the translation of A Dream of Red Mansions from Chinese into Korean language. The phenomenon of ‘cultural blanks’ which appears in the translation of A Dream of Red Mansions was analyzed through the division of culturemes into ‘culturemes that show diverse aspects of Chinese culture’ and ‘culturemes peculiar to the Chinese language.’ Based on this, several ‘compensatory strategies’ were explored and suggested as a way to fill in the ‘cultural blanks,’ to lay a foundation for future supplementation and correction of cultureme translation, though this is still at a beginning level.