THREE ESSAYS ON IMPERFECTLY DISCRIMINATING CONTESTS

안진원 Indiana University at Bloomington 2005 해외박사

Three Essays on Imperfectly Discriminating Contests 이 논문은 승자결정이 확률적으로 결정되는 경쟁에 관한 이론을 확장한다. 첫째 논문 “Imperfectly Discriminating Contests with Asymmetric Outlay Functions”는 비대칭한 노력비용 함수를 도입한다. 두번째 논문 “Imperfectly Discriminating Contests with Asymmetric Information”은 다양한 정보 상황에서 비대칭한 정보가 노력에 어떤 영향을 주는지를 다룬다. 세번째 논문 “Electoral Contests, Term Limit and Bureaucracy”는 단임제와 중임제하에 선거를 앞둔 대통령과 관료가 어떻게 영향을 주고 받으며 정책을 결정하는지를 다룬다. 첫째 논문에서는 effective prize dissipation ratio가 전통적인 prize dissipation ratio의 상한 또는 하한을 결정한다. 공공재 유치에 대한 동일 평가와 비대칭적 비용하에서, 그리고 공공재 유치에 대한 비대칭적 평가와 비대칭적 비용하에서, 공공재 유치를 위한 경쟁에서 각 지방자치단체의 인구와 effective prize dissipation ratio를 곱한 값이 같다는 사실을 보인다. 두번째 논문에서는 공개된 정보상황하에서 경기자의 기대지출성향이 양자간 비대칭적 정보상황하에서 경기자의 기대지출성향과 같다는 것을 보인다. 비대칭적 정보 상황하의 정보부재 경기자의 기대지출성향은 공개된 정보상황 하에서와 양자간 비대칭적 정보상황 하에서 기대지출성향보다 작거나 같다는 사실을 보인다. 세번째 논문에서는 한국의 단임제와 미국의 중임제 대통령제를 비교한다. 단임제하에서는 현직 대통령이 임기종료가 가까워 질수록 제도적으로 정책집행이 어려워진다. 관료나 집권당이 현직 대통령을 뒷받침해주지 않으면 파국적 결과를 낳을 수도 있다. This dissertation extends the theory of imperfectly discriminating contest. The first paper "Imperfectly Discriminating Contests with Asymmetric Outlay Functions" introduces asymmetric cost-of-outlay functions. The second paper "Imperfectly Discriminating Contests under Asymmetric Information" addresses the impact of asymmetric information on the outlay level under different informational regimes. The third paper "Electoral Contests, Term Limit and Bureaucracy" analyzes the policy choice under different term limits that policy outcomes depend on which candidate wins the presidency as well as on how strong and different the bureaucracy compared to the president is in policy implementation. In the first paper, after showing that "the effective prize dissipation ratio" defines the upper bound (or lower bound) of the conventional prize dissipation ratio, I prove that in a contest for a public good, the effective prize dissipation ratio in each town multiplied by its population is the same in two competing towns—under the first case, of equal valuation and asymmetric cost functions in each town, and under the second case, asymmetric valuation and asymmetric cost functions. In the second, I show that a player's expected propensity to spend under public information is the same as his expected propensity to spend under two-sided asymmetric information. The uninformed player's expected propensity to spend under one-sided asymmetric information is equal to or smaller than the expected propensity to spend under public information and under two-sided asymmetric information. In the third, I compared the single-term limited presidency of Korea to the two-term limited presidency of the United States. Under a one-term limited presidency, it is institutionally unreliable for the incumbent to pursue his agenda as the end of his term draws near. If the bureaucracy or the ruling party also does not support the incumbent, then the result would be still more destructive.

Administrative litigation from the perspective of the democratic right of contestation : A comparative analysis

Troy C. Fuhriman 영남대학교 대학원 2018 국내박사

이 연구는 대표적으로 공화주의 이론가 Philip Pettit이 설명한 민주적 주장권을 (democratic right to contestation) 뒷받침하는 정치적, 민주적 이론과, 현대 민주주의 국가에서 행정소송의 역할과 기능에 대해 분석을 연결 및 발전시키려고 한다. 이 연구를 통해 민주적 주장권에 관한 공화주의 이론의 핵심 요소들을 구민주주의와 신민주주의, 동양과 서양의 문명, 불문법과 성문법 체계를 아우르는 현실의 행정소송체계의 기준점으로 삼는 것이 가능하다는 것을 제시할 것이다. 이러한 점은 특히 미국과 한국의 사법체계 분석과 관련된 이론적 검토를 바탕으로 제시될 것이다. 이 연구는 대표적으로 Pettit과 Mattias Kumm에 의해 설명된 공화주의적 의미에서 민주적 주장권의 이론적 측면과 현실 행정 소송을 연결 짓는다. 공화주의로부터 관련된 핵심 요소들을 선정한 후, 그 요소들을 ‘적용 표준’으로 정의하고 민주적 주장권이 행정 소송의 관점에서 적절하게 적용되었는지 판단할 기반으로 활용할 것이다. ‘적용 표준’에 대한 전반적 분석을 마친 후, 이 연구는 미국과 한국의 행정 소송이 ‘적용 표준’에 어느 정도 부합하는지 살펴본다. 각 사법체계의 강점과 약점을 드러내면서도, 민주적 주장권에 모순되는 각 사법체계의 가장 큰 약점에 중점을 맞추려고 한다. 미국의 경우 그러한 약점은 허용될 수 없는 방식으로 청구인을 불리한 위치에 놓으며 행정국가의 억압적 행위를 견제할 수 있는 정당한 절차를 훼손하는 셰브런원칙(Chevron doctrine)이다. 한국의 경우 구제수단으로써 강력한 금지명령, 의무명령의 부족이 가장 큰 약점으로 볼 수 있다. 이러한 약점은 청구인이 승소한 때조차 민주적 주장권의 목적을 현실적으로 실현시키지 못하도록 한다. 이러한 약점들의 무게를 고려할 때, 이 연구는 (1) 미국의 경우 셰브런원칙을 폐지함으로써, (2) 한국의 경우 과거 제시된 개정안들에 따라 행정소송구제절차를 개편하는 방법을 통해 약점들을 수정해 나갈 것을 제시한다. This study will build upon, and bridge, the work done by both those who have developed the political and legal theories underpinning the democratic right of contestation, as most clearly articulated by republican theorist Philip Pettit, and those who have analyzed the roles and functions of administrative litigation in the modern democratic state. We will see that it is possible to distill key elements from the republican theory of democratic contestation and use such elements as both aspirational guides and measuring sticks for real world administrative litigation systems, regardless of whether they are based in old or new democracies, Eastern or Western civilizations, or common law or civil law legal systems. This is demonstrated with both a theoretical discussion tied to analysis of real-world jurisdictions, particularly those of the United States of America and the Republic of Korea. This study connects the theoretical aspects of the republican notion of the democratic right of contestation, particularly as articulated by Pettit and Kumm, with the real world of administrative litigation. After distilling key theoretical elements of the relevant theories from republican theory, the study proceeds to define them as “Implementing Criteria” and then utilize them as a basis to determine whether the democratic right of contestation is properly implemented in the administrative litigation context. After analyzing the Implementing Criteria generally, this study then looks at how the administrative litigation systems of the United States and Korea match up with such criteria. While strengths and weaknesses in both systems are identified, special emphasis is placed on each jurisdiction’s biggest weakness – areas that conflict with the proper implementation of the democratic right of contestation. For the United States, this is the Chevron doctrine, which impermissibly stacks the odds against claimants and undermines fundamental notions of fair play necessary to properly check the oppressive behavior of the administrative state. For Korea, the lack of strong prohibitive injunctions or any mandatory injunctive relief serve as its greatest weakness. Such weakness makes it so that claimants cannot attain practical realization of the objectives of the democratic right of contestation, even when they “win” their case. Given the magnitude of such weaknesses, this study recommends that they be corrected by (1) the United States overruling Chevron and (2) Korea finishing its administrative litigation remedial reform process pursuant to proposals made over the past decade.

한국 민속 그네의 활용연구

권민수 부경대학교 대학원 2020 국내박사

This is a study on the practical application of swing focused on as a most representing folk entertainment play of Korean women and a watch culture. The swing our traditional folk play is amusement culture inherited historically so long. The swing could be applied to entertainment and culture of women in modern times as well as the past. It also contains our unique identity which obtains Korean value no other country could imitate. On the study of meaning of the swing, although there has been study on the folklore, physical gymnastics or anthropological aspects but was no study on application of the swing necessary to practical field. Accordingly a subject focused on this research treatise shall be as followings. Firstly, this treatise summarized general characteristics and meaning of the swing of the countries of the world, and exposed the meaning and characteristics of swing of India, China, Japan and Korea. Through this approach, Korean swing not only was spread to Japan before AD 827, but if northern yoong tribes(山戎)were our ancestors, our swing culture was circulated to china and we assume the swing custom was introduced to our community from India at earlier time before. Secondly, survey on the phase of Choochun (鞦韆 : swing) in the Koryo and Joseon Dynasty was proceeded. As advanced study on the swing in Koryo kingdom was hard to find, historical books as <高麗史 : History of Koryo> and <高麗史節要 : Digestive Koryo History> were the subject, and examined the primary successor and the meaning of time and space. As a result of this examination on time and space of that culture, though the day swing actually played was on the feast day of Danoh (端午), any day other than Danoh was available as in case king woo (禑王) played the swing in October. The place swing was played in the historical books was appeared in palace court and the garden of Choiyee’s home in Gangwha-do. Through the ban on the swing we could suppose the swing was popular at whole regions of Koryo kingdom period. To see structure of swing and swing play of the past survey was given to conceptual drawings, structure, facility and swing practice of the Koryo and Joseon dynasty. Especially, I’ve seen structure and facility of swing through historical books, literary collection and paintings, and surveyed swing contest, award and social position among the swing culture. Survey was tried to examine any connection between origin of ground swing, materials of swing pole, and decoration of facility to modern swing. It was possible to look at the origin of post swing, beginning of award and categories of prize. It was possible to prepare basic frame for this approach to apply to materials of Chosun dynasty, modern era and contemporary times. Thirdly, a survey was given to Korean swing. On the swing we’ve looked structure of swing, installation of swing in our country, classification and system of swing and category. We could see that basic structure of swing is consisted of swing pillar, crossbeam, swing rope and seat, and installation was proceeded by preparation step, installation and steps after installation. Especially, I could classify that the swing was divided to four steps as location, numbers of ropes, structure of swing, and swing materials. I could confirm the data on swings that there are 105 swings at 84 sites overall in our country. Swings are categorized by location as water swing, swing and ground swing, and single rope swing, two rope swing, twin swing according to numbers of ropes, and on the material there are wood swing, cement swing and steel swings, and we saw there are straight swing, A type swing and same size square type swing by structural shape. Fourthly, I’ve looked at swing performance play in our country. There are swing play as entertainment and swing performance. Swing contest or swing exhibition practice belong to swing performance. Overall looking was given to class of swing, name of the contest, prescription of rally, rules of contest, and contest status. Especially, on the category of swing performance, we’ve examined on the class of contest, subject of performers, and numbers of performers. On the rules of swing contest, four procedures were checked as by contest place, facility and representing performers, play rules, ranking judgement and judge rules. Fifthly, safety issues of swing structure and popularization measures was considered. Safety of swing practice could be focused on the realities of the existing system, safety of swing structure, safety of contest, especially safety of keeping and maintenance of the swing, and for the popularization of the swing culture we advised on the agenda as model of application, ongoing address of legislation, value creation of swing practice, running swing contest, and installation and maintenance of the swing culture. Especially, we’ve explained popularization of swing culture in three major frame. Value creation of the swing performance, hosting swing contest, installation and maintenance of the swing structure were advised. Value creation of the swing performance shall be the subject of uniqueness of swing culture, and sustainment of swing play, and detailed explanation was suggested on the perspective of historical folklore, cultural, economic viewpoint, environmental structural and political perspective. On the operation of swing contest, I suggested nationwide organization should be preceded to host such contest activity. Installation and maintenance of the swing facility requires care and attention. I suggested it requires modernization of swing facility and qualification standard of installation contractor, and for its maintenance safety measure and necessity of proper insurance policy were suggested. Our historical values is contained in the folk swing play. Entertainment of the women and feast of Danoh has been preserved its spirit until today through long period of time. Folk swing custom is the most representing Korean cultural item not only in Koryo kingdom but also it contained physical activity of the public and attracted public interest around country wide in Chosun dynasty. Popularization of the swing must contains ethical value of our folk swing, policy on swing culture, maintenance of swing facility, and necessity of hosting the swing contest. And it should be considered that children and youth must be participants as keepers of traditional culture and they have attentive rights with curiosity and joyful interest and fair competition so far as concerned.

선거쟁송에 관한 헌법적 고찰 : 본질과 관할을 중심으로

장효준 연세대학교 대학원 2015 국내석사

Representative democracy is defined as a political system where representatives of people are elected so that they can execute policies. So the election of such representatives carries core value in that it is a means of people exercising right of sovereignty. Given this importance of an election, an election system should be established in a way to ensure freedom and justice of election. In particular, election contest system should be able to enable the result of election to be nullified due to unfairness in the process of election and thus to realize free and fair election. However, election contest has the possibility of potentially violating sovereignty of people because people’s choice can be denied by a specific organization that control election contest. This dual nature of election contest adds to the importance of a rational foundation and operation of election contest system. In this sense, the jurisdiction issue ? which organization should administer and manage the election contest ? needs to be treated carefully in setting the foundation of election contest system. This paper looks into the basics of election contest system and the determination of jurisdiction. First, we will define the fundamental aspect of election contest prior to discussing jurisdiction issue. The search for a proper organization that will handle election contest should be based on the complete understanding and analysis of the basic objectives of election contest. To do that, “political nature” associated with election contest needs to be identified and the type of judgment of constitutional trial should be analyzed to specify what is meant by “political nature”. Second, to study a competent organization which will handle the political nature of election contest, we studied election contest organizations in each country by dividing them into different types -- legal court, constitutional court, parliament, independent judgment institution, and then strength and weakness of each system were derived. Based on these reviews and consideration, the limitation of Korea’s current election contest system in terms of jurisdiction is discussed and several alternatives are sought. 대의민주주의는 국민의 대표자를 선출하여 그로 하여금 정책을 집행하도록 하는 정치체제이다. 이러한 대의제민주주의에서 대표자를 선출하는 선거는 국민주권주의의 실현이라는 점에서 핵심적인 가치를 가진다. 이와 같은 선거제도의 중대성에 비추어 볼 때, 선거제도는 그 지향원리인 선거의 자유와 공정을 구현하도록 정립되어야 한다. 특히 선거쟁송제도는 선거과정에서의 불공정성을 근거로 선거를 무효로 하여 궁극적으로는 자유롭고 공정한 선거를 실현하는 제도이다. 그러나 한편으로 선거쟁송은 국민의 선택이 쟁송을 관할하는 특정기관에 의해 부정된다는 점에서 국민주권주의를 침해할 가능성을 내포하고 있기도 하다. 선거쟁송의 양면적 성격은 합리적인 선거쟁송제도의 정초 및 운용의 중요성을 보여준다. 이와 같은 관점에서 선거쟁송을 어느 기관에서 담당하는지와 같은 관할 문제 역시 합리적 선거쟁송제도의 정초에 있어서 매우 중요하게 고려되어야 할 요소이다. 본 논문에서는 선거쟁송의 본질과 더불어 적합한 선거쟁송의 관할기관에 대한 문제를 고찰한다. 먼저 선거쟁송의 관할에 대한 분석에 앞서 선거쟁송의 본질적 측면을 규명한다. 적합한 관할기관에 대한 고찰은 선거쟁송의 본질에 대한 분석에서 시작되어야 하기 때문이다. 이 과정은 선거쟁송이 내포하는 '정치성'을 논증하기 위한 과정이다. 이를 위해서 헌법재판의 심판유형에 대한 분석을 통해 '정치성'의 의미를 구체화하고 이에 선거쟁송을 포섭한다. 다음으로 선거쟁송이 가지는 '정치성'을 담보할 만한 관할기관에 대한 연구를 위해 각 국가의 선거쟁송 기관을 법원형, 헌법재판소형, 의회형, 독립심판기관형으로 나누어 분석하고 각각의 제도적 유형에 대한 장점 및 단점을 도출한다. 이상에서의 검토에 기초하여 한국의 현행 선거쟁송제도에 대한 관할론적 측면에서의 한계점을 논한 뒤 이에 대한 대안을 모색한다.

『동아일보』의 독자참여제도와 문예면의 정착

손동호 연세대학교 대학원 2018 국내박사

Dong‐A Ilbo was founded in 1920 and became the expression agency of the 20 million Joseon people until its dissolution in 1940 and played a central role as a propaganda agency for the cultural movement. Considering only the number of circulation that can measure the influence of the newspaper, Dong‐A Ilbo had a strong influence over Maeil Shinbo, the institutional journal of governor's office. Based on the publication period of media, perception of readers, and influence on readers, we decided that Dong‐A Ilbo "was considered suitable for studying the system of reader participation in the colonial period. Thus, this study attempts to identify Dong‐A Ilbo's contribution to the formation of modern Korean literature and the literary historical significance of Dong‐A Ilbo, focusing on the process of establishing the literary section and the system of reader participation. The governor‐general professed cultural politics and promoted freedom of speech. However, as the quasi‐periodic measures and the forced closure in 1940 showed, in fact, it strengthened the censorship of newspaper media. Dong‐A Ilbo responded with a measure of page increase in the literary section for the governor's press control. Literature belonged to a non‐political domain and was relatively free from censorship and was effective in popular enlightenment. With page revisions in the literary section with floor reorganization, readers' participation was required to maintain the extended literary section. In this study, the discussion was focused on the reader participation system which played a major role in the extension and establishment of the literary section. Specifically, the background and development process of each reader participation system was clarified, and the content and meaning of each system were discussed. The 'literary circle' by Dong‐A Ilbo is the first reader’s literary contribution to literary works. The reader’s contribution is meaningful in that it shows the figure of the reader who is transformed from the object of enlightenment to the subject of utterance. The 'literary circle' was implemented at the same time as the continuation of newspaper publication after the first temporary suspension of publication. This suggests that the 'literary circle' was carried out with the aim of attracting readers by inducing direct participation of readers. The 'literary circle' had a higher proportion of verse than prose due to limitations on the paper space. The verse genre largely embraced individual sentiments, and the prose genre depicted social issues. The prose in the 'literary circle' is of great value in that it demonstrates the diversity of the prose form in the 1920s. In the early days of the 'literary circle', this study focused on the works of professional writers to help readers understand literary works and encourage them to learn literary genres. The 'literary circle' shows a series of reproduction processes in which the reader learns literary writing through the works of professional writers. Among the readers who participated in the 'literary circle', we can find Jo Un, Kim Myeong‐ho, Han Seol‐ya, and Yu Do‐sun, etc. who would be active in the literary world from that time on. This means that the 'literary circle' was a kind of ‘preliminary place for modern literati.’ 'Dong‐A Ilbo 1000 edition ceremonial prize' has an important meaning in that it provides a foundation for the literary section. As a result of the prize literature, 'Sunday issue’ was newly established, and it is settled as 'literature section' through 'Monday section'. In addition to showing the process of a non‐regular literature project establishing the literary section as a regular literary section, it demonstrates that the reader participation system contributed directly to the settlement of the literary section. Dong‐A Ilbo that was confident in the possibility of creating reader’s literature while implementing the 'literary circle', greatly expanded the recruitment field and conducted a literature contest. Literature contest could be successfully implemented due to the massive publicity of newspapers, high bounty rewards, heightened contribution of readers, and improvement of reader participation system. The literature contest was free from the limit of the ground, so that the proportion of verse and prose was kept equal, and the winners of the recruitment categories mainly addressed social problems. While strengthening the ethnographic identity with the content of promoting the pride of Joseon people, and it is seen as an attempt to be differentiated from Maeil Shinbo with the outspoken criticism of the government policies. Among literary contest winners, there were readers who were either redundantly elected to other recruitment areas or participated in the 'literary circle'. The discovery of such 'active readers' became the driving force behind the implementation of the ‘literary contest in spring.’ Literary contest in spring is a system in which the reader is recognized as a professional writer according to whether he or she is awarded, and it is a unique participatory system that shows the change of reader's status most symbolically. Through the literature contest, Dong‐A Ilbo confirmed the readers' desire for writing and the potential of literary writing, and achieved the goal of "discovering new writers" by releasing a number of novices through the literary contest in spring. Literary contest in spring contributed to the development of Joseon literary world by writers starting literary career. The prize winning short novels of the literary contest in spring set a worker or a farmer as a protagonist and described the reality of their life, usually depicting reality issues. This seems to be aimed at securing the legitimacy of the cultural movement that the newspaper has developed by accusing the reality of colonial life. Especially, the fairy tale suggested a desirable child image such as emphasizing friendship and cooperation, and tried to enlighten the children who would bear the future of Joseon. In addition to prizewinning works in each genre, the literary contest in spring announces panel’s commentary and review. The panel’s commentary and review was an institutional device to ensure the transparency and fairness of the selection process. The readers learned the literary creation theory through the panel’s commentary and review, and they were able to raise an eye on the criticism of the works. Thus, literary contest in spring contributed to the discovery and expansion of the literary creative layer, and at the same time, it contributed to the development of the literary world by enhancing the literary understanding level of the readers. The 'Novice Literary Contest' is the first concourse to be applied to the literature, which is a reader participation system attempted only by Dong‐A Ilbo. The aims of concours were accomplished by uncovering novices such as Kim Yeong‐seok, Kim Yi‐seok, and Cho Nam‐yeong. In the late 1930s, when the governor general promulgated the law, the cultural movement as well as the literary world became extremely stagnant. Dong‐A Ilbo carried out the 'Novice Literary Contest' with the overcoming of this literary world recession. It was the result of the newspaper’s acceptance of the literary world demand that the novices should be uncovered in order to evoke the stagnant literary world situation. At the time, Dong‐A Ilbo had difficulties in supplying literary works after the continuation of newspaper publication following the 4th temporary suspension of publication. In addition, since each newspaper company compiled a literary contest in spring, it was necessary to set up a differentiated system from the literary contest in spring. As a result, Dong‐A Ilbo strengthened the entry qualification and attempted concours by focusing on short stories and drama. Dong‐A Ilbo chose the writers from their own company, and provided them with a presentation space so that they could settle successfully in the literary world. The implementation of 'novice literary concours' was a result of the desire of the literary worlds to appease the static literary worlds, the desire of the novice to appreciate the artistry of the works, and the position of the newspaper that desperately needed the works. Above all, the 'Novice Literary Contest' has literary significance in that it realizes the novice theory triggered by the generation theory in a realistic concours system. 동아일보는 1920년에 창간하여 1940년 폐간되기까지 이천만 조선민중의 표현기관을 자처하며, 문화운동의 선전기관으로 중심적인 역할을 수행하였다. 신문의 영향력을 가늠할 수 있는 발행부수만 하더라도 동아일보는 총독부 기관지인 매일신보를 앞설 정도로 강력한 영향력을 발휘하였다. 본 연구는 매체의 발행 기간과 독자 인식, 그리고 독자에 대한 영향력을 근거로, 식민지 시기 독자참여제도를 연구하는 데 『동아일보』가 적합하다고 판단하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 동아일보가 시행한 독자참여제도와 문예면의 정착 과정을 중심으로, 한국 근대 문학의 형성에 기여한 동아일보의 역할과 문학사적 의의를 밝히고자 하였다. 총독부는 문화정치를 표방하며 언론의 자유를 보장할 것처럼 선전하였다. 하지만 4차에 이르는 정간 조치와 1940년의 강제 폐간이 보여주듯이 실제로는 신문 매체에 대한 검열을 강화해 나갔다. 동아일보는 총독부의 언론 통제에 대해 문예면의 증면으로 대응하였다. 문예는 비정치적인 영역에 속해 있어 비교적 검열에서 자유로웠으며, 민중 계몽에도 효과를 발휘할 수 있었기 때문이다. 지면 개편과 함께 문예면의 증면이 이루어지면서, 확장된 문예면을 유지하기 위해 독자들의 참여가 요구되었다. 이에 본고는 문예면의 확장 및 정착에 큰 역할을 담당한 독자참여제도를 중심으로 논의를 진행하였다. 구체적으로 각 독자참여제도의 시행 배경과 전개 과정을 밝히고, 각 제도의 내용과 의의에 대해서 논의하였다. ‘독자문단’은 동아일보가 문예물을 전면에 내세운 최초의 독자투고이다. 독자투고는 계몽의 대상에서 발화의 주체로 변모하는 독자의 모습을 보여준다는 점에서 의미가 있다. ‘독자문단’은 1차 정간 이후 신문의 속간과 동시에 시행되었다. 이로 미루어 보아 ‘독자문단’은 독자들의 직접 참여를 유도하여 독자를 확보하고자 하는 목적에서 시행되었음을 짐작할 수 있다. ‘독자문단’은 지면의 제한으로 인해 산문보다는 운문의 비중이 높았다. 운문 장르는 개인의 정서를 주로 담아내었으며, 산문 장르는 사회적인 문제를 주로 다루었다. ‘독자문단’에 수록된 산문은 1920년대 산문 양식의 다양성을 보여준다는 점에서 중요한 가치가 있다. ‘독자문단’ 신설 초기에는 전문작가의 작품을 집중 배치함으로써 독자들에게 문예물에 대한 이해를 돕고, 문학 장르에 대한 학습을 유도하였다. 즉 ‘독자문단’은 독자가 전문작가의 작품을 통해 문학적 글쓰기를 학습하는 일련의 재생산 과정을 보여주는 것이다. ‘독자문단’에 참여한 독자들 중에는 이후 문단에서 활약하게 될 조운, 김명호, 한설야, 유도순 등을 발견할 수 있다. 이는 ‘독자문단’이 일종의 ‘근대 문인의 예비적 장소’였음을 의미한다. ‘동아일보 발행 일천호 기념 현상’은 문예면의 기반을 마련했다는 점에서 중요한 의미를 지닌다. 해당 현상문예의 결과 ‘일요호’가 신설되며, 이후 ‘월요란’을 거쳐 ‘문예란’으로 정착하기 때문이다. 이는 비상시적으로 시행되던 문예 기획이 상시적인 문예면으로 정착되는 과정을 보여주는 동시에, 독자참여제도가 문예면의 정착에 직접적으로 기여했음을 증명한다. ‘독자문단’을 시행하면서 독자들의 문예 창작 가능성에 확신을 가진 동아일보는 모집 부문을 대폭 확대하여 현상문예를 시행하였다. 신문사의 대대적인 홍보, 고액의 현상금, 독자들의 투고열 고조, 독자참여제도의 정비 등으로 인해 현상문예는 성공적으로 시행될 수 있었다. 현상문예는 지면 제한에서 자유로워 운문과 산문의 비중이 대등하게 유지되었으며, 모집 부문별 당선작들은 사회적인 문제를 주로 다루었다. 이는 조선 민족의 자긍심을 고취하는 내용을 담아 민족지로서의 정체성을 강화하는 한편, 총독부 정책에 대한 노골적인 비판으로 매일신보와의 차별화를 꾀하고자 한 것으로 볼 수 있다. 현상문예 당선자 중에는 다른 모집 부문에 중복 당선되었거나, ‘독자문단’에 참여했던 독자들이 있었다. 이와 같은 ‘적극적인 독자’의 발견은 이후 신춘문예 시행의 원동력이 되었다. 신춘문예는 당선 여부에 따라 독자를 작가로 공인하는 제도로서, 독자의 위상 변화를 가장 상징적으로 보여주는 독자참여제도이다. 현상문예를 통해 독자들의 글쓰기 욕구와 문학적 글쓰기의 잠재력을 확인한 동아일보는 신춘문예를 통해 다수의 신인을 배출함으로써 ‘신진작가의 발굴’이라는 목적을 달성하였다. 신춘문예를 통해 등단한 작가들은 문단에서 활약함으로써 조선 문단의 발전에 기여하였다. 신춘문예 단편소설 당선작은 노동자나 농민을 주인공으로 내세워, 그들의 실제 삶의 모습을 그려내는 등 현실 문제를 주로 다루었다. 이는 식민지 삶의 실상을 고발함으로써 신문사가 전개한 문화운동의 정당성을 확보하기 위한 것으로 보인다. 특히 동화는 우정과 협동심을 강조하는 등, 바람직한 아동상을 제시하여 조선의 미래를 짊어질 아동들을 계몽하고자 하였다. 신춘문예는 각 장르별 당선작과 함께, 당선작에 대한 심사평인 선후감도 발표하였다. 선후감은 당선작 선정 과정의 투명성과 공정성을 담보하는 제도적 장치였다. 독자들은 선후감을 통해 문학 창작 이론을 학습하고, 작품 비평에 대한 안목을 기를 수 있었다. 이로써 신춘문예는 문학 창작층의 발굴 및 확대에 기여하는 동시에 독자들의 문학 이해 수준을 높여줌으로써 문단의 발전에 밑거름이 되었다. ‘신인문학콩쿨’은 문학에 적용된 최초의 콩쿠르로, 동아일보만 시도한 독자참여제도이다. 해당 콩쿠르는 김영석, 김이석, 조남영 등의 신인을 발굴함으로써 시행 목적을 달성하였다. 1930년대 말, 총독부가 국가총동원법을 공포하자 문화운동은 물론 문단 또한 극도로 침체되었다. 동아일보는 이러한 문단 침체의 극복을 내세우며 ‘신인문학콩쿨’을 시행하였다. 정체된 문단 상황을 환기하기 위해 신인을 발굴해야 한다는 문단의 요구를 신문사가 수용한 결과였다. 당시 동아일보는 4차 정간에 이은 속간 이후, 문예물 수급에 어려움을 겪었다. 게다가 각 신문사마다 경쟁적으로 신춘문예를 시행했기 때문에 신춘문예와는 차별화된 등단 제도가 필요했다. 이에 󰡔동아일보󰡕는 응모자격을 강화하고, 단편소설과 희곡에 집중하여 콩쿠르를 시도하였다. 동아일보는 자사 출신의 작가를 위주로 선발하여 이들이 문단에 성공적으로 안착할 수 있도록 발표지면을 제공하였다. ‘신인문학콩쿨’의 시행은 정체된 문단을 환기하고자 하는 문단의 욕구와 작품의 예술성을 인정받고자 하는 신인들의 욕구, 그리고 작품 수급이 절실했던 신문사의 입장이 맞아떨어진 결과였다. 무엇보다 ‘신인문학콩쿨’은 세대론에서 촉발된 신인론을 현실적인 콩쿠르 제도로 실현한 점에서 문학사적인 의의가 있다.

민간기록물 공모전의 수집 및 관리 방안에 대한 연구 : 서울특별시 자치구를 중심으로

장혜원 중앙대학교 대학원 2023 국내석사

민간기록물은 공공기록물에 집중되어 있던 과거와 달리 개정된 법적 근거를 바탕으로 중요성과 필요성이 부각되며 현재 다양한 사업을 통해 수집 및 관리되고 있다. 특히 지방자치단체들은 각 지역의 민간기록물 수집을 위해 다양한 사업을 실시하고 있는데 그중 민간기록물 공모전은 지역 내 특수성과 문화성을 갖춘 중요 민간기록물을 시민과 함께 협업하여 수집할 수 있는 사업으로 기증과 달리 일정 보상을 약속하고 진행하여 참여율과 수집된 기록물의 질적 수준이 보장된 주요 민간기록물 수집사업으로서 그 중요성이 부각되고 있다. 하지만 이러한 중요성에 비해 민간기록물 공모전의 수집 및 관리 방안은 부재한 상황이다. 따라서 본 연구는 서울특별시 자치구의 민간기록물 공모전의 수집 및 관리 현황을 파악하고 이를 국내의 민간기록물 수집 관리 규정 및 조례와 비교하여 해당 법적 근거를 기반으로 한 민간기록물 공모전 수집 및 관리 방안을 제안하고자 한다. 우선 연구의 대상으로 서울특별시 자치구를 선정하였는데, 선정한 이유는 인구가 밀집되어 있고 빠른 변화를 겪고 있어 민간기록물의 양과 종류가 다양하며 최근 민간기록물 공모전이 시작된 서울특별시의 민간기록물 공모전을 장기적으로 활성화시키기 위함이다. 해당 연구를 위해 민간기록물 공모전 수집 및 관리방안의 항목을 결정하고 항목을 어떠한 방식으로 구성 및 서술해야 하는지에 대해 조사하였다. 항목을 선정하기 위해서는 앞선 선행연구에서 제시된 민간기록물 공모전 업무 절차를 통해 4가지의 업무 절차 항목을 선정하였고 해당 항목에 대한 법적 근거를 파악하기 위해 국내 민간기록물 관련 규정 및 조례 4가지를 선택하여 비교ㆍ분석하였다. 다음으로는 서울특별시 자치구의 민간기록물 공모전 사례 4가지를 선정하여 개요 및 현황에 대해 조사를 진행하였다. 이를 통해 각 항목의 현황 분석을 통하여 해당 방안의 현실성을 파악하였으며 이러한 과정을 거쳐 선정된 항목 및 내용을 초안으로 하여 관련 전문가 5인에게 검토를 요청하였다. 이후 전문가들의 의견을 종합하여 초안을 수정한 뒤 연구의 최종안을 결정하였다. 연구의 최종안으로 구성된 민간기록물 공모전의 항목은 총 10가지로 수집 원칙, 수집대상, 수집 계획의 수립, 수집방법, 수집카드 작성, 평가위원회, 보존 가치 평가, 관리, 활용으로 구성하였으며 추가적으로 수집 유형 및 분류를 포함하였다. 본 연구 결과는 민간기록물 공모전의 수집 및 관리안을 제시함으로, 구체적이고 실무적인 민간기록물 공모전의 관리방안을 제안하였다는데 의의가 있다. 따라서 이를 통해 추후 민간기록물 공모전의 민간기록물을 안정적으로 관리 및 활성화시킬 수 있는 표준화된 규정의 확산을 기대한다. Unlike in the past, when private records were concentrated on public records, their importance and necessity are emphasized based on the revised legal grounds, and they are currently collected and managed through various projects. Local governments, in particular, are implementing various projects to collect private records from each region. Among these projects, the private records contest is a significant project that enables collaboration between citizens and local governments to collect important private records with regional uniqueness and cultural value as promising a certain reward and progress, unlike donations, with the aim of ensuring high participation rates and maintaining the qualitative level of collected records. Thus, the importance of this major project for collecting private records is being emphasized. However, despite its importance, there is a lack of collection and management measures for private records contest. Therefore, this study aims to identify the status of the collection and management of private records contest in the districts of Seoul, compare them with domestic regulations and ordinances governing the collection and management of private records, and based on the legal basis, propose measures for the collection and management of private records contest. The reason for selecting Seoul as the research target is due to its dense population and rapid changes, resulting in a wide variety and quantity of private records, and the aim to promote the long-term vitality of private records contests in this city, where they have recently been initiated. For this study, an investigation was conducted to determine the items of collection and management measures for private records contest and to explore how these items should be structured and described. Four operational process items proposed in the previous studies were identified to select the items, and four regulations and ordinances related to private records were selected and analyzed to ascertain the legal basis for these items. Next, an investigation was performed to examine four selected cases of private records archival contest in the districts of Seoul with a focus on gathering information about the overview and status of each case. The feasibility of the proposed measures was assessed through an analysis of the status of each item, and the selected items and their details, derived from this analysis, were used as a draft to seek feedback from five relevant experts for review. After incorporating the opinions of experts and revising the draft, the final version of the research proposal was determined. The final proposal for a private records contest consisted of a total of 10 items, including principles of collection, collection targets, establishment of collection plans, collection methods, creation of collection cards, evaluation committee, assessment of preservation value, management, and utilization, and additionally, it included collection types and classification. The significance of this study lies in the proposal of a specific and practical management approach for the collection and management of private records contests. Hopefully, this will lead to the dissemination of standardized regulations that can facilitate the stable management and activation of private records in future contests.

New Product Development With Facebook Fans: Idea Contest Experiment

오다 아야카 연세대학교 대학원 2013 국내석사

Involving users into the new product development process has been considered important and effective by both scholars and practitioners. Howe (2006) coined the term crowdsourcing to refer to "the act of taking a job traditionally performed by a designed agent (usually an employee) and outsourcing it to an undefined, generally large group of people in the form of an open call." Thanks to the Internet, involving the crowd into the new product development process has become easier for the firms, and one way to do so is to conduct an idea contest. Many firms have used virtual communities or open innovation intermediaries, such as InnoCentive, to conduct idea contests; however, because of the embedded social network, Facebook, one of the most popular social networking websites, appears to be a promising platform for firms to obtain the interests of many individuals and interact with them. Functions, such as Like button, allow the information to spread like a 'virus' among Facebook users. Thus, in this study, we took an initiative to set up an idea contest on Facebook, contributing to the past literature on both idea contests and Facebook. The purpose of this study is twofold. First, how to design and conduct an idea contest on Facebook fan page is introduced. Second, an hypothesized model is tested using partial least squares (PLS) approach. Specifically, motivations to contribute to the idea contest and the resulting intentions of users were examined. Students from one of the largest universities in Korea, Yonsei University, participated in the idea contest, and the findings suggest that self presentation and monetary rewards serve as important motivations to contribute to the idea contest. Also, higher contribution to the idea contest was found to lead to a better company-customer relationship, resulting in higher positive word of mouth and willingness-to-purchase behavior of the participants. In our post-hoc analysis, we categorized fans into four groups and found interesting differences among those groups in regards to the motivations to participate in the idea contest. These findings have important theoretical and managerial implications.

3인 경쟁상황에서 경쟁 참여자들의 노력투입 시점

이석호 성균관대학교 2006 국내석사

Using the simplest logit-form contest success function, I analyze the endogenous timing in contests with three players. They have different valuations for the prize. Firstly, they announce publicly when they will expend their effort, and then based on this timing, choose their effort levels. I show the effort levels and expected payoffs in every subgame. The contestant with the highest value of the prize always expends the positive effort in every subgame. I focus on the orders of contestants’ effort timing and find out that the contestant with the lowest value of the prize chooses to expend his effort in the first stage. If the players’ valuations for the prize are close to the others’, expending effort in the first stage is the only subgame-perfect equilibrium. However, the contestant who has the highest valuation evaluates the prize so high, he chooses to expend his effort in the second or third stage but the contestants who have the lowest and intermediate valuation choose to expend their effort in the first stage. In this case, the choice of expending effort in the second stage by the highest contestant becomes the subgame-perfect equilibrium, but that in the third stage depends on how high the contestant who has the lowest valuation values it. Finally I examine the meaning of the subgame-perfect equilibria.

Ezra’s Contested Israel: Narrative Juxtaposition of Competing Visions of Israel

FANGIDAE TONY WIYARET 연세대학교 연합신학대학원 2026 국내박사

This study intends to contribute to the ongoing discourse on the Book of Ezra by challenging the predominant scholarly readings of Ezra 1–6 and Ezra 7–10 that seek to resolve its narrative tensions into a single, coherent vision of post-exilic restoration. It argues that the book’s coherence derives not from a linear historical narrative or a progressive theological agenda, but from its structure of narrative juxtaposition. By placing two compete, parallel, yet ideologically contrasting narratives in juxtaposition—Ezra 1–6 and Ezra 7–10—the text constructs an unresolved tension for debating the urgent question of Israel’s identity in the post-exilic world: Who constitutes Israel? The first model, presented in Ezra 1–6, defines Israel as a politico-religious. Israel emerges as a project-oriented entity brought into being and legitimized by imperial authorization to rebuild the temple. The decrees of Cyrus and Darius function as internally theological charters, positioning Persian power as a divine instrument for restoration. Within this framework, the criteria for belonging are recognition of this imperial mandate and descent from exile as the authorized community. Belonging is therefore performative and negotiable; it is enacted through the public indicia of altar-building, temple reconstruction, and ritual observance. The narrative concludes in the Passover of Ezra 6, which closes the task of this authorized community by emphasizing its functions as conditional incorporation, allowing individuals from the people of the land to join the community upon the condition prescribed by the Golah. This model presents Israel with permeable, ritually-regulated boundaries. In this model, Israel’s identity is defined as the authorized Golah, established through participation in the imperial mandate and through temple-building and conditional ritual incorporation. Consequently, Israel is depicted as a politico-religious group that conditionally incorporative. In stark juxtaposition, Ezra 7–10 presents Israel as an ethno-religious community. While still operating under a Persian decree (Artaxerxes), this narrative relocates the source of legitimacy inward, to Torah adherence and the ontological concept of “the holy seed” and the historical remnant. The criteria for belonging become fixed, rooted in genealogical purity that cannot be acquired but only protected. Consequently, the indicia of identity emphasize purgative acts: public mourning, covenantal confession, and the expulsion of foreign women and their children. This model demands exclusion to purify the community’s boundaries, securing the Golah from the contamination of the people of the land. In this model, Israel’s identity is defined as “the purified Golah,” established through adherence to the Torah and genealogical purity, and enacted through the expulsion of foreign women and total separation from the peoples of the land. Consequently, Israel is portrayed as an ethno-religious group that exclusively separative. Methodologically, the work of Meir Sternberg and Robert Alter helps demonstrate how the text’s repetitions, gaps, and parallel structure function as devices that generate meaning through contrast. This literary observation is grounded in Donald Horowitz’s sociological framework, whose distinction between criteria (fixed standards) and indicia (performative proofs) of identity provides analytical tools for dissecting the operational logic of each competing model. Each competing model is read within the framework of identity narrative, which explains the text’s function as a tool for shaping communal identity. The central argument is that the Book of Ezra achieves its significance not by harmonizing these two models—inclusive, politically-integrated community and exclusive, genealogically-pure remnant—but by preserving their identity narrative contest in permanent, canonical tension. This canonical tension refuses to establish a core narrative that subjugates the other. Here, the text’s power lies in this unresolved juxtaposition, preserving both voices as core to the final form without narrating their reconciliation. By re-framing the relationship between Ezra 1–6 and Ezra 7–10 as one of juxtaposition rather than progression, this study recasts the Book of Ezra as a foundational text of identity debate. Its final form captures the core dilemma of life after return under empire: how to maintain a distinct Israelite identity while navigating the realities of political subjugation and social heterogeneity. In doing so, the book refrains from providing a conclusive answer, but canonizes the contest itself through narrative juxtaposition of competing visions of Israel in the post-exilic world. 에스라의 논쟁적인 이스라엘: 이스라엘에 대한 경쟁적 비전들의 서사적 병치 적 역사 서술이나 점진적 신학적 발전에서 비롯된 것이 아니라, 서사적 병치(narrative juxtaposition)의 구조에서 발생한다고 주장한다. 즉, 에스라 1–6장과 7–10장은 서로 경쟁적이고 병렬적이면서도 이념적으로 대조되는 두 내러티브를 병치함으로써, 포로기 이후의 상황 속에서 “누가 이스라엘을 이루는가?”라는 중요한 질문을 계속해서 토론하게 만드는 긴장을 만들어 낸다. 첫 번째 모델인 에스라 1–6장은 이스라엘을 정치–종교적 공동체로 규정한다. 이스라엘은 제국의 성전 재건 명령에 의해 창출되고 정당화되는 프로젝트-지향적 존재로 나타난다. 고레스와 다리오의 칙령은 신학적으로 내부화된 헌장으로 기능하며, 페르시아의 권력을 회복의 신적 도구로 자리매김한다. 이 틀 안에서 공동체의 구성 요건은 제국의 위임에 대한 인식과 포로기 귀환자의 혈통에 기반한다. 그러므로 소속은 미리 정해진 것이 아니라, 행동 속에서 형성되고 조정될 수 있다. 제단 건립, 성전 재건, 제의적 실천 등의 공적 행위를 통해 소속이 실현된다. 6장의 유월절로 내러티브가 마무리되는데, 이는 이 인가된 공동체의 과업이 완결되었음을 상징하며, 이는 그 땅의 백성 가운데 있는 사람들이, 골라(Golah)가 규정한 조건을 충족하는 경우 공동체에 참여할 수 있도록 허용하는 것이다. 이 모델에서 이스라엘의 정체성은 제국의 명령에 참여하고, 성전 건축과 일정한 조건을 전제로 한 의례적 편입을 통해 형성된 공인된 골라로 규정된다. 이에 정면으로 병치되는 에스라 7–10장은 이스라엘을 민족–종교적 공동체로 제시한다. 비록 여전히 페르시아의 칙령(아르타크세르크세스)에 근거하고 있지만, 이 서사는 정당성의 근원을 외적 권위가 아닌 내적 토라 준수와 ‘거룩한 씨(holy seed)’라는 존재론적 개념, 그리고 역사적으로 남은 자(remnant)의 정체성으로 옮긴다. 소속의 기준은 이제 혈통적 순수성에 고정되며, 이는 획득 가능한 것이 아니라 보호되어야 하는 것이다. 이에 따라 정체성의 표지는 제의적 행위가 아니라 정화의 행위—공적 애통, 언약적 참회, 이방 여인 및 자손의 추방—로 나타난다. 이 모델은 공동체의 경계를 정화와 배제로 유지하며, 이방인과의 혼합으로부터 골라를 보호하고자 한다. 따라서 이스라엘은 토라 준수와 혈통적 순수성에 의해 확립되고, 이방과의 완전한 분리를 통해 실현되는 ‘정화된 골라’로 제시된다. 방법론적으로 본 연구는 마이어 스턴버그(Meir Sternberg)와 로버트 알터(Robert Alter)의 내러티브 비평을 참조하여, 본문의 반복, 공백, 그리고 병렬 구조가 대조를 통해 의미를 생성하는 장치로 작동함을 밝힌다. 이러한 문학적 관찰은 도널드 호로위츠(Donald Horowitz)의 사회학적 틀—정체성의 ‘기준(criteria)’과 ‘표징(indicia)’의 구분—에 의해 보완되어, 각 모델의 정체성 논리와 수행 양식을 분석할 수 있게 한다. 두 모델은 모두 정체성 서사(identity narrative)의 틀 속에서 독해되며, 공동체 정체성 형성의 서사적 기능을 수행한다. 결론적으로 본 연구는 에스라서의 핵심이 두 모델—포용적이고 정치적으로 통합된 공동체와 배타적이고 혈통적으로 순수한 잔여 공동체—를 조화시키는 데 있지 않고, 오히려 그 긴장을 해소하지 않은 채 정경적 차원에서 공존시키는 데 있음을 주장한다. 에스라서는 어느 한 서사를 다른 서사에 종속시키지 않는다. 여기서 이 본문의 힘은 이러한 해결되지 않은 병치에 있으며, 두 목소리를 화해의 서사로 묶지 않은 채 최종 형태의 핵심 요소로 함께 보존한다. 이 연구는 에스라 1–6장과 에스라 7–10장의 관계를 ‘전개’가 아닌 ‘병치’의 관계로 재구성함으로써, 에스라서를 정체성 논쟁의 기초 문헌으로 새롭게 이해한다. 에스라서의 최종 형태는 제국 통치 아래 귀환 이후 공동체가 마주한 핵심 과제, 즉 정치적 종속과 사회적 이질성 속에서 이스라엘의 고유한 정체성을 어떻게 지켜낼 것인가를 담아낸다. 이 과정에서 이 책은 단정적인 해답을 제시하지 않으며, 오히려 포로기 이후 세계에서 이스라엘을 어떻게 이해할 것인가에 대한 상이한 관점들을 서사적으로 병치함으로써 그 논쟁 자체를 정경 속에 보존한다.

"I Am a Ukrainian": Letters and the Exploration of Contested Memory

Shpylova-Saeed, Nataliya ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Indiana University 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

On February 24, 2022, the Russian Federation launched a full-scale war against Ukraine. The statements made by the Kremlin on the eve of the assault evoked not only factual disinformation and distortion, which relied on Russocentric approaches to the history of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union but also contested historical and cultural issues, deeply rooted in highly entangled relations of Ukraine and Russia. This dissertation explores the notion of contested memory that centers on Russia’s long-lasting denial of Ukrainians’ distinctiveness from Russians. The main source of this study is letters, which are viewed and conceptualized as a vehicle of power. The discussion of the dialogical nature of epistolary expressions includes theses outlined by Jurgen Habermas, Michel Foucault, Homi Bhabha, and Fredric Jameson.The theoretical framework for the exploration of contested memory is based on the works by Guy Beiner, Antje Wiener, Jan Assmann, Aleida Assmann, and Michael Rothberg, with the main focus on the multifacetedness of memory in various manifestations.Epistolary expressions analyzed in this dissertation focus primarily on the nineteenth century; however, they also help reveal how the nineteenth-century rhetoric re-emerges in the Russian war rhetoric of the twenty-first century. The Russian Federation continues to promote the myth about Ukrainians and Russians being “one people” reinvigorating the imperial and colonial narratives of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union.The analysis includes letters written by Mykola Hohol, Taras Shevchenko, and Lesya Ukrainka. Their correspondence provides a glimpse into the formation of political and national divergencies and memorial distinctiveness, as well as into the construction of cultural memory that engages with and responds to memorial contestations. The letters reveal the constructedness of contestations emerging as a result of oppressive measures toward Ukraine and its distinctiveness promoted by the Russian Empire and further adopted by the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation. This dissertation discusses contestations not only in terms of negative repercussions that include social forgetting. Contested memory, which contains a possibility of dialogical exchange, can be a sign of doubt and, as a result, a way to express resilience and resistance.