The public-private partnership: Community college participation in workforce boards

Brokenburr, Shenita Michigan State University 2008 해외박사(DDOD)

Community colleges have played an important role in education, training and workforce development since their founding in the early twentieth century. Over the past 10 years, the growing demand for highly skilled workers coinciding with increased outsourcing, globalization and welfare reform efforts has generated a renewed interest in community college participation in workforce development. In 1996, federal welfare reform efforts targeting disadvantaged populations brought local employers together with community-based organizations, educational institutions (K-12 and postsecondary education), government agencies and labor unions to comprise state and local workforce boards that oversee state workforce development activities. Local workforce boards design workforce development systems, create job training policy and oversee implementation efforts, and distribute federal welfare funding while also ensuring that program accountability and performance standards are met. By virtue of their authority, workforce boards have significant influence and impact on statewide economic and workforce development efforts in each state. Although welfare reform implementation efforts vary widely, the literature suggests that the majority of states design workforce systems and create policies that facilitate community colleges having a central role in workforce development. In states with more flexible policies, postsecondary education is permitted in lieu of work and combined strategies that facilitate self-sufficiency are utilized. Similarly, community colleges have created successful programs and curricula geared toward moving the disadvantaged to sustained self-sufficiency through job training programs that articulate into vocational certifications and degree programs that encourage life-long learning. These programs are more holistic in helping to facilitate self-sufficiency because of their job placement, wage progression and career pathways components. In contrast, there is evidence to suggest that community college participation in the new framework is not being fully realized in states where workforce development efforts focus on immediate labor force attachment (work-first). Community colleges are integral to workforce development systems because they have the support services infrastructure to create specialized programs that help mitigate a variety of personal issues and address barriers to employment for disadvantaged populations. As prescribed partners in state workforce development efforts under the Workforce Investment Act (WIA), community colleges have the potential for an even greater role through their participation on workforce boards. This case study explored the effects of community college involvement in workforce boards and the ways in which they collaborate and partner with each other, local employers, government agencies, community-based organizations, K-12 educational entities, and labor unions in workforce development initiatives.

Enhancing Biodiversity Conservation and Biological Assessment of Freshwater Ecosystems with Machine Learning

이다영 경희대학교 대학원 2023 국내박사

Freshwater ecosystems, which are biodiversity hotspots, are facing a crisis owing to rapid biodiversity loss caused by anthropogenic disturbances. Changes in freshwater ecosystems bring about transformations in their physical, chemical, and biological aspects, necessitating appropriate management. To conserve biodiversity, both structural and functional aspects of community must be considered to implement appropriate conservation and management policies. The structure of ecological communities typically pertains to their composition, with a primary emphasis on biodiversity. Indicator species and biological indices have been used to develop conservation strategies and ecosystem assessments. Stoneflies (Plecoptera) are representative indicators of freshwater ecosystems and serve as indicators of clear streams. Many stonefly species face extinction threats and include a high proportion of endemic species. Therefore, understanding the distribution and ecology of stoneflies is crucial. In terms of the community aspect, a River InVertebrate Prediction And Classification System (RIVPACS)-type model that utilizes community composition for ecosystem assessment predicts the presence or absence of each family and assigns different scores based on the ecological characteristics of the taxa. The health status of the corresponding community is evaluated by comparing the observed and expected scores. In contrast, the functional aspect deals with practical interactions within the ecosystem. A prominent example of the functional aspect of community is the consideration of the functional traits of species and energy flow (food web) within the ecosystem. Functional traits that reflect the life history of species and can capture aspects of ecosystem health may not be well-captured by taxonomic aspects alone. However, previous studies of food webs have faced obstacles because of their complexity and hierarchical nature of food web. Additionally, the development of models that capture these characteristics requires significant effort. In this regard, an approach using a metaweb (an aggregated set of all possible trophic interactions) that considers only the presence or absence of species and feeding relationships can provide a solution for constructing food webs. Employing this approach is expected to facilitate the creation of food webs and enable research on their attributes. The hypothesis of this study was that abiotic environmental conditions influence the structure and function of ecological communities and that community structure responds to changes in habitat environments. In particular, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the environment influences not only the structural aspects but also the functional aspects of ecosystems. Therefore, this thesis elucidates the connections between various aspects of ecological communities in freshwater ecosystems and the abiotic environment, with the ultimate goal of conducting research that forms a basis for the effective conservation and management of freshwater ecosystems. Chapter 1 introduces the importance of freshwater ecosystem conservation and management in respond to the threats facing freshwater biodiversity. It discusses key concepts that form the foundation of this research, including community structure and function, food webs, biological indices, and machine learning methods. Furthermore, an overview of the overall flow and framework of the research is provided from Chapter 2 to Chapter 5. Chapter 2 characterizes the distribution patterns of an important indicator species, stoneflies, in South Korea and identifies the key factors influencing their conservation. The distribution patterns of Plecoptera assemblages at the study sites were analyzed using a self-organizing map (SOM) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to classify the study sites into seven clusters. The characteristics of Plecoptera assemblages and environmental conditions of each cluster were compared, along with the environmental characteristics of the habitats where key species were found. In total, 32 Plecoptera taxa were recorded, including three endemic species. Among these taxa, four species showed relatively wide and abundant distributions compared with the other species. The clusters based on assemblage patterns exhibited gradients according to various environmental variables at different scales, and the dominance patterns of key species varied among the clusters. Generally, the dominant species were found in cool mountainous streams and negatively affected by turbidity. This study provides valuable insights into conservation and management strategies for Plecoptera. Chapter 3 focuses on evaluating variations in community composition in response to environmental variables and explores the relationship between taxonomic and functional diversity within the context of reservoir ecosystems. Four categories of functional traits were used to assess functional diversity: generation per year, adult lifespan, adult size, and functional feeding groups. HCA was employed to classify reservoirs based on their community composition, revealing significant differences in physicochemical and land-use variables among the clusters. The use of SOM facilitated the identification of patterns in functional traits, whereas network association analysis revealed relationships among these traits. These findings support the concept of species survival strategies, such as r- and K-selection. Additionally, a positive relationship was observed between functional richness and taxonomic diversity, whereas functional evenness was not significantly associated with taxonomic diversity. These results suggest that different forms of diversity complement each other when identifying biodiversity and establishing new criteria for evaluating the health of freshwater ecosystems. Chapter 4 investigates the influence of the environment on the food web structure, assesses the extent to which it operates, and employs the metaweb approach. A comprehensive metaweb containing trophic interaction information for all species was constructed based on an extensive literature review. Local food webs were then created based on the metaweb and genus lists, and metrics reflecting the properties of the food webs were calculated. The study sites were classified using SOM based on food web patterns, and were subsequently clustered using HCA. Differences in food web properties and environmental variables between clusters were compared. The metaweb successfully formed local food webs and their relationships were identified. To identify the impact of environmental variables, random forest (RF) models were created for each food web metric using environmental variables. The importance of the environmental variables was evaluated using the mean decrease in impurity (MDI) and Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) values. SHAP-dependent plots were used to elucidate the influence of each variable on food web metrics. The most frequently significant variables varied for the different food web metrics but riffles were the variable most frequently considered crucial. Other variables associated with human disturbances caused changes in the food web structure in proportion to their magnitude. By constructing a metaweb suitable for freshwater ecosystems in South Korea and investigating the relationship between food web characteristics and environmental variables, this study facilitates research on the ecological dynamics of food webs. Moreover, this study provides a foundation for using food-web characteristics for biomonitoring by linking food webs with abiotic environments. Chapter 5 focuses on the development of a stream ecosystem health assessment method for South Korea, utilizing the RIVPACS-type approach. The RF model was used to predict the presence or absence of benthic macroinvertebrate families, and modified Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWPK) scores were assigned to each taxon. The average BMWPK score (ASPT) for each site was calculated based on assigned scores. The observed and expected ASPT ratios were used to evaluate ecosystem health. The evaluation results were similar to those obtained using conventional species-based assessment methods. Considering that this study produced results similar to those of previous species-based studies, even at the family level, it provides a more cost-effective evaluation method and suggests the possibility of applying this method in South Korea. In Chapter 6, I reflect on the content covered in Chapters 2−5. I examine the importance of spatial analysis, excluding the effect of time, and discuss the key environmental variables that influence communities and the reasons behind them. Additionally, I explore the relationship between my study and the environment as a framework for shaping communities. Furthermore, I will discuss the significance of this study and its potential applications. This study investigated how different aspects of an ecosystem, in terms of both structure and function, change when considering various environmental variables. Although different approaches have been employed to explore ecological communities, common patterns between communities and the environment have been identified across all studies. Additionally, this study revealed that human impacts are expected to be the most significant disturbance, indicating that greater effort should be directed toward conservation and management. The results of this study can be used to establish more effective strategies for freshwater ecosystem conservation and evaluate the health status of freshwater ecosystems by utilizing appropriate structural and functional indicators.

지역사회 경관에 대한 중국 Z세대와 부모세대의 장소애착특성 연구 : 중국 아파트 거주민의 인식을 중심으로

강정 우석대학교 2024 국내박사

The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between the emotional state of community landscape and place attachment between Generation Z and their parents, and to analyze the correlation and influence between the constituent elements of community landscape, intergenerational relationships, shared memory characteristics, and socio demographic characteristics. Especially, this study focuses on empirical verification through hypotheses. Using literature review, questionnaire survey, expert interview, and PAD emotion model, a comparative measurement was conducted on the community landscape emotional state and place attachment degree between Generation Z and the parent generation. Afterwards, factor analysis, distribution analysis, correlation analysis, and structural equation analysis were conducted using software such as SPSS and R. The conclusions of this study are as follows: T he research results show that Generation Z generally exhibits higher emotional states and more positive emotional attitudes towards community landscapes in the dimensions of happiness (P), activity (A), and dominance (D) compared to their parents. There are significant differences in emotional states between two generations in different types of communities. Generation Z has a higher sense of place identity and place dependence than their parents' generation. There is a positive correlation between the elements of community landscape and place attachment, and it seems that two generations have formed place attachment due to different community landscape elements. The changes in community interaction factors and natural environmental factors affect the emotional state (PAD) of parents towards the community, while the changes in community cultural factors affect the emotional state (PAD) of Generation Z. Community roads have a significant impact on the place attachment of the parents' generation, which is reflected in three aspects: place identity, place dependence, and neighborhood relationships. In the intergenerational relationship between parents, the dimensions of "intergenerational emotional connection and understanding" and "community emotional state" have low correlation with the dimensions of happiness P, activity A, and advantage D. The results of this study provide empirical evidence for understanding the differences in community landscape emotions and place attachment between Generation Z and the parent generation, and provide positive directions for the theoretical development and practice of community landscape design. This study suggests strengthening the participation and voice of Generation Z, improving community cultural factors and intergenerational interaction, while promoting intergenerational interaction and understanding, improving the physical environment of the community, and achieving sustainable community development. 본 연구는 Z세대와 부모세대의 지역사회 경관 감정상태, 장소애착에 대한 관계를 탐색하고, 지역사회 경관 구성요소, 세대 간 관계, 공동기억 특성 및 사회인구학적 특성 간의 상관성과 영향력을 분석하기 위한 목적으로 시도되었다. 특히 본 연구는 가설을 통해 경험적으로 검증하는 방식을 중심으로 진행되었다. 문헌귀납법, 설문조사법, 전문가 인터뷰법 그리고 PAD 감정모델을 활용하여, Z세대와 부모세대의 지역사회 경관의 감정상태와 장소애착 정도를 비교 측정하였다. 이후 SPSS, R 및 기타 소프트웨어를 활용한 요인분석, 분산분석, 상관분석 및 구조방정식 분석을 통해 얻은 본 연구의 결론은 다음과 같다. 연구 결과, Z세대는 일반적으로 부모세대보다 쾌락도(P), 활성도(A), 우세도(D)의 세가지 차원에서 지역사회 경관의 감정상태가 더 높아 더 긍정적인 감정 태도를 보였다. 다른 유형의 지역사회에서 두 세대의 감정상태에는 상당한 차이가 존재한다. Z세대는 특히 장소정체성과 장소의존성 차원에서 부모세대보다 장소의존성이 더 높게 나타났다. 지역사회 경관 구성요소와 장소애착 사이에는 상관관계가 있으며, 두 세대는 각각 다른 지역사회 경관 요소로 인해 장소애착을 형성하는 것으로 보인다. 지역사회 상호작용 요소와 지역사회 자연환경 요소의 변화는 지역사회에 대한 부모세대의 감정상태(PAD)에 영향을 미치고, 지역사회 문화 요소의 변화는 Z세대의 지역사회 감정상태(PAD)에 영향을 미친다. 지역사회 도로는 부모세대의 장소애착에 현저한 영향을 미치며, 이러한 영향은 장소정체성, 장소의존성 및 이웃관계 세 가지 측면에서 나타난다. 부모세대 간 관계 중, ‘세대 간 감정적 연결 및 이해’ 차원과 ‘지역사회 감정상태’의 쾌락도 P, 활성도 A, 우세도 D의 세가지 차원과 ‘지역사회 감정상태’의 상관관계는 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 Z세대와 부모세대의 지역사회 경관 감정과 장소애착의 차이를 이해하기 위한 실증적 근거를 제공하며, 지역사회 경관 디자인의 이론적 발전과 실천에 긍정적인 방향을 제시한다. 본 연구는 Z세대의 참여와 발언권을 강화하고, 지역사회의 문화적 요소와 세대간 상호작용을 개선하는 동시에, 세대간 상호작용과 이해를 촉진하고, 지역사회의 물리적 환경을 개선하여, 지역사회의 지속 가능한 발전을 달성할 것을 제안한다.

Study of Social Behaviors and Communal Space in the Process of Rural Urbanization -Case Study of Anhui Province, China

CHE YUANYUAN 연세대학교 일반대학원 2018 국내석사

Study of Social Behaviours and Communal Space in the Process of Rural Urbanization – Case Study of Anhui Province, China CHE YUANYUAN Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering The Graduate School Yonsei University In the process of rural urbanization in China, the pressing need in land acquisition stemming from greater demand in industrial and commercial land use has led to a large-scaled rural housing demolition and community resettlement movement. Unfortunately, the communal space and social interactions that were once closely associated with rural housing architecture were inevitably displaced in the design of new resettlement community as a compensation for people who have lost their original houses. In this study, the change in social interactions among residents and the change in spatial and social aspects of the communal space together with their influence on community scale in the transition from traditional rural community to the resettlement community will be carefully reviewed. To begin with, an observation was carried out to acquire an insight of the social interactions and diverse community space in the existing communities currently. Following that, an online survey with 15 questions was conducted among 251 respondents who have been living in the traditional rural communities or resettlement communities for a substantial amount of time. This survey was conducted to figure out the perceptions of these stakeholders in face of the changes in social interactions and community space. With that, the method Ten Circulation Tool and spatial depth analysis were then designed to analyze the community scale change. In a nutshell, community space and social interaction are identified as both physical and social components in establishing and maintaining a community with varied spatial and social community scale. In support of that, both on-site observation and online survey studies have revealed that the residents who had been living in the traditional rural communities have demonstrated a stronger sense of belonging to the community that they had previously lived in. Finally, through my research and study, the phenomenon of difference regarding the scale of communities can be observed between traditional rural communities and resettlement communities.

A Study on the Impact of Community Tourism Participation, Tourism Equity and Tourism Proceeds on Agricultural Heritage System Conservation

왕양 동신대학교 일반대학원 2025 국내박사

We know about World Natural Heritage and World Cultural Heritage; We are familiar with Intangible Cultural Heritage; However, do you understand Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS)? Humanity has flourished on Earth for millions of years and civilizations have passed on for thousands of years. Human ancestors relied on land for survival, and in the long agricultural production practice created a highly unified land use system with production value and ecological value, so that people and nature can live in harmony. However, with the advancement of industrialization and urbanization, causing resource depletion, ecological damage, and environmental problems. Global warming, frequent El Niño and La Niña events, and loss of biodiversity have become prominent concerns. Agricultural systems are facing significant challenges. The conservation and inheritance of traditional agricultural production systems are now more urgent than ever. Previous research has identified two key issues: the primary role of farmers in the protection of AHS, and tourism becoming an important way to protect AHS. How do community residents participate in this protection mechanism? Can farmers in agricultural heritage systems expect to gain economic benefits from tourism participation? Do residents feel that the distribution of benefits brought by tourism development is fair? This paper will examine the impact of community tourism participation, tourism proceeds, and tourism equity on Agricultural Heritage Systems Conservation (AHSC). Ⅰ. Introduction. This chapter introduces the origin of the study, starting with the challenges and issues faced by traditional agricultural systems and introducing the concept of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS). It provides examples of 15 typical GIAHS projects in China, South Korea, and Japan. Drawing on the Agricultural Heritage Systems Conservation (AHSC) approach, the chapter introduces the concept of dynamic conservation. Based on research on tourism as a preservation method and community protection as a core subject, the study's focus is proposed: the impact of community tourism participation, tourism proceeds, and tourism equity on AHSC. The chapter also outlines the research objectives, which are to demonstrate the intrinsic mechanisms of Agricultural Heritage Systems Tourism (AHST), explain its rationality and necessity, reveal the structural relationships between community tourism participation, tourism proceeds, and tourism equity, and validate their impacts on AHSC. This will provide scientific strategies for the sustainable development of AHST and AHSC. Additionally, the chapter explains the research methodology, which combines previous research foundations and incorporates both qualitative and empirical research methods. Specifically, it includes literature analysis, questionnaire surveys, in-depth interviews, and quantitative research methods. II. This chapter establishes the theoretical foundation of the paper, including theories such as agricultural multifunctionality, industrial integration, CSV theory, and business model innovation theory. It provides conceptual descriptions and literature analyses of AHST, community tourism participation, tourism equity, and tourism proceeds, and defines the constituent factors of the variables based on literature research. Community tourism participation includes five observed variables. The tourism equity variable encompasses three dimensions: outcome equity, procedural equity, and interactional equity. Tourism proceeds include five observed variables, and Agricultural Heritage Systems Conservation (AHSC) includes five observed variables as well. III. Research Design. Based on an analysis of previous research findings, this chapter constructs a research model according to the structure and logical relationships of the research variables, proposing the research hypotheses. It also introduces the selection of research samples and the composition of the survey questionnaire, as well as explaining the data collection process and the application of research tools. IV. Empirical Analysis. Using five GIAHS project sites as examples, a total of 383 valid sample data were collected. The research primarily utilizes exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for empirical study. A demographic analysis of the sample was conducted, and the reliability and validity of each variable measurement scale were tested using IBM SPSS Statistics 30.0 software. Structural validity and composite reliability were evaluated with IBM SPSS Amos 24.0 software. The results showed the following metrics: For the community tourism participation scale, Cronbach’s α was 0.870, KMO was 0.844, structural validity χ²/df (CMIN/DF) was 2.147, RMSEA was 0.05, AVE was 0.582, and CR was 0.873. For the tourism equity scale, Cronbach’s α was 0.887, KMO was 0.883, χ²/df (CMIN/DF) was 1.294, RMSEA was 0.028, AVE was 0.632, 0.548, 0.526, and CR was 0.893, 0.800, 0.812. For the tourism proceeds scale, Cronbach’s α was 0.911, KMO was 0.858, χ²/df (CMIN/DF) was 1.266, RMSEA was 0.026, AVE was 0.671, and CR was 0.909. For the AHSC scale, Cronbach’s α was 0.870, KMO was 0.862, χ²/df (CMIN/DF) was 1.881, RMSEA was 0.048, AVE was 0.580, and CR was 0.872. Finally, the study's hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling, with the model fit indices meeting acceptable standards. The path coefficient between Community Tourism Participation and Tourism Proceeds is 0.664 (β = 0.664, p < 0.001). Hypothesis H1 is supported. The path coefficient between Tourism Proceeds and AHSC is 0.136 (β = 0.136, p < 0.05). Hypothesis H2 is supported. The mediation effect test indicates that the 95% confidence interval for Ind CP-TP-AHSC does not contain 0, and the P-value (two-tailed significance) is 0.035, which is less than 0.05. Hypothesis H3 is supported. The path coefficient between Community Tourism Participation and Tourism Equity is 0.809 (β = 0.809, p < 0.001), confirming Hypothesis H4. Tourism Equity and AHSC have a path coefficient of 0.345 (β = 0.345, p < 0.05). Hypothesis H5 is supported. The mediation effect test indicates that the 95% confidence interval for Ind CP-TE-AHSC does not contain 0, and the P-value (two-tailed significance) is 0.011, which is less than 0.05. Hypothesis H6 is supported. Tourism Proceeds and Tourism Equity show a path coefficient of 0.083 (β = 0.083, p > 0.05). Hypothesis H7 is not supported. The path coefficient between Community Tourism Participation and AHSC is 0.245 (β = 0.245, p > 0.05). Hypothesis H8 is not supported.. V. Conclusion. 1. Community tourism participation has a significant positive impact on both tourism proceeds and tourism equity. Tourism proceeds and tourism equity have a significant positive impact on AHSC. 2. The direct impact of community tourism participation on AHSC is significantly lower than commonly perceived. The factor of community tourism participation does not have a direct significant impact on AHSC. It can only exert a significant positive influence on AHSC through the mediating factors of tourism equity and tourism proceeds. In other words, only when community residents gain tourism benefits and perceive fairness can their participation effectively contribute to the advancement of AHSC.This finding suggests that the initial motivation of community residents to engage in AHSS tourism development is not entirely driven by the desire to protect AHS but is more likely influenced by the potential to gain direct and indirect economic benefits through tourism activities. During in-depth interviews conducted in the sample area, many community residents expressed that they do not perceive themselves as the main agents of AHSC, believing that heritage protection is the responsibility of the government or other stakeholders. This also explains why the hypothesis regarding CP's limited influence on AHSC was validated. It is worth noting that this result reveals a very important issue: the participation of AHSS residents in tourism development remains largely superficial, limited to basic employment positions and business operations. However, when it comes to deeper aspects crucial to the inheritance and development of AHS, such as tourism planning, decision-making, and the utilization of tourism resources, community residents show relatively low levels of involvement. On the one hand, this is due to the lack of cultural literacy and professional knowledge among local residents, making them less capable of effectively undertaking strategic tasks such as high-level development decisions. On the other hand, since AHSC involves multiple stakeholders, including developers, local governments, community residents, and tourists, community residents’voices may not always be sufficiently respected or implemented within the multi-party tourism participation mechanism. 3. The impact of tourism proceeds on tourism equity is noteworthy.The impact of tourism proceeds on tourism equity appears to be highly sensitive, yielding only an 8% positive influence. This is primarily because the influence of tourism proceeds on distributive equity and procedural equity has turned negative. Although this negative impact does not reach statistical significance, it is still worthy of attention and further analysis.During the survey and in-depth interviews conducted for this study, similar feedback was received. Some large tourism operators and business managers expressed dissatisfaction, believing that their investment outweighed their returns, and that they had not achieved the expected economic benefits due to unsatisfactory tourism profit distribution. The findings of this study confirm these perspectives. Further analysis suggests that the unfair distribution of AHSS tourism economic benefits has resulted in large investors and high-contributing residents not receiving expected returns, leading to a sense of inequity. The unreasonable distribution mechanism is likely caused by procedural inequity, which explains why tourism proceeds negatively affect both distributive and procedural equity. However, as AHSS tourism further integrates and develops, the distribution mechanism is expected to become more rational, eventually transforming this negative impact into a positive one. Keywords: Community Tourism Participation; Tourism Equity; Tourism Proceeds; Agricultural Heritage System Tourism (AHST); Agricultural Heritage System Conservation (AHSC) 우리는 세계자연유산(World Natural Heritage)과 세계문화유산(World Cultural Heritage)에 대해 잘 알고 있으며, 무형문화유산(Intangible Cultural Heritage)에도 비교적 익숙합니다. 그러나 유엔 식량농업기구(FAO)가 지정한 세계중요농업유산시 스템(Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems, GIAHS)에 대해 알고 계 십니까? 이는 생물다양성, 전통농업지식, 경관, 지역사회 문화가 유기적으로 통합된 농업유산으로, 지속가능한 농업과 인류 공동의 자산으로서 그 가치를 지니고 있습 니다. 인류는 수백만 년에 걸쳐 지구상에서 번영해 왔으며, 문명은 수천 년 동안 지속적 으로 계승·발전되어 왔다. 인류의 선조들은 생존을 위하여 토지에 의존하였고, 장기 간에 걸친 농업 생산 활동을 통해 생산성과 생태적 지속 가능성을 동시에 충족시키 는 고도화된 통합 토지 이용 체계를 구축하였다. 이러한 전통적 농업 시스템은 인 간과 자연 간의 상호 의존적 관계를 바탕으로 조화로운 공존을 가능하게 하였으며, 이는 곧 생물다양성과 지역 고유의 문화자산을 보전하는 데 기여하는 지속 가능한 농업유산의 형태로 자리매김하였다. 그러나 산업화와 도시화의 가속화는 자원 고갈, 생태계 훼손 및 환경 문제를 심화 시키고 있다. 지구온난화, 엘니뇨·라니냐 현상의 빈발, 생물다양성 감소 등은 주요 글로벌 이슈로 부상하였으며, 전통 농업 시스템 또한 심각한 위기에 직면해 있다. 이에 따라 전통 농업 생산 시스템의 보전과 계승은 시급한 과제가 되었다. 기존 연구는 두 가지 핵심 문제를 제기한다. 첫째, 농업유산시스템(AHS) 보전에 서 농민의 주체적 역할이 중요하다는 점, 둘째, 관광이 AHS 보호의 효과적 수단이 될 수 있다는 점이다. 그렇다면 지역 주민은 어떻게 보호 메커니즘에 참여할 수 있 을까? AHS 내 농민은 관광 참여를 통해 실질적 경제 이익을 기대할 수 있을까? 관광으로 인한 이익 배분은 공정하게 인식될까? 본 연구는 지역사회 관광 참여, 관 광 수익 및 관광 공정성이 농업유산시스템 보전(AHSC)에 미치는 영향을 분석하고 자 한다. Ⅰ. 서론 본 연구는 전통 농업 시스템이 직면한 위기를 출발점으로 세계중요농업유산시스 템(GIAHS)의 개념을 소개하고, 중국·한국·일본의 15개 대표 사례를 통해 농업유산 시스템 보전(AHSC)의 동태적 보전(dynamic conservation) 접근을 제시한다. 관광 이 농업유산 보전에 기여할 수 있으며, 지역 사회의 역할이 핵심이라는 선행 연구 에 기반하여, 본 연구는 지역 사회의 관광 참여, 관광 수익 및 관광 공정성이 AHSC에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 한다. 본 연구의 목적은 농업유산시스템 관광(AHST)의 내재적 작동 메커니즘을 규명 하고, 지역 사회의 관광 참여·수익·공정성 간 구조적 관계를 실증 분석함으로써 AHSC에 대한 영향을 검증하는 데 있다. 이를 통해 AHST 및 AHSC의 지속가능한 발전을 위한 이론적·실천적 전략을 제안한다. 연구 방법으로는 선행연구 분석을 바 탕으로 문헌고찰, 설문조사, 심층인터뷰 등 질적·양적 접근을 병행하였다. Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 본 장에서는 농업의 다기능성, 산업융합, 공유가치창출(CSV), 비즈니스 모델 혁신 이론 등을 바탕으로 이 연구의 개념적 틀을 구성한다. 아울러 농업유산시스템 관광 (AHST), 지역사회 관광참여(CP), 관광 공정성(TE), 관광 수익(TP) 등의 주요 개념 을 정의하고, 기존 문헌 고찰을 통해 각 구성요소를 체계화한다. CP는 5개 관찰변수로, TE는 결과·절차·상호작용 공정성의 3차원으로 구성되며, TP와 AHSC는 각각 5개 관찰변수로 구성된다. 이러한 이론 기반을 통해 연구모형 을 도출하고 실증분석의 기초를 마련한다. Ⅲ. 연구 설계 본 연구는 선행연구 분석을 토대로 지역사회 관광참여, 관광 공정성, 관광 수익, 농업유산시스템 보전 간의 구조적 관계를 설정하고 이를 반영한 연구모형을 제시한 다. 주요 변수 간 인과관계를 규명하기 위해 연구가설을 도출하였으며, 연구 대상은 세계중요농업유산시스템(GIAHS) 지역 주민으로 선정하였다. 설문지는 검증된 척도 를 바탕으로 구성되었으며, 변수 측정을 위한 문항으로 구성하였다. 자료 수집은 설 문조사와 심층면접을 병행하여 실시하였고, 분석도구로는 IBM SPSS Statistics 30.0과 AMOS 24.0을 활용하였다. 탐색적 요인분석(EFA)과 확인적 요인분석(CFA) 을 통해 측정도구의 신뢰도와 타당성을 검토하였다. Ⅳ. 실증분석 본 연구는 중국 내 5개 GIAHS 지역을 대상으로 총 383개의 유효 표본을 수집하 여 실증분석을 수행하였다. 주요 분석 방법으로는 탐색적 요인분석(EFA)과 확인적 요인분석(CFA), 구조방정식모형(SEM)이 활용되었다. 분석 도구는 SPSS 30.0과 AMOS 24.0을 사용하였다. 측정 도구의 신뢰도 및 타당성 검토 결과, 모든 변수의 Cronbach’s α 값이 0.870 이상으로 내적 일관성이 확보되었으며, KMO 지수, χ²/df, RMSEA, AVE, CR 등 적합도 지표 또한 기준치를 충족하였다. 구체적으로, 지역사회 관광참여(CP)는 Cronbach’s α = 0.870, 관광 공정성(TE)은 α = 0.887, 관광 수익(TP)은 α = 0.911, 농업문화유산 보전(AHSC)은 α = 0.870로 나타났다. 구조방정식모형을 통한 가설 검증 결과는 다음과 같다. H1: 지역사회 관광참여는 관광수익에 유의한 정(+)적 영향을 미침(β=0.664, P<0.001) → 채택 H2: 관광수익은 AHSC에 유의한 정(+)적 영향을 미침 → 채택 H3: 관광수익(TP)은 CP와 AHSC 사이에서 유의미한 매개효과를 가짐 → 채택 H4: CP는 관광공정성에 유의한 정(+)적 영향을 미침(β=0.809, P<0.001) → 채택 H5: 관광공정성은 AHSC에 유의한 정(+)적 영향을 미침(β=0.345, P<0.05) → 채 택 H6: 관광공정성은 CP와 AHSC 사이에서 유의한 매개효과를 가짐 → 채택 H7: TP는 TE에 정(+)적 영향을 미치나 통계적으로 유의하지 않음(β=0.083, P>0.05) → 기각 H8: CP는 AHSC에 정(+)적 영향을 미치나 유의하지 않음(β=0.245, P>0.05) → 기 각 Ⅴ. 결론 (Conclusion) 본 연구는 지역사회 관광 참여 요인이 관광 공정성과 관광 수익에 유의미한 정 (+)의 영향을 미치며, 이 두 변수는 농업문화유산 보호(AHSC)에 긍정적 영향을 미 친다는 점을 실증하였다. 그러나 지역사회 관광 참여가 AHSC에 미치는 직접 효과 는 유의하지 않으며, 오직 관광 공정성과 관광 수익을 통한 매개 경로를 통해서만 긍정적 영향을 나타낸다. 이는 주민들이 관광으로부터의 실질적 이익과 공정한 대 우를 인식할 때, 비로소 유산 보호에 자발적으로 참여하게 됨을 시사한다. 심층 인터뷰 결과, 상당수 주민이 자신을 AHSC의 주체로 인식하지 않고, 보호 책임을 정부나 외부 이해관계자에게 전가하는 경향을 보였다. 이는 주민 참여가 단 순 고용 또는 경제활동에 국한되어 있으며, 유산 계획 수립이나 의사결정, 자원 활 용 등 핵심 영역에 대한 실질적 개입은 제한적임을 보여준다. 이러한 한계는 주민 의 전문성 부족, 그리고 지방정부·개발사 중심의 관광 거버넌스 구조에서 기인한다. 또한 관광 수익이 관광 공정성에 미치는 영향은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았으나, 부(-)적 관계 경향이 관찰되었다. 이는 고투자·고기여 참여자가 기대한 수익을 얻지 못함으로써 분배의 불공정성을 인지하고, 그 원인이 절차적 불투명성에 있음을 시 사한다. 향후 AHSS 관광이 정교화되고 이익 분배 체계가 합리화됨에 따라 이러한 부정적 영향은 완화될 가능성이 있다. 키워드:사회의 관광 참여; 관광 공정성; 관광 수익; 농업유산시스템 관광; 농업유 산시스템 보전

Community colleges and economic development: A case study of Appalachian southwest Virginia

Thomas, Stacy Edward University of Virginia 2003 해외박사(DDOD)

The five community colleges in Southwest Virginia all serve rural areas in Appalachia and face unique and complicated challenges. Southwest Virginia, like many other regions in Appalachia, is characterized by high levels of unemployment due to the loss of the major industries of coal and textiles and by lower levels of educational attainment of its citizens when compared to state and national averages. The five community colleges, Mountain Empire, New River, Southwest Virginia, Virginia Highlands, and Wytheville, provide a wide range of programs and services designed to improve their communities. The 1994 Virginia Community College System Restructuring Plan charged community colleges to expand their role in economic development. The purpose of this study was to identify the economic development programs and services the five community colleges in Southwest Virginia employed dating from the 1994 Restructuring Plan. In addition, the study identified how these institutions assess local economic needs and reported the economic development programs and services that were perceived by the college administrators to have been most successful. The investigation involved a single case study of the five community colleges in Southwest Virginia. Documents relating to the economic development activities of the institutions were collected and reviewed. Key personnel at each institution were involved in economic development activities including the President at each of the five colleges were interviewed. Interviews were also conducted with government and educational leaders in the region served by the colleges. The study found that the five community colleges primarily assess economic needs through community involvement and through contact with business and industry. Twenty-three economic development programs and services were identified with workforce training consistently reported as the primary activity designed to promote economic development. Establishing partnerships with a multitude of organizations and groups was identified as a critical strategy in developing program services to promote economic growth in the region.

Community Development: A Case Study of Saemaul Undong

조한경 고려대학교 국제대학원 2011 국내석사

The objective of this thesis is to examine if Saemaul Undong (the New Village Movement), a rural development movement in Korea can be a case of community development approach and if so, how the movement presents characteristics of the approach. Community development approach has had historical background and practices since 1950s in the field of social work as well as of international development. The approach draws attention of international society to itself as it promotes recipients’ participation and empowerment. This thesis argues that one of the cases that contain assets of community development approach can be found in Korea’s rural community development experience. Saemaul Undong exhibits assets of community development in that it aims to promote people’s involvement in planning process and execution and to foster self-help spirit as a cornerstone for community cooperation. This thesis explores core building blocks of community development that are community, empowerment, and participation and three community development models including locality development (self-help), social planning (technical assistance), and social action (conflict). Those are to be applied to the analysis of Saemaul Undong as a framework. It is found that the mechanism of the movement (government initiated bottom-up approach and villages’ share of project funds) and contents of it (building infrastructure, improving living environment and spiritual education) are in line with what community development approach pursues to empower community through participation. The finding of the study is that the case of Saemaul Undong corresponds with the philosophies and practices of community development approach.

Making space for co-production : university-community partnership in local planning

Mores, Lovely S 중앙대학교 대학원 2019 국내석사

University-community partnerships paved the way for more meaningful university engagements with the community. However, studies on university-community partnerships are still limited particularly in the area of local planning and studies prior to partnership formation. Hence, this study investigated university-community partnerships in local planning before the partnership begin. The objective of the study is to determine the actual needs of local government units and planning resources available from universities to assess partnership potential and draw out factors that will enable partnership sustainability. Mixed method research was used, and results showed that there is a need for university-community partnership in local planning as LGUs still experience technical capacity limitations in preparing their local plans. Further, assessment of university capability and resources showed that they can match the needs of the LGUs, thus, partnership potential was evident. However, there is a need to lay down the foundations of sustainable university-community partnership prior to partnership formation and this can be achieved through policies such as partnership institutionalization, secure funding, and systematic monitoring and evaluation system. 대학 - 커뮤니티 파트너십은 지역 사회와 더 의미있는 대학 계약을 맺을 길을 열었습니다. 그러나 대학 공동체 파트너십에 관한 연구는 파트너십 형성 이전에 지역 계획 및 연구 분야에서 특히 제한적입니다. 따라서이 연구는 파트너십이 시작되기 전에 지역 계획에서 대학 - 커뮤니티 파트너십을 조사했습니다. 이 연구의 목적은 파트너십 가능성을 평가하고 파트너십의 지속 가능성을 가능케 할 요소를 도출하기 위해 대학에서 제공하는 지방 정부 단위 및 계획 리소스의 실제 요구를 결정하는 것입니다. 혼합 방법 연구가 사용되었고, 결과는 LGU가 여전히 지역 계획을 준비하는 데 기술 역량 제한을 경험했기 때문에 지역 계획에서 대학 - 지역 사회 파트너십이 필요함을 보여주었습니다. 또한 대학의 역량과 자원에 대한 평가를 통해 LGU의 요구 사항을 충족시킬 수 있음을 보여줌으로써 파트너십 잠재력이 입증되었습니다. 그러나 파트너십 형성 이전에 지속 가능한 대학 공동체 파트너십의 토대를 마련 할 필요가 있으며 파트너십 제도화, 자금 확보 및 체계적인 모니터링 및 평가 시스템 등의 정책을 통해 달성 할 수 있습니다.

중국 도시 커뮤니티 공공성의 재생산 : 산시성 양취안시 Q커뮤니티를 대상으로

마걸 영남대학교 대학원 2025 국내박사

본 연구는 주민들의 생활세계에 기본 출발점을 두고, 중국의 도시화 수준이 끊임없이 향상되는 과정에서 커뮤니티 공공성이 어떻게 생성되어 재생산되는지를 보여주는 데 목적이 있다. 연구 대상은 Q커뮤니티였으며, 1980년부터 2023년까지 기간 동안 Q커뮤니티의 공공성 존재 형태와 변화 과정을 추적하여 해석하는 데 있었다. 본 연구는 주민 생활세계를 출발점으로 하여, 주민 생존윤리가 커뮤니티 공공성의 생성과 재생산 과정에서 갖는 근본적인 역할을 보여주고자 하였다. 또한 본 연구는 Q커뮤니티의 변화 과정에서 공공성의 구체적 형태와 그 변화를 체계적으로 파악하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 결론은 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 생존윤리는 Q커뮤니티에서 주민들의 생활 실천의 핵심적인 근거이며, 주민들의 생활 실천 속에서 실현된다. 커뮤니티 공공성 생성의 기초 역시 주민 생존윤리의 영향을 받는다. 생존윤리는 또한 주민 행동의 근본적인 출발점이기도 하다. 생존윤리는 크게 가족의 기본 생활 보장과 가족 발전의 지속 가능성 보장의 두 부분으로 나뉜다. 가족의 기본 생활 보장은 주민 생존윤리에서 가장 근본적인 내용이다. 가족의 기본 생활이란 가족 구성원의 기본 생존 상태를 의미한다. Q커뮤니티에서 주민들이 가족 기본 생활을 보장하는 주요 방법으로는 일자리, 가족 구성원이 맺는 강한 관계망 그리고 정부 부서에 도움을 요청하는 것 등을 들 수 있다. 가족의 기본 생활이 보장된 이후에는 가족 발전의 지속 가능성 보장이 주민들의 주요 관심사로 부각한다. 그 내용은 다음의 세 가지 측면으로 다시 나뉠 수 있다. 첫째는 주민 생활의 편리성 원칙, 둘째는 가능한 발전 기회의 확보, 셋째는 가족 권익의 보장 등이 그것이다. Q커뮤니티에서 주민 생활 실천의 구체적 형태는 생존 공간, 생계 방식, 주민 관계 세 가지 측면으로 이루어졌다. 이러한 세 가지 구체적인 실천 형태를 통해 생존윤리가 커뮤니티 공공성의 생성과 재생산에 영향을 미치는 것으로 볼 수 있었다. 생존 공간의 변화가 커뮤니티 공공성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보면, 주로 Q커뮤니티 내 공공공간의 생성으로 나타났다. 첫 번째 시기에서는 Q커뮤니티 내에 전문화된 공공공간이 형성되지 않았으며, 공공공간의 사유화와 사적 공간의 공공화라는 두 가지 공간기능 전환의 방식이 존재하였다. 또한, 사적 공간과 공공 공간의 전환은 매우 유연하여 특정 공간에 대한 커뮤니티 주민들의 공동 이해에 따라서 이루어졌다. 두 번째 시기에서는 Q커뮤니티 내에 자발적인 공공 공간이 생성되었으며, 공간 기능의 부여와 공간 경계의 설정은 주민들의 생활 현실에 주로 기반을 두었다. 이 시기에서 Q커뮤니티의 정부 조직은 공공 공간 생성에 실질적인 영향을 미치지 않았다. 세 번째 시기에서는 Q커뮤니티 내 공공 공간이 주로 계획적 공공 공간으로 구성되었고, 자발적인 공공 공간은 점차 축소되었다. 계획적 공공 공간은 주거 기능을 실현하기 위해 설계되었으며, 주민들이 소통하고 모임을 갖기 위한 공간 설정은 부족하였다. 자발적인 공공 공간의 존재는 계획적 공공 공간의 기능 실현을 전제로 하였다. 생계 방식의 변화가 커뮤니티 공공성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보면, 주로 주민들이 생계 방식을 구축하는 과정에서 Q커뮤니티 내에서 형성된 컨센서스로 나타났다. 첫 번째 시기에서는 단위제의 영향 아래, 주민들의 생계 방식이 국가에 의해 구축되었고, 주민들의 생활은 단위와 밀접한 관계를 맺었으며, 나아가 단위에 기반한 정체성 인식으로 나타났다. Q커뮤니티 내에서 주민들은 정체성 인식을 기반으로 한 내집단 의식을 형성하였고, 주민들 간에는 정체성에 대한 컨센서스가 이루어졌다. 두 번째 시기에서는 주민들의 생계 방식이 국가에 의해 구축되던 것에서 자아에 의해 구축되는 방향으로 전환되었다. 커뮤니티 내에서 주민들은 묵인과 공동 행위를 통해 타인 생계 방식의 합리성을 인정하였으며, 이에 따라 협동 컨센서스를 이룰 수 있었다. 세 번째 시기에서는 주민들의 생계 방식이 제도와 시장에 의해 결정되었고, 주민들은 커뮤니티 내에서 생계 방식을 구축하기 위해 제도적 감시를 받아야 하였다. 이를 통해 점차 감시 컨센서스도 형성될 수 있었다. 주민 관계의 변화가 커뮤니티 공공성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보면, 주로 주민 관계를 기반으로 형성된 집단행동이 주민 생존윤리가 직면한 위협에 대응하는 방식으로 나타났다. 첫 번째 시기에서는 주민 관계가 상호 도움 관계를 중심으로 이루어졌다. 이를 바탕으로 주민 개별적 요구가 충족되지 않는 문제에 대응하기 위해 생활물자 보장 시스템이 형성되었다. 두 번째 시기에서는 주민 관계가 협력 관계를 중심으로 이루어졌다. 이를 바탕으로 가족 발전의 지속 가능성이 위협받는 상황에 대응하기 위해 정보공유 시스템과 집단적 저항이라는 두 가지 집단행동이 형성되었다. 세 번째 시기에서는 주민 관계가 협력 관계의 쇠퇴와 커뮤니티의 원자화 경향으로 나타났다. 이를 바탕으로 이전 시기에서 형성된 정보공유 시스템과 집단적 저항은 이 시기에 약화되는 모습을 보였다. 정부 조직은 관리 체계의 형성을 통해 주민들 간의 행정화된 관계를 조성할 수 있었다. 세 가지 주민 생활 실천의 구체적 형태는 커뮤니티 공공성에 미치는 영향에서 상호 연관되어 있으면서도 기능적으로 차이를 보였다. 생존 공간은 커뮤니티 공공성 생성을 위한 물질적 기초이며, 생계 방식은 사회적 공공성의 존재 근본이고, 주민 관계는 커뮤니티 공공성이 실현되는 핵심 내용이다. 이 세 가지 구체적 형태는 상호 연관되는 과정에서 타자 전환 메커니즘과 의례적 행동 메커니즘의 공동 작용을 통해 커뮤니티 공공성을 생성하였다. 커뮤니티 공공성의 생성은 곧 주민들이 생활세계에서 시스템의 침입에 맞서기 위해 형성하는 “연맹” 형태로 나타났다. 생활세계와 시스템 간의 대립성이 존재하기 때문에, 그들 간의 상호 밀고당기는 과정을 거치며 커뮤니티 공공성을 지속적으로 재생산하는 원동력으로 삼았다. With the advancement of urbanization, how social solidarity is achieved in cities has become an enduring issue in the developmental process of modern and contemporary Chinese society. However, the lack of publicness has led to various dilemmas in the development of urban areas in China. Therefore, restoring publicness in urban areas has become an essential aspect of urban construction in China. Among urban areas, the community is the most fundamental unit, and the practice of community publicness is crucial for community construction. Therefore, in-depth research on urban communities will help improve the efficiency of policy implementation and lay a solid foundation for future community building. This study aims to explore the current state of publicness in urban communities and provide strategies for the development of community publicness. This study focuses on the generation, persistence, and transformation of community publicness in Chinese cities. Urban community publicness is a complex social fact that must be understood within the context of real communities. Communities are the actual arenas of people’s daily life collectives, and understanding community publicness on this basis will be more genuine. This paper takes Q Community as the research object, seeking to understand the forms of existence and transformation of publicness in Q Community during the historical period from 1980 to 2023, thereby addressing the core issues of concern. To achieve the above goals, this study is based on a qualitative research methodology and employs a case study approach. Specifically, the research takes Q Community in Yangquan City, Shanxi Province, China, as a case, conducting field research and using interviews and participant observation for data collection. A total of 18 residents and 3 staff members from Q Community were interviewed, and the collected data were analyzed to draw conclusions. The subsistence ethic serve as the core basis for the life practices of Q Community residents and are concretely manifested in their daily practices. The formation of community publicness is also rooted in the influence of residents' subsistence ethic. The specific forms of residents' practices in real life include three aspects: living space, livelihood patterns, and resident relationships. Through these three specific forms of practice, the ethics of survival influence the generation and reproduction of community publicness. In terms of the impact of changes in living space on community publicness, it mainly reflects the generation of public space in Q Community. The form of existence of public space in Q Community has gone through three stages: from the absence of specialized public space, to the generation of spontaneous public space within Q Community, and finally to a dominance of planned public space, where the spontaneous public space has gradually been marginalized. Regarding the impact of changes in livelihood patterns on community publicness, it mainly reflects the consensus formed among residents in the process of constructing livelihood patterns within Q Community. Based on different livelihood patterns of residents in various periods, the consensus reached in Q Community includes three types: identity consensus, collaborative consensus, and discipline consensus. As for the impact of changes in resident relationships on community publicness, it is primarily manifested in collective actions formed to address threats to residents' subsistence ethic, based on resident relationships. The collective actions at different stages include: a life support system for material security formed based on mutual-help resident relationships; two types of collective actions formed based on collaborative resident relationships, namely an information-sharing system and collective resistance; and, with the decline of collaborative relationships and the trend towards community atomization, administrative links among residents shaped by the government through the construction of management chains. The three specific forms of residents' daily practices are interrelated in their impact on community publicness, and they also have functional differences. Living space serves as the material basis for the generation of community publicness, livelihood patterns are the foundation for the existence of community publicness, and resident relationships are the core content for realizing community publicness. Through their interrelations, these three forms, by virtue of the familiarizing the Other transformation mechanism and the ritualized action mechanism, jointly contribute to the generation of community publicness. The generation of community publicness is essentially an 'alliance' formed by community residents in the lifeworld to resist system intrusion. The antagonism between the lifeworld and the system makes their mutual push-pull process the driving force for the continuous reproduction of community publicness.

대흑산도 삼림식생구조와 식생변화에 관한 연구

조영준 전북대학교 일반대학원 2018 국내박사

The Forest vegetation structure of Daeheuksan Island was analyzed according to the characteristics of classification and structure of the communities by employing the phytosociological method, and it was predicted how the forest vegetation on the study site would change after 10, 30, and 50 years respectively. 1. Physiognomic Classification of the Vegetation on Daeheuksan Island The vegetational communities of Daeheuksan Island could be classified into following: included in the evergreen broad-leaved forest are communities of Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Pinus densiflora, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Pinus thunbergii, Machilus thunbergii, Quercus acuta, Neolitsea sericea and Camellia joponica, etc.; in the evergreen coniferous forest are communities of Pinus thunbergii, Pinus thunbergii-Carpinus turczaninowii, Pinus thunbergii-Camellia joponica, Pinus thunbergii-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii, Pinus thunbergii-Eurya japonica, Pinus thunbergii-Machilus thunbergii, Pinus thunbergii-Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii-Eurya emarginata, Pinus densiflora -Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii, Pinus densiflora-Pinus thunbergii, Pinus densiflora-Carpinus turczaninowii, Pinus densiflora-Camellia joponica, Pinus densiflora-Eurya japonica, Pinus densiflora-Machilus thunbergii and Pinus densiflora, etc.; in the deciduous broad-leaved forest are communities of Quercus serrata, Carpinus turczaninowii and Mallotus joponica, etc.; in the afforestation forest are those of Pinus thunbergii and Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis; and in the wetland vegetation are Salix koreensis community and Low-rise wetland vegetation. In addition, vegetations of rock, shrub vegetation and grassland vegetation as well as farmland, abandoned farmland are also found on the island. The community of Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii which belongs to the evergreen broad-leaved forest was found to occupy the largest area on the island, followed by such communities of evergreen coniferous forest as Pinus densiflora-Carpinus turczaninowii, Pinus densiflora -Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii, Pinus thunbergii-Camellia joponica, Pinus thunbergii-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii and Pinus densiflora-Camellia joponica, etc. The physiognomy of the vegetation surveyed on the Daeheuksan Island could be classified into nine categories including evergreen broad-leaved forest, evergreen coniferous forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, afforestation forest, wetland vegetation, rock vegetation, shrub vegetation, grassland vegetation and farmland according to the geographical characteristics of the site. In the physiognomic classification as above, it was revealed that the evergreen broad-leaved forest accounts for 47.56% of the total area of the forest on the island, evergreen coniferous forest for 43.41%, deciduous broad-leaved forest for 3.64%, afforestation forest for 0.12% and wetland vegetation for 0.05%, respectively. 2. Classification of Community The evergreen broad-leaved forest of Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii forest surveyed on the Daeheuksan Island was divided into the communities of Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Pinus densiflora, and Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Pinus thunbergii in line with the physiognomy forest dominant species. The investigated Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community is distributed in clusters mainly on the southwest slopes and valleys in the villages of Ye-ri, Sa-ri, Bi-ri, Sim-ri and Sosa-ri of Daeheuksan Island. The investigated Machilus thunbergii community is identified by Machilus thunbergii and formed within the range of 69~96 meters above sea level around the villages of Ye-ri, Sosa-ri and Ma-ri of the island. The investigated Quercus acuta community is identified by Quercus acuta and formed in the vicinity of the summit area of the Mt. Munam and in the upper area of Bi-ri on the island. The investigated Camellia joponica community is identified by Camellia joponica and distributed mainly around the lowlands and hills surrounding the villages of Sa-ri and Sim-ri of the island but the vegetation of the trees has been disturbed by human interference in lots of areas on it. The evergreen coniferous forest of Pinus thunbergii forest surveyed on the Daeheuksan Island was classified into the communities of Pinus thunbergii, Pinus thunbergii-Eurya japonica, Pinus thunbergii-Camellia japonica, Pinus thunbergii-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, Pinus thunbergii-Machilus thunbergii, Pinus thunbergii-Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii-Eurya emarginata according to the physiognomy forest dominant species. Whereas, however, the forest of Pinus densiflora was divided into the communities of Pinus densiflora-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, Pinus densiflora-Machilus thunbergii, Pinus densiflora-Camellia japonica, Pinus densiflora-Eurya japonica , Pinus densiflora-Pinus thunbergii, Pinus densiflora-Carponus turczaninowii and Pinus densiflora. The investigated Carpinus turczaninowii community which is found to belong to deciduous broad-leaved forest from the survey on the Daeheuksan Island is identified by Carpinus turczaninowii and formed in clusters around the ridge line along the summits of Mt. Munam and Seonyubong within the range of 200~370 meters above sea level and in the vicinity of the villages Bi-ri, Sim-ri, etc. The investigated Mallotus joponica community is identified by Mallotus joponica and formed in clusters around the ridge line of Seonyubong and Oknyeobong as well as in the waste farmland left out in Sa-ri, Bi-ri, Sim-ri, etc. and in the low lands in their vicinity. 3. Actual Vegetation Map of Daeheuksan Island The actual vegetation map of Daeheuksan Island shows the categories of communities such as Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Pinus densiflora, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Pinus thunbergii, Machilus thunbergii, Quercus acuta, Neolitsea sericea, Camellia joponica, Pinus thunbergii, Pinus thunbergii-Carpinus turczaninowii, Pinus thunbergii-Camellia joponica, Pinus thunbergii-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii, Pinus thunbergii-Eurya japonica, Pinus thunbergii-Machilus thunbergii, Pinus thunbergii-Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii-Eurya emarginata, Pinus densiflora -Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii, Pinus densiflora-Pinus thunbergii, Pinus densiflora-Carpinus turczaninowii, Pinus densiflora-Camellia joponica, Pinus densiflora-Eurya japonica, Pinus densiflora-Machilus thunbergii, Pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata, Carpinus turczaninowii and Mallotus joponica; afforestation forests of Pinus thunbergii and Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis; Salix koreensis community; and low-rise wetland vegetation; in addition to rock vegetation, shrub vegetation, grassland vegetation as well as farmland, abandoned farmland, etc. The actual vegetation of the area surveyed in the present study is generally dominated by the community of Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii(38.38%) while the community of Pinus densiflora-Carpinus turczaninowii(9.71%) widely occupies the areas of the summits and ridge lines of Mt. Munam and Sangra and the community of Pinus densiflora -Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii(6.21%) is distributed broadly along the slopes of low sea level and at seaside. The community of Camellia joponica(3.09%) is centered around the low lands and hilly areas near the villages of Sa-ri and Sim-ri, and the community of Carpinus turczaninowii(3.36%) is distributed along the ridge line near the summits of Mt. Munam and Seonyubong. 4. Predicting the Changes in Population of Major Evergreen Broad-leaved Trees The mean stem growth length of Machilus thunbergii shrubs in Daeheuksan Island turns out to be 20.3 ~ 28.2cm. On the basis of the changes in the stem growth length of Machilus thunbergii, its height is estimated to be 2.3 ~ 2.8m after 10 years, 6.9 ~ 8.4m after 30 years, and 11.5 ~ 14m after 50 years. The mean stem growth length of Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii shrubs in Daeheuksan Island is 19.0 ~ 22.5cm. Based on such changes in the stem growth length of Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii, it is estimated to grow to reach the height of 1.9~2.3m after 10 years, 5.7~6.9m after 30 years, and 9.5~11.5m after 50 years. Judging from the estimated growth rate of the stems of shrubs such as Machilus thunbergii, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii, etc., it is predicted that they would grow to be the main dominant forests of Daeheuksan Island in 50 years. Attempts were made to estimate how the community profile of the flora on the island will change after 10, 30, and 50 years from now based on the actual changes in the stem length of Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii and Machilus thunbergii. The results show that Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii and Machilus thunbergii are expected to grow from the present shrub to arborscent 10 years later and to the community that will dominate the tree layer 30 years later. Then, Pinus densiflora will gradually get choked to death since newly grown trees may cover the crowns of the pine trees that are dominant in the tree layer. After 50 years, it is predicted that the cover of Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii and Machilus thunbergii will change to 4~5, being transformed by thus into the dominant community of the whole island. 5. Predicting the Changes in Forest Vegetation of Daeheuksan Island When predicting the changes in forest vegetation of Daeheuksan Island, it is expected that, in the mixed forests of Pinus thunbergii and Pinus densiflora, the community of evergreen broad-leaved trees such as Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii, Machilus thunbergii, and Quercus acuta will grow to be the dominant forest in 10 years, being named by thus the mixed forests of Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii, Machilus thunbergii, and Quercus acuta and, in 30 or 50 years from now, the colonies of Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii, Machilus thunbergii, and Quercus acuta will turn into the dominant evergreen broad-leaved forest of the island. In this paper, future changes of vegetation were predicted on the basis of the precise survey on the vegetation of Daeheuksan Island. The vegetation of the island has changed much compared to the past, and it is expected to change rapidly in the future as well. As the shift of forest vegetation processes further, the distributed area of Pinus thunbergii and Pinus densiflora will gradually decrease while the distributed area of Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii and Machilus thunbergii forests will increase. As the distribution of evergreen broad-leaved forest which belongs to the warm temperature zone vegetation is expected to increase in ratio on the island, focus is laid in the present paper on tracking the theoretical patterns of changes in forest vegetation. The data presented in this study may be used positively for the related administrative agencies to work out the forest management policies since they can for sure provide the rationale for changes of the forest ecosystem on the island. 대흑산도 삼림식생 구조를 식물사회학적 방법을 이용하여 군락분류, 군락구조 특성을 분석하였으며, 연구대상지의 10년, 30년, 50년 후의 삼림식생 변화를 예측하였다. 1.대흑산도 식생의 상관대분류 대흑산도 식생군락은 상록활엽수림으로는 구실잣밤나무군락, 구실잣밤나무-소나무군락, 구실잣밤나무-곰솔군락, 후박나무군락, 붉가시나무군락, 참식나무군락, 동백나무군락 등이, 상록침엽수림은 곰솔군락, 곰솔-소사나무군락, 곰솔-동백나무군락, 곰솔-구실잣밤나무군락, 곰솔-사스레피나무군락, 곰솔-후박나무군락, 곰솔-소나무군락, 곰솔-우묵사스레피나무군락, 소나무-구실잣밤나무군락, 소나무-곰솔군락, 소나무-소사나무군락, 소나무-동백나무군락, 소나무-사스레피나무군락, 소나무-후박나무군락, 소나무군락 등이, 낙엽활엽수림은 졸참나무군락, 소사나무군락, 예덕나무군락 등이, 식재림은 곰솔식재림과 솜대식재림 등이, 습지식생은 버드나무군락과 저층습원으로 구분되었으며, 기타 암벽식생, 임연‧관목식생, 산지초원식생, 경작지 등이 나타나고 있다. 가장 큰 면적은 상록활엽수림인 구실잣밤나무군락으로 나타났고, 그 다음으로 소나무-소사나무군락, 소나무-구실잣밤나무군락, 곰솔-동백나무군락, 곰솔-구실잣밤나무군락, 소나무-동백나무군락 등의 상록침엽수림 순으로 나타났다. 대흑산도에서 조사된 식생의 상관대분류는 입지의 지형적 특성에 따라 상록활엽수림, 상록침엽수림, 낙엽활엽수림, 식재림, 습지식생, 암벽식생, 임연‧관목식생, 초원식생, 경작지 등의 9개로 나타났다. 상관대분류별로 볼 때 상록활엽수림은 전체 삼림 면적의 47.56%이며, 상록침엽수림은 43.41%, 낙엽활엽수림은 3.64%, 식재림은 0.12%, 습지식생은 0.05%으로 각각 나타났다. 2.군락분류 대흑산도에서 조사된 상록활엽수림인 구실잣밤나무림에서는 상관 우점 종에 의하여 구실잣밤나무군락, 구실잣밤나무-소나무군락, 구실잣밤나무-곰솔군락 등으로 구분하였다. 구실잣밤나무군락은 대흑산도 예리, 사리, 비리, 심리, 소사리 등의 주로 남서사면과 계곡부에 군락을 이루고 있다. 후박나무군락은 후박나무에 의해서 식별된 군락으로서 본 군락은 표고 69~96m의 범위내 대흑산도 예리, 소사리, 마리 등의 마을주변에 군락을 이루고 있다. 붉가시나무군락은 붉가시나무에 의해서 식별된 군락으로서 대흑산도 문암산 정상부근과 비리 상부지역에 군락을 이루고 있다. 동백나무군락은 동백나무에 의해서 식별된 군락으로서 대흑산도 사리마을, 심리 마을 주변 저지대 및 구릉지를 중심으로 분포하였으나 인간의 간섭으로 인해 교목층의 식생이 교란된 지역이 많았다. 대흑산도에서 조사된 상록침엽수림인 곰솔림에서는 상관 우점 종에 의하여 곰솔군락, 곰솔-사스레피나무군락, 곰솔-동백나무군락, 곰솔-구실잣밤나무군락, 곰솔-후박나무군락, 곰솔-소나무군락, 곰솔-우묵사스레피나무군락으로 구분하였다. 소나무림에서는 상관 우점 종에 의하여 소나무-구실잣밤나무군락, 소나무-후박나무군락, 소나무-동백나무군락, 소나무-사스레피나무군락, 소나무-곰솔군락, 소나무-소사나무군락, 소나무군락으로 구분하였다. 대흑산도에서 조사된 낙엽활엽수림인 소사나무군락은 소사나무에 의해서 식별된 군락으로서 해발고도 200m~370m의 범위내, 대흑산도 문암산, 선유봉 정상능선 부근과 비리, 심리 등의 마을주변에 군락을 이루고 있다. 예덕나무군락은 예덕나무에 의해서 식별된 군락으로서 대흑산도 선유봉, 옥녀봉 능선부분과 사리, 비리, 심리 등의 폐경작지와 그 주변 저지대에 군락을 이루고 있다. 3.대흑산도 현존식생도 대흑산도현존식생도에서는 구실잣밤나무군락, 구실잣밤나무-소나무군락, 구실잣밤나무-곰솔군락, 후박나무군락, 붉가시나무군락, 참식나무군락, 동백나무군락, 곰솔군락, 곰솔-소사나무군락, 곰솔-동백나무군락, 곰솔-구실잣밤나무군락, 곰솔-사스레피나무군락, 곰솔-후박나무군락, 곰솔-소나무군락, 곰솔-우묵사스레피나무군락, 소나무-구실잣밤나무군락, 소나무-곰솔군락, 소나무-소사나무군락, 소나무-동백나무군락, 소나무-사스레피나무군락, 소나무-후박나무군락, 소나무군락, 졸참나무군락, 소사나무군락, 예덕나무군락, 곰솔식재림, 솜대식재림, 버드나무군락과 저층습원으로 구분되었으며, 기타 암벽식생, 임연‧관목식생, 산지초원식생, 경작지 등으로 구분하였다. 본 조사지역 현존식생은 전반적으로 구실잣밤나무군락(38.38%)이 우점하고 문암산, 상라산 정상부 또는 능선부분에 소나무-소사나무군락(9.71%)이, 저해발 사면부 및 해안가에 소나무-구실잣밤나무군락(6.21%)이 넓게 분포하고 있다. 동백나무군락(3.09%)은 사리, 심리 마을 주변 저지대 및 구릉지를 중심으로 분포하고 있다. 소사나무군락(3.36%)은 문암산, 선유봉 정상 능선 부근에 분포하고 있다. 4.주요 상록활엽수 군락변화 예측 대흑산도의 후박나무 관목층의 평균 줄기 길이 생장은 20.3~28.2cm이다. 후박나무 줄기 길이 생장 변화를 토대로 10년, 30년, 50년 후의 수고 생장 변화를 예상해보면 후박나무는 10년 후에는 2.3~2.8m, 30년 후에는 6.9~8.4m, 50년 후에는 11.5~14m로 성장하는 것으로 예측되었다. 대흑산도의 구실잣밤나무 관목층의 평균 줄기 길이 생장은 19.0~22.5cm이다. 구실잣밤나무의 수고 생장 변화를 예측해보면 10년 후에는 1.9~2.3m, 30년 후에는 5.7~6.9m, 50년 후에는 9.5~11.5m로 성장하는 것으로 예측되었다. 대흑산도의 삼림식생을 예측해보면 관목층에 있는 후박나무, 구실잣밤나무들이 줄기 길이 생장 변화을 통해 50년 후에는 대흑산도의 주요 우점림으로 성장할 것으로 예측된다. 구실잣밤나무와 후박나무의 줄기 길이 생장 변화에 따라 10년 후, 30년 후, 50년 후의 군락 단면도을 예측해보면, 10년 후에는 관목층에 있던 구실잣밤나무와 후박나무들이 아교목층으로 성장하고, 30년 후에는 교목층에 우점하는 군락으로 성장하면서 기존에 교목층에 우점하고 있는 소나무의 수관을 덮음으로써 소나무는 점점 고사하게 되면서, 50년 후에는 구실잣밤나무와 후박나무가 피도가 4~5로 변하면서 대흑산도의 주요 우점하는 군락으로 변화 할 것으로 예측된다. 5.대흑산도 삼림식생 변화 예측 대흑산도 삼림식생 변화를 예측해보면 곰솔혼림, 소나무혼림에서는 상록활엽수군락인 구실잣밤나무, 후박나무, 붉가시나무가 10년 후에는 우점림으로 성장하면서 구실잣밤나무혼림, 후박나무혼림, 붉가시나무혼림이 되고, 30년, 50년 후에는 구실잣밤나무군락, 후박나무군락, 붉가시나무군락으로 상록활엽수림으로 우점하는 것으로 예측된다. 본 논문에서는 대흑산도 식생에 대한 정밀실태조사를 바탕으로 향후 변화를 예측하였다. 대흑산도 삼림식생은 과거와 비교하여 많은 변화가 나타났으며, 향후 빠른 식생변화가 예상된다. 삼림식생 천이가 진행되면 곰솔림과 소나무림의 분포면적은 점차 감소하고 구실잣밤나무림과 후박나무림의 분포면적이 확대될 것이다. 대흑산도의 삼림식생은 난온대성 식생대인 상록활엽수림의 분포비율이 증가할 것으로 예상하였고, 삼림식생 변화에 대한 이론적 패턴을 추적하였다. 이러한 자료는 도서삼림 생태계 변화에 대한 이론적 근거를 제시함으로써, 관계 행정기관의 삼림관리정책에 적극적으로 활용할 수 있다.