PolySTAT-modified chitosan gauzes for improved hemostasis in external hemorrhage

Chan, Leslie W.,Kim, Chae Hwa,Wang, Xu,Pun, Suzie H.,White, Nathan J.,Kim, Tae Hee Elsevier 2016 ACTA BIOMATERIALIA Vol.31 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Positively-charged chitosan gauzes stop bleeding from wounds by electrostatically interacting with negatively-charged cell membranes of erythrocytes to cause erythrocyte agglutination and by sealing wounds through tissue adhesion. In the following work, nonwoven chitosan gauze was impregnated with PolySTAT, a synthetic polymer that enhances coagulation by cross-linking fibrin, to generate PolySTAT/chitosan gauzes with improved hemostatic efficacy. When comparing nonwoven chitosan and PolySTAT/chitosan to a commercially-available chitosan-containing gauze (Celox® Rapid), no appreciable differences were observed in fiber size, morphology, and pore size. However, PolySTAT/chitosan demonstrated more rapid blood absorption compared to Celox® Rapid. In a rat model of femoral artery injury, PolySTAT/chitosan gauzes reduced blood loss and improved survival rate compared to non-hemostatic controls and Celox® Rapid. While Celox® Rapid had stronger adherence to tissues compared to PolySTAT/chitosan gauzes, blood loss was greater due to hematoma formation under the Celox® dressing. Animals treated with PolySTAT/chitosan gauzes required less saline infusion to restore and maintain blood pressure above the target blood pressure (60mmHg) while other treatment groups required more saline due to continued bleeding from the wound. These results suggest that PolySTAT/chitosan gauzes are able to improve blood clotting and withstand increasing arterial pressure with the addition of a fibrin cross-linking hemostatic mechanism.</P> <P><B>Statement of significance</B></P> <P>Blood loss remains one of the leading causes of death after traumatic injury in civilian populations and on the battlefield. Advanced biomaterials that interact with blood components and/or accelerate the clotting process to form a hemostatic plug are necessary to staunch bleeding after injury. Chitosan-based gauzes, which stop bleeding by causing red blood cell aggregation, are currently used on the battlefield and have shown variable performance under high pressure arterial blood flow in animal studies, suggesting that red blood cell aggregates require further mechanical stabilization for more reliable performance. In this work, we investigate the binding and cross-linking of fibrin, a major component in blood clots, on chitosan gauze fiber surfaces to structurally reinforce red blood cell aggregates.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

키토산/PVA 블렌드 필름의 구조 및 특성

이재호,노창환,최해욱,정영진,황대연,이언필,Lee, Jae-Ho,Noh, Chang-Hwan,Choi, Hae-Wook,Jung, Young-Jin,Hwang, Dae-Youn,Lee, Eon-Pil 한국섬유공학회 2010 한국섬유공학회지 Vol.47 No.2

Chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA) blend films with non-toxicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility were prepared by solvent blending method. The weight composition ratios of chitosan/PVA blend films were 100/0 (chitosan homopolymer), 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100 (PVA homopolymer). Physicochemical properties of the prepared blend films according to various blend ratios were investigated by using universal testing machine, thermogravimeter (TGA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), wide angle X-ray diffractometer (WAXD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The tensile stress and tensile strain of chitosan/PVA blend films increased as the amount of PVA increased. The thermal stability increased with increasing chitosan content in the chitosan/PVA blend films. The DSC curve of the PVA film shows an endotherm peak around $230^{\circ}C$, and the peak became smaller and broader with increasing chitosan content. The diffraction intensities of chitosan observed at 2 theta of $10^{\circ}$ decreased with increasing the content of PVA in the blend films, but the crystal intensities of the blend films increased as the amount of PVA increased. In the infrared spectra, the absorption band for -OH and -NH stretching vibrations in chitosan broadened and shifted obviously to lower wavenumber with the increase of PVA. Water-retention values of the chitosan/PVA blend films increased as the amount of PVA is increased owing to the hydrophilic nature of PVA. From the structural analyses, it is believed that chitosan and PVA are miscible due to the strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding.

Chitosan, PVA, 그리고 Chitosan/PVA 피막의 특성과 사과 겹무늬썩음병균 Botryosphaeria dothidea의 포자분산 억제작용

이승지,박동찬,김이부,엄재열,이용현 한국미생물생명공학회 ( 구 한국산업미생물학회 ) 1996 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.24 No.5

Chitosan을 피막을 형성하여 포자분산을 억제하는 새로운 사과 겹무늬썩음병 방제법의 피막재로 활용코져 연구하였다. Chitosan 필름과 polyvinylalcohol(PVA)을 혼합한 chitosan/PVA 혼합필름을 제조하고 인장강도, 신장률, 점도 등 물성을 검토하였다. Chitosan/PVA 혼합필름이 chitosan 단독 필름보다 우수한 피막형성능을 보였다. FT-IR spectra 분석결과 chitosan과 PVA간에는 새로운 화학결합 형성은 관찰되지 않았다. Chitosan과 chitosan/PVA 필름은 Botryosphaeria dothidea에 대한 상당한 항진균활성을 보였다. Chitosan과 chitosan/PVA 필름은 생분해성평가 공시균주들에 의하여 생분해성을 보인 반면 PVA 단독필름은 생분해성을 나타내지 않았다. 위의 각종 피막을 이용하여 과수원에서의 B. dothidea의 포자분산 억제효과를 측정한 결과, chitosan/PVA 혼합피막이 우수한 피막형성능과 피막지속성을 보였고, 포자분산 억제효과도 가장 우수하였으며, 1%의 chitosan과 5%의 PVA를 혼합한 피막의 경우 포자분산 억제률은 97.0%에 달하였다. The applicability of chitosan, a biodegradable natural polymer, as the coating material to prevent the dispersal of the spores of the apple white rot agent Botryosphaeria dothidea, was investigated. The physical properties of mixed chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) film showed the increased physical properties for film formation, such as tensil strength, elongation, and viscosity, compare to either chitosan or PVA film. The FT-IR spectra of chitosan/PVA film indicated that the film was formed by simple blending not by any new synthetic bond. The chitosan and chitosan/PVA film showed effective antifungal activity on B. dothidea. The formed films were well decomposed by ASTM strains used for biodegradability test, on the other hand, the PVA film could not be decomposed by above standard strains. The field test at apple orchard showed that the dispersal of B. dothidea spores could be effectively reduced by coated film, especially by chitosan/PVA film. The spore dispersal was reduced upto 97.0% by 1.0% chitosan/5.0% PVA film during 4 months.

총설 : 키토산의 기술동향분석

이상필 ( Lee Sang Pil ),김상우 ( Kim Sang U ),손은수 ( Son Eun Su ),강종석 ( Kang Jong Seog ) 한국천연고분자학회 2003 한국키틴키토산학회지 Vol.8 No.4

The usage of chitosan was gradually increased as an advantage and characteristics of chitosan became generally known. The chitosan which was known an natural polymer had the chemical properties like harmlessness. Also the advance of processing technology was allowed to be fabricated such various formations as nonwoven, textiles, bead, particle, film, and so on. Specially, the application area of chitosan was expected to be enlarged as high value-added biomedical material in addition to health food, food additives, cosmetics, and hair tonic. Recently, the results of many research have been reported on the based of function development such as cell combination, the crosslinking of chitosan, the relation between adsorption efficiency and physicochemical properties of chitosan, the solvent effect of chitosan, the solvent effect of chitosan solution on spinning, the formulation condition and selective permeation properties of chitosan gel and membrane, the development of fixed enzyme with chitin and chitosan carrier, the adsorption of heavy metal for dyeing chitosan, the swelling and dilation properties, the synthesis of biodegradable graftedchitosan, and the mixing method of chitosan for increasing the mechanical strength of paper. The two kinds of preparation method was categorized one is the introduction of chitin. chitosan, and oliosaccharide with physilolgical activation macromolecule to protein, the other in the grafting of functional molecule into main chain of chitosan. Therefore, the development of chitosan tecnology was expercted to play an important role in the improvement of living health care of the modems surrounded with various disease of adult people which was caused by an aging and a change of eating habits.

Stabilization of Glabridin by Chitosan Nano-complex

Park, Young-Su,Park, Hee-Jun,Lee, Jaegwan The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2012 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.55 No.4

Stabilization of glabridin, an isoflavan extracted from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) root, was investigated in electrostatic complex prepared by glabridin and chitosan. Nanoparticles of the complex were spontaneously formed by adding glabridin into chitosan or three N-acylated chitosans which were synthesized by reacting chitosan with acid anhydride. N-acylated chitosans were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and $^1H$-NMR. Degrees of N-acyl substitution of N-propionic, N-butanoic, and N-hexanoic chitosan were 28.2, 34.74, and 35.02%, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed the morphology of the complex particles was nano-scale spherical shape, and average size of the particles estimated by particle analyzer was between 32 and 42 nm. The electrostatic interaction between amino group of chitosan and hydroxyl group of glabridin was confirmed by the semi-doublet peak at $1590nm^{-1}$ in FT-IR spectra. Maximum encapsulation efficiency of glabridin was found to be 84% when N-propionic chitosan with 1% glabridin was used for the preparation of nanoparticles, and the efficiency decreased upon increasing glabridin concentration. Stability of glabridin under UV-ray was enhanced after the complex formation with chitosan, and the enhancement was further augmented when N-acylated chitosan was used instead of chitosan. Long-term stability of glabridin in aqueous solution was also affected by the complex formation, and 2.2-fold stability enhancement at $25^{\circ}C$ after 7-day incubation was observed in the case of N-hexanoyl chitosan. Chitosan or its derivatives could be used for the stabilization of polyphenolic compound such as glabridin and applied for the development of functional cosmetic products with skin-whitening effect.

H₂O₂로 분자량이 조절된 저분자화 키토산의 탈아세틸화도와 백도변화에 관한 연구

김희정,전동원,Kim, Hee-Jung,Jeon, Dong-Won 한국의류산업학회 2003 한국의류산업학회지 Vol.5 No.5

Chitosan should be satisfied a certain Mw range for the final application, Low molecular weight chitosan(LMWC) can be acquired by depolymerizing high molecular weight starting chitosan. Using $H_2O_2$ in depolymerizing chitosan is very effective and reproducible in controlling Mw of resulting LMWC. However, $H_2O_2$ can break glycoside linkage of chitosan and oxidize some $-NH_2$ groups in chitosan. It has been reported that decrease in DA(degree of deacetylation) of LMWC prepared by $H_2O_2$. However, any quantitative data of decrease in DA has not been reported yet. In this study, DA of initial chitosan and DA of $H_2O_2$ treated chitosan were measured and the change in DA of chitosan upon $H_2O_2$ treatment were investigated. Change in DA was very different upon $H_2O_2$ treatment condition. LMWC also showed DA change upon time passage. Pre-swelling treatment of initial chitosan and low ratio of $H_2O_2$/chitosan prevented a decrease in DA significantly. Yellowing of LMWC was detected upon time passage, however, decrease in DA was minimal (around 1%).

Enhanced bone formation by controlled growth factor delivery from chitosan-based biomaterials

Lee, Jue-Yeon,Nam, Sung-Heon,Im, Su-Yeon,Park, Yoon-Jeong,Lee, Yong-Moo,Seol, Yang-Jo,Chung, Chong-Pyoung,Lee, Seung-Jin 梨花女子大學校 藥學硏究所 2002 藥學硏究論文集 Vol.- No.11

For the pulpose of obtaining high bone forming efficacy. developlment of chitosan was attempted as a tool useful as ascaffolding device. Porous chitosan matrices, chitosan-poiy(L-lactide) (PLLA) composite matrtices and chitosan coated onPLLA matrices were dealt with in this research. Porous chitosan matrix was fabricated by freeze-drying and cross-linkingaqueous chitosan solution. Porous chitosan matrix combined with ceramics and constituents of extracellular matrices wereprepared and examined for their bone regenerative potential. Composite porous matrix of chitosall-PLLA was prepared bymixing polyiactide with chitosan and freeze-drying. Al1 chitosan based devices demonstrated improved bone formingcapacity by increasing mechanical stability and biocompatibility. Release of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGf-BH )from these matrices exerted significant osteoinductive effect in addition to the higf esteocdElducting capacity of the porouschitosan matrices. The hydrophobic surface of PLLA matrices was modified by chitosan to enhance cell affinity andwettability, The chitosan coafed PLLA matrix induced increased osteoblast attachment as compared with intact PLLAsurface. Overall results in this study demonstrated the usefulness of chitosan as drug releasing scaffolds and as modificationtools for currently used biomaterials to enhance tissue regeneration efficacy. These results may expand the feasibilitr ofcombinatfve strategy of controlled locai drug delivery concept and tissue engineered bone formation in reconstructivetherapy in the field of periodontics, orthopedics and plastic surgery.

고추 친환경 재배를 위한 Chitosan 처리 효과

문영훈(Young-Hun Moon),이진호(Jin-Ho Lee),안병구(Byung-Koo Ahn),최인영(In-Young Choi),정성수(Seong-Soo Cheong) 한국토양비료학회 2012 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.45 No.4

Chitosan이 친환경 고추재배를 위한 친환경자재로써 토양환경개선과 고추수량 등에 미치는 효과를 조사하기 위해 엽면시비, 토양관주, 두 가지를 혼합처리 하였다. 침지시간에 따른 발아율은 무처리에서 99.4%였고, chitosan 농도가 낮을수록 침지시간이 짧을수록 발아율은 높았지만 대조구보다는 낮았다. 수확기에 조사한 토양화학성분은 chitosan 처리방법에 관계없이 정식전 보다 모두 감소하였다. Chitosan 처리횟수가 증가할수록 토양중 세균과 방선균 밀도는 증가하였고, chlorophyll 함량은 대조구보다 많았다. 고추 잎의 P 함량은 차이가 없었지만, N는 14일 간격으로 엽면시비를 하거나 21일 간격으로 토양관주를 했을 때 무처리 수준과 같았고, Ca, Mg, K는 7일 간격으로 혼합처리시 높은 경향을 보였으며, 토양관주를 했을 때 생육상태는 가장 우수하였지만, 수량은 대조구에서 383 ㎏ 10a?¹ 수준으로 가장 많았고, 토양관주 처리에서 대조구의 93.0~95.0% 수준을 보였다. The present study evaluated the effect of chitosan on the changes of soil chemical properties, soil microbial population, and yield of red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) for eco-friendly agriculture in an upland field. We utilized four treatment groups, control, foliar spray, soil drench, and foliar spray + soil drench with chitosan, and analyzed these variations throughout the seven, fourteen, and twenty one days interval. The pH values, organic matter, and available phosphate in the upland soil at the harvesting stage decreased in the chitosan treatment. The populations of bacteria, actinomyces, and fungi in the upland field were increased in plots treated with chitosan. The chlorophyll content of leaves was no significant differences between the control and the chitosan treatments, while calcium content of leaves was significantly higher in the chitosan treatments than in the control. In addition, the nitrogen content of leaves was no significant differences between the foliar spray and the soil drench. The yield of red pepper was significantly higher in the control (383 ㎏ 10a?¹) than the chitosan treatments and the yield of soil drench with chitosan reached up to 95% of control.

키토산/세리신 블렌드 필름의 구조 및 특성

강세미,노창환,황대연,정영진,최해욱,이언필,이재호,Kang, Se-Mi,Noh, Chang-Hwan,Hwang, Dae-Youn,Jung, Young-Jin,Choi, Hae-Wook,Lee, Eon-Pil,Lee, Jae-Ho 한국섬유공학회 2012 한국섬유공학회지 Vol.49 No.1

The uncrosslinked and crosslinked by ethylene glycol diglycidyl(EGDE) chitosan/sericin blend films were prepared by solvent blending method. Physicochemical properties of the prepared blend films according to various blend ratios were investigated. This was carried out by using universal testing machine, thermogravimeter(TGA), differential scanning calorimeter(DSC), wide angle X-ray diffractometer(WAXD), Fourier transform infrared spectrum(FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). With an increase in the sericin mixing ratio, tensile stress increased whereas the tensile strain decreased for uncrosslinking blend films. For a cross linked chitosan/sericin blend film by EGDE, both the tensile stress and strain decreased. Chitosan/sericin blend films exhibit an excellent thermal stability when sericin mixing ratio is 25%. In the infrared spectra, chitosan/sericin blend films showed an absorption band of amide I peak at 1630 $cm^{-1}$ and it is concerned with C=O stretching vibration by strong hydrogen-bond between inter-molecular. These also showed an absorption band of amide II peak at 1521 $cm^{-1}$ concerned with N-H bending vibration. The absorption band of amide I peak decreased with an increase in the chitosan mixing ratio. We identified that there was good miscibility between chitosan and sericin. The water-retention values(WRV) of chitosan/sericin blend films increase as the amount of sericin is raised and this owes to the hydrophilic nature of sericin. Weight loss of the citosan/sericin blend films by cleaning with an aqueous sodium hydroxide increased with an increase in the sericin mixing ratio. This loss is the loss of acetic acid and sericin in the chitosan/sericin blend films and this is because of the molecular weight of the sericin is 1/5 of the chitosan and sericin is dissolved into NaOH solution. Weight loss increased when sericin content was more than 50% for the cross linked chitosan/sericin blend films. From the structure analysis, we identified that there was good miscibility and strong intermolecular interaction between the chitosan molecules that resulted from intermolecular hydrogen bonds.

취반시 키토산 첨가가 Bacillus sp.에 오염된 쌀밥의 품질에 미치는 영향

박나영(La?Young Park),이신호(Shin?Ho Lee) 한국식품영양과학회 2007 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.36 No.12

취반시 chitosan 첨가가 쌀밥의 저장 중 품질특성에 미치는 효과를 조사하기 위해 먼저 취반시 밥물에 0.1%와 0.5%의 키토산을 첨가하여 밥을 제조하여 관능검사를 실시한 결과, 쌀밥의 종합적 기호도는 0.1% chitosan 처리구와 대조구와 유사하였으나 0.5% chitosan 첨가구의 기호성은 감소하였다. 0.1% chitosan을 첨가한 밥에 Bacillus 포자를 인위적으로 접종하여 20℃와 30℃에 3일 동안 저장하면서 품질변화를 조사하였다. Chitosan 첨가구의 생균수는 저장기간 동안 대조구에 비해 20oC에서는 약 1~1.5 log cycle, 30℃에서는 약 0.5~1 log cycle정도 낮았다. 대조구와는 달리 chitosan 첨가구는 저장 2일째까지 pH의 뚜렷한 변화가 관찰되지 않았으며, 30oC에서는 대조구와 chitosan 첨가구 모두 pH가 점차 감소하였다. Hardness는 대조구와 chitosan 첨가구 사이에 뚜렷한 차이는 관찰되지 않았으며, 저장시간이 경과할수록 감소하였다. Cohesiveness는 chitosan 처리구와 대조구 모두 저장기간이 경과할수록 감소하였으며, chitosan 처리구의 cohesiveness가 대조구에 비해 저장 전 기간 동안 다소 높은 경향을 나타내었다. Chitosan첨가 쌀밥의 명도(L값)는 저장기간 동안 대조구에 비해 높았으며, b값은 낮게 나타났다. This study was carried out to examine the effect of chitosan on the quality of cooked rice. Sensory quality of cooked rice added with 0.1% and 0.5% chitosan was investigated. Taste, flavor and overall acceptability of cooked rice with 0.1% chitosan solution was similar to cooked rice without chitosan. Quality characteristics of cooked rice artificially inoculated with Bacillus spore (CRB), such as number of viable cell, pH, hardness, cohesiveness and color were investigated and compared with CRB added with 0.1% chitosan (CRCB) during storage at 20℃ and 30℃ for 3 days. The viable cell number of 0.1% chitosan contained in cooked rice inoculated with Bacillus (CRCB) was lower about 1~1.5 log at 20℃, 0.5~1 log at 30℃ than that of cooked rice inoculated with Bacillus (CRB). The pH of CRCB did not change during storage at 20oC for 2 days, but decreased in CRCB and CRB during storage at 30oC. The difference of hardness was not noticeable between CRB and CRCB during storage. Cohesiveness and lightness (L value) of CRCB were higher than those of CRB during storage.