Growth performance of broiler chicks fed pre-starter diets with fermented soybean meal

김태형 건국대학교 대학원 2016 국내석사

본 연구는 육계 병아리의 성장 초기 단계에서 발효대두박의 사료 내 첨가 급여에 따른 성장과 생리적 특성을 알아보고자 하였다. 총 900수의 1일령 병아리를 총 6처리, 6반복, 반복구 당 25수씩 완전임의배치 하였다. 시판 배합사료 급여구인 대조구(Control), 대두박을 Bacillus subtilis로 발효한 처리구(BF-SBM), yeast와 Bacillus subtilis로 발효한 처리구(YBF-SBM), Lactobacillus acidophilus로 발효한 처리구(LF-SBM 1), Lactobacillus salivarius 로 발효한 처리구(LF-SBM 2), soy protein concentrate 처리구(SPC)들로 부화 후 7일간 급여 하였으며, 8일령부터 전기 크럼블, 후기 펠렛 시판사료로 급여하여 총 5주간 사양실험을 수행하였다. 국산 대두박에 대해 발효대두박을 각각 3%씩 동량 대체 하였다. 초이사료를 급여한 실험 1주째의 생체중은 유의한 차이는 없었으며, 2주째에는 BF-SBM과 YBF-SBM 처리구가 대조구보다 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 사료섭취량은 실험 전기, 후기 및 전체 기간 모두 처리구간에 큰 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 실험 전체 기간의 일당 증체량은 BF-SBM과 YBF-SBM 처리구가 대조구에 비해 유의하게 높거나 높은 경향을 나타내었다(P<0.05). 실험 전체 기간의 FCR은 BF-SBM, YBF-SBM 및 LF-SBM 2 처리구가 대조구에 비해 유의하게 낮은 것으로 나타났다(P<0.05). 생체중에 대한 간, 비장, F낭 및 복강지방의 상대적 중량과 혈청 총 단백질, 알부민 및 BUN 농도에서 처리간의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 실험 종료 시 맹장내의 유산균 수는 BF-SBM과 YBF-SBM 처리구에서 다른 처리구에 비해 유의하게 증가하였고(P<0.05), 대장균 수는 유의하게 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 맹장내의 Bacillus 수는 LF-SBM 1을 제외한 모든 처리구가 대조구에 비해 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다(P<0.05). 공장 융모의 길이는 대조구에 비해 발효대두박 처리구가 유의하게 증가하였다. 따라서, 육계병아리의 초기단계에 발효대두박의 급여가 지속적인 생산성 향상에 긍정적인 결과를 나타내는 것으로 판단되었다. The objectives of this experiment was to evaluate the subsequent growth and physiological responses of broiler chicks fed pre-starter diets containing fermented soybean meal products during early phase. A total of nine hundred 1 day-old chicks were randomly assigned into 6 dietary treatments with 6 replicates of 25 chicks each. The chicks were fed control pre-starter diet with dehulled soybean meal (SBM) or one of five experimental diets containing fermented SBM products [Bacillus subtilis fermented SBM (BF-SBM), yeast by product and Bacillus subtilis fermented SBM (YBF-SBM); Lactobacillus acidophilus fermented SBM 1 (LF-SBM 1); Lactobacillus salivarius fermented SBM 2 (LF-SBM 2)] or soy protein concentrate (SPC) for 7 day after hatching, followed by 4 weeks feeding of commercial diets without fermented SBMs or SPC. The fermented SBMs and SPC were substituted at the expense of dehulled SBM at 3% level on weight basis. The body weight during the starter period was not affected by dietary treatments, but body weight at 14 day onwards was significantly higher in chicks that had been fed BF-SBM and YBF-SBM during the early phase compared with the control. The feed intake during grower and finisher period was not affected (p>0.05) by dietary treatments. The daily weight gains in chicks fed diet containing BF-SBM and YBF-SBM gained significantly higher (p<0.05) compared with those in the control during total rearing period. The chicks fed BF-SBM, YBF-SBM and LF-SBM 2 had significantly (p<0.05) lower feed conversion ratio compared with the control. There were no significant differences in the relative weight of various organs and blood profiles among treatments. Cecal microbiota was altered by dietary treatments. At 35 day, chicks fed on the pre-starter diets containing BF-SBM and YBF-SBM had significantly (p<0.05) increased lactic acid bacteria, but lowered Coliform bacteria in cecal contents compared with those fed the control diet. The number of Bacillus was higher (p<0.05) in all treatments except for LF-SBM 1 compared with control diet-fed chicks. At 7 day, jejunal villi were significantly lengthened in chicks fed the fermented SBMs compared with control diet. In conclusion, the results indicate that feeding of fermented SBMs during early phase is beneficial to the subsequent growth performance in broiler chicks.

Effects of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation on growth performance and meat quality in broiler chicks : 효모(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)의 급여가 육계의 생산성과 계육의 품질에 미치는 영향

장애무 Graduate School of Chungnam National University 2003 국내박사

효모 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)의 급여가 육계의 생산성과 몇 가지 육질요인들의 개선효과가 있는지 알기 위하여 3회의 사양시험을 수행하였다. 실험 Ⅰ에서는 갓 부화한 160수의 수컷 병아리 (Ross strain)를 두 처리로 나눈 후에, 각각 0%와 3.0%의 S. cerevisiae를 함유한 사료를 5주간 급여하였다. 실험 Ⅱ에서는 240수의 수컷 병아리 (Ross strain)를 4처리로 나눈 후, 각각 0,0.3,1.0 및 3.0%의 S. cerevisisae를 역시 5주간 급여하였다. 실험 Ⅲ에서는 효모의 부위별 효과를 알기 위하여 whole yeast (S. cerevisiae), yeast extract 및 yeast cell wall을 육계 병아리 사료에 첨가하였다. 240수의 수컷 병아리 (Ross strain)를 4처리로 나눈 후, 각각 0, 0.5%의 whole yeast, 0.3%의 yeast extract 및 0.3%의 yeast cell wall 을 역시 5주간 급여하였다. 실험 Ⅰ에서는 S. cerevisiae 급여구는 무급여구에 비하여 체중이 무거운 경향을 보였으나 유의성은 없었다 (P>0.05). S. cerevisiae 첨가는 다리근육의 전단력을 유의하게 감소시켰으나 (P<0.05), 삶은 다리근육에서는 이러한 효과가 관찰되지 않았다 (P>0.05). 흉근과 다리근육 및 피부조직의 산화 안정성은 S. cerevisiae 첨가에 의하여 유의하게 개선되었다 (P<0.05). 실험 Ⅱ에서는 S. cerevisiae 급여수준이 증가함에 따라 체중이 0-3 혹은 0-5 주령에 유의하게 증가하고 (linear P<0.05), 사료섭취량이 4-5 혹은 0-5 주령에 유의하게 증가하였다 (linear P<0.05). S. cerevisiae 급여수준이 증가함에 따라 S. cerevisiae 첨가는 흉근, 대퇴근 및 삶은 다리근육의 전단력을 유의하게 감소시켰다 (linear P<0.05). S. cerevisiae 급여수준이 증가함에 따라 흉근과 대퇴근 (thigh)의 산화 안정성은 S. cerevisiae 첨가에 의하여 유의하게 개선되었다 (linear p<0.05). 실험 Ⅲ에서 0-3주령에 yeast cell wall 급여는 무급여구에 비하여 feed/gain ratio를 유의하게 감소시켰다 (P<0.05). 4-5주령에 whole yeast 급여는 무급여구에 비하여 증체율을 유의하게 개선시켰고 (P<0.05), feed/gain ratio를 감소하였다 (P<0.05). 0-5 주령에 whole yeast와 yeast cell wall 급여구는 무급여구에 비하여 체중이 유의하게 증가하였다 (P<0.05). Whole yeast 급여구는 무급여구에 비하여 신선한 다리근육의 전단력이 유의하게 낮았다 (P<0.05). Whole yeast와 yeast extract 급여구는 무급여구에 비하여 삶은 흉근과 다리근육의 전단력이 유의하게 낮았다(P<0.05). 몇 개의 경우를 제외하고는 whole yeast와 yeast extract 및 yeast cell wall 급여는 근육과 피부의 산화 안정성을 유의하게 (P<0.05) 개선시켰으며, 이들 처리들 사이에는 유의한 차이가 발견되지 않았다 (P>0.05). Whole yeast와 yeast cell wall을 섭취한 육계는 3주령시 대조구 및 yeast extract를 섭취한 육계보다 회장의 villus height를 유의하게 증가시켰으며, villus height/crypt depth 비율도 유의하게 높았다 (P<0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합하여보면, S. cerevisisae 첨가는 육계의 생산성을 향상시킬 수 있는 바, 이와 같은 생산성 향상 효과는 주로 yeast cell wall이 장점막세포의 융모발달에 영향을 미치기 때문인 것으로 사료된다. 또한 S. cerevisisae 첨가는 계육의 연도를 향상시킬 수 있는 바, 이 효과는 주로 yeast cell wall 보다는 yeast extract에 기인하는 것으로 나타났다. 계육의 산화 안정성은 yeast extract와 yeast cell wall의 첨가에 의하여 유의하게 개선될 수 있으며, 전자가 후자보다 이러한 효과가 더 큰 것으로 사료된다. Three separate experiments were conducted to investigate whether dietary S. cerevisiae supplementation could improve the growth performance and meat quality in broiler chicks. In Experiment Ⅰ, day-old 160 broiler chicks were fed one of the two experimental diets without (0.0%) or with S. cerevisiae (3.0%) at the expense of soybean meal. Each treatment consisted of 8 cages with 10 chicks per cage. In Experiment Ⅱ, day-old 240 broiler chicks were fed one of the four experimental diets with increasing levels of S. cerevisiae at 0.0,0.3,1.0, and 3.0%. Each treatment consisted of 6 cages with 10 chicks per cage. In Experiment Ⅲ, day-old 240 broiler chicks were fed one of the four experimental diets with adding whole yeast (S. cerevisiae), yeast extract or yeast cell wall at the level 0.5%, 0.3%, 0.3% at the expense of soybean meal, soybean meal or corn respectively. Each treatment consisted of 6 cages with 10 chicks per cage. Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the experiment that lasted 35 d. In Experiment Ⅰ, average BW gains of broiler chicks increased (P<0.06) during 4-5 wk of age by the addition of S. cerevisiae. Addition of S. cerevisiae into the control diet significantly lowered the shear force in raw drumstick meats (P<0.05). The oxidative stability of breast and drumstick meats, and skin from broiler chicks was improved by the addition of S. cerevisiae (P<0.05) In Experiment Ⅱ, average BW gains of broiler chicks increased (linear P<0.05) during either 0-3 or 0-5 wk of age as S. cerevisiae levels increased in diets. A linear effect (P<0.05) of S. cerevisiae supplementation on feed intake during either 4-5 wk or 0-5 wk of age was also monitored. Addition of S. cerevisiae into the control diet significantly lowered the shear forces in raw breast, raw thigh and cooked drumstick meats (linear P<0.05). The oxidative stability of breast and thigh meats from broiler chicks was improved by the addition of S. cerevisiae (P<0.05). In this regard, skin samples were less sensitive to the dietary S. cerevisiae than the meats in improving the oxidative stability. In Experiment Ⅲ, during 0-3 wk of age, a significantly low (P<0.05) feed/gain ratio was observed in chicks fed yeast cell wall compared to the control. During 4-5 wk of age, the average BW gains were higher in whole yeast and yeast cell wall groups (P<0.05) than those of the control. A signifcantly low feed/gain ratio (P<0.05) was detected in chicks fed whole yeast compared to the control. During 0-5 wk of age, the average BW gains in whole yeast and yeast cell wall treatments were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those in the control group. With regard to the meat tenderness, a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the shear force of the raw drumstick meats in whole yeast-fed chicks was observed compared to the control group. The shear forces in cooked breast and drumstick meats decreased significantly (P<0.05) In whole yeast- and yeast extract-fed chicks compared to the control chicks. Although there were a few exceptions, all yeast cell components improved the oxidative stability of meat and skin samples significantly (P<0.05). No significant difference in the level of oxidation product was found among whole yeast, yeast extract, and yeast cell wall treatments. Villus height was significantly (P<0.05) longer in whole yeast - and yeast cell wall -fed chicks than those in control and yeast extract-fed chicks. No significant difference was found in crypt depth among four treatments. The villus height/crypt depth ratios in chicks fed yeast cell wall were significantly larger than those of the control and yeast extract-fed chicks (P<0.05). It can be concluded from this study that dietary yeast (S. cerevisiae) could not only provide various nutrients, but also improve gut health (increase villus height), all these culminating in improved growth performance. In addition, dietary yeast extract could improve the meat tenderness of broiler chicks. Both the yeast extract and yeast cell wall have oxidation-reducing effect, wherein the effect of the former is stronger than the latter.

효모 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)의 급여가 육계의 생산성과 계육의 품질에 미치는 영향 : Effects of Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Supplementation on Growth Performance and Meat Quality in Broiler Chicks

장애무 충남대학교 대학원 2005 국내박사

효모 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)의 급여가 육계의 생산성과 몇 가지 육질요인들의 개선효과가 있는지 알기 위하여 3회의 사양시험을 수행하였다. 실험 Ⅰ에서는 갓 부화한 160수의 수컷 병아리 (Ross strain)를 두 처리로 나눈 후에, 각각 0%와 3.0%의 S. cerevisiae를 함유한 사료를 5주간 급여하였다. 실험 Ⅱ에서는 240수의 수컷 병아리 (Ross strain)를 4처리로 나눈 후, 각각 0, 0.3, 1.0 및 3.0%의 S. cerevisisae를 역시 5주간 급여하였다. 실험 Ⅲ에서는 효모의 부위별 효과를 알기 위하여 whole yeast (S. cerevisiae), yeast extract 및 yeast cell wall을 육계 병아리 사료에 첨가하였다. 240수의 수컷 병아리 (Ross strain)를 4처리로 나눈 후, 각각 0, 0.5%의 whole yeast, 0.3%의 yeast extract 및 0.3%의 yeast cell wall을 역시 5주간 급여하였다. 실험 Ⅰ에서는 S. cerevisiae 급여구는 무급여구에 비하여 체중이 무거운 경향을 보였으나 유의성은 없었다 (P>0.05). S. cerevisiae 첨가는 다리근육의 전단력을 유의하게 감소시켰으나 (P<0.05), 삶은 다리근육에서는 이러한 효과가 관찰되지 않았다 (P>0.05). 흉근과 다리근육 및 피부조직의 산화 안정성은 S. cerevisiae 첨가에 의하여 유의하게 개선되었다 (P<0.05). 실험 Ⅱ에서는 S. cerevisiae 급여수준이 증가함에 따라 체중이 0-3 혹은 0-5 주령에 유의하게 증가하고 (linear P<0.05), 사료섭취량이 4-5 혹은 0-5 주령에 유의하게 증가하였다 (linear P<0.05). S. cerevisiae 급여수준이 증가함에 따라 S. cerevisiae 첨가는 흉근, 대퇴근 및 삶은 다리근육의 전단력을 유의하게 감소시켰다 (linear P<0.05). S. cerevisiae 급여수준이 증가함에 따라 흉근과 대퇴근 (thigh)의 산화 안정성은 S. cerevisiae 첨가에 의하여 유의하게 개선되었다 (linear P<0.05). 실험 Ⅲ에서 0-3주령에 yeast cell wall 급여는 무급여구에 비하여 feed/gain ratio를 유의하게 감소시켰다 (P<0.05). 4-5주령에 whole yeast 급여는 무급여구에 비하여 증체율을 유의하게 개선시켰고 (P<0.05), feed/gain ratio를 감소하였다 (P<0.05). 0-5 주령에 whole yeast와 yeast cell wall 급여구는 무급여구에 비하여 체중이 유의하게 증가하였다 (P<0.05). Whole yeast 급여구는 무급여구에 비하여 신선한 다리근육의 전단력이 유의하게 낮았다 (P<0.05). Whole yeast와 yeast extract 급여구는 무급여구에 비하여 삶은 흉근과 다리근육의 전단력이 유의하게 낮았다 (P<0.05). 몇 개의 경우를 제외하고는 whole yeast와 yeast extract 및 yeast cell wall 급여는 근육과 피부의 산화 안정성을 유의하게 (P<0.05) 개선시켰으며, 이들 처리들 사이에는 유의한 차이가 발견되지 않았다 (P>0.05). Whole yeast와 yeast cell wall을 섭취한 육계는 3주령시 대조구 및 yeast extract를 섭취한 육계보다 회장의 villus height를 유의하게 증가시켰으며, villus height/crypt depth 비율도 유의하게 높았다 (P<0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합하여보면, S. cerevisisae 첨가는 육계의 생산성을 향상시킬 수 있는 바, 이와 같은 생산성 향상 효과는 주로 yeast cell wall이 장점막세포의 융모발달에 영향을 미치기 때문인 것으로 사료된다. 또한 S. cerevisisae 첨가는 계육의 연도를 향상시킬 수 있는 바, 이 효과는 주로 yeast cell wall 보다는 yeast extract에 기인하는 것으로 나타났다. 계육의 산화 안정성은 yeast extract와 yeast cell wall의 첨가에 의하여 유의하게 개선될 수 있으며, 전자가 후자보다 이러한 효과가 더 큰 것으로 사료된다. Three separate experiments were conducted to investigate whether dietary S. cerevisiae supplementation could improve the growth performance and meat quality in broiler chicks. In Experiment Ⅰ, day-old 160 broiler chicks were fed one of the two experimental diets without (0.0%) or with S. cerevisiae (3.0%) at the expense of soybean meal. Each treatment consisted of 8 cages with 10 chicks per cage. In Experiment Ⅱ, day-old 240 broiler chicks were fed one of the four experimental diets with increasing levels of S. cerevisiae at 0.0, 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0%. Each treatment consisted of 6 cages with 10 chicks per cage. In Experiment Ⅲ, day-old 240 broiler chicks were fed one of the four experimental diets with adding whole yeast (S. cerevisiae), yeast extract or yeast cell wall at the level 0.5%, 0.3%, 0.3% at the expense of soybean meal, soybean meal or corn respectively. Each treatment consisted of 6 cages with 10 chicks per cage. Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the experiment that lasted 35 d. In Experiment Ⅰ, average BW gains of broiler chicks increased (P<0.06) during 4-5 wk of age by the addition of S. cerevisiae. Addition of S. cerevisiae into the control diet significantly lowered the shear force in raw drumstick meats (P<0.05). The oxidative stability of breast and drumstick meats, and skin from broiler chicks was improved by the addition of S. cerevisiae (P<0.05) In Experiment Ⅱ, average BW gains of broiler chicks increased (linear P<0.05) during either 0-3 or 0-5 wk of age as S. cerevisiae levels increased in diets. A linear effect (P<0.05) of S. cerevisiae supplementation on feed intake during either 4-5 wk or 0-5 wk of age was also monitored. Addition of S. cerevisiae into the control diet significantly lowered the shear forces in raw breast, raw thigh and cooked drumstick meats (linear P<0.05). The oxidative stability of breast and thigh meats from broiler chicks was improved by the addition of S. cerevisiae (P<0.05). In this regard, skin samples were less sensitive to the dietary S. cerevisiae than the meats in improving the oxidative stability. In Experiment Ⅲ, during 0-3 wk of age, a significantly low (P<0.05) feed/gain ratio was observed in chicks fed yeast cell wall compared to the control. During 4-5 wk of age, the average BW gains were higher in whole yeast and yeast cell wall groups (P<0.05) than those of the control. A significantly low feed/gain ratio (P<0.05) was detected in chicks fed whole yeast compared to the control. During 0-5 wk of age, the average BW gains in whole yeast and yeast cell wall treatments were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those in the control group. With regard to the meat tenderness, a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the shear force of the raw drumstick meats in whole yeast-fed chicks was observed compared to the control group. The shear forces in cooked breast and drumstick meats decreased significantly (P<0.05) in whole yeast- and yeast extract-fed chicks compared to the control chicks. Although there were a few exceptions, all yeast cell components improved the oxidative stability of meat and skin samples significantly (P<0.05). No significant difference in the level of oxidation product was found among whole yeast, yeast extract, and yeast cell wall treatments. Villus height was significantly (P<0.05) longer in whole yeast - and yeast cell wall -fed chicks than those in control and yeast extract-fed chicks. No significant difference was found in crypt depth among four treatments. The villus height/crypt depth ratios in chicks fed yeast cell wall were significantly larger than those of the control and yeast extract-fed chicks (P<0.05). It can be concluded from this study that dietary yeast (S. cerevisiae) could not only provide various nutrients, but also improve gut health (increase villus height), all these culminating in improved growth performance. In addition, dietary yeast extract could improve the meat tenderness of broiler chicks. Both the yeast extract and yeast cell wall have oxidation-reducing effect, wherein the effect of the former is stronger than the latter.

타고난 면역 반응이 활성화된 육계 병아리의 생산성과 혈액 항산화계에 미치는 사료 중 미역 제품의 영향

이혜정 건국대학교 2006 국내석사

지방 공급원이 병아리의 혈청 및 간 Cholesterol 함량에 미치는 영향

최인숙 숙명여자대학교 대학원 1983 국내석사

Effects of various sources of dietary fats on blood and liver cholesterol levels were studied in young Single Comb White Leghorn male chicks. In experiment 1, various fats such as corn oil, palm oi1, tallow and fish oil were added individually at a level of 4% to semipurified type diets composed of isolated soyprotein and glucose major components. The diets were fed ad libitum for a period of 15 days. In experiment 2, various sources of fats such as corn oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, palm oil, tallow, fish oil and hydrogenated fish oil were added individually at a level of 11.14% to practical type diets primarily based on corn and soybean meal. Control diet contained 3% of corn oil. All these diets were formulated to contain equivalent amount of nutrients such as protein, vitamin and minerals on a basis of a unit kca1 of metabo1izable energy. The third experiment was to compare the effects of different levels of calorie/protein ratios of diets on the performances and various biological parameters in the chicks. Control diet was the same as in experiment 2. Another diet added with 11.14% corn oil was prepared to have-the same calorie/protein ratio (146) as the control diet. The other diet was -added with 10% corn oil by replacing-corn on a weight basis to have a wider calorie/protein ratio (146 vs. 164) than the two former diets. The diets in experiment 2 and 3 were fed ad libitum for 26 days. The chikcs fed the diet containing vegetable oils at a level of 4% tended to grow better and to show better feed efficiency without significance than those fed diets added with animal fats (experiment 1). Birds consumed the diets with fish oil appeared to have heavier liver weight when expressed as % of body weight and higher liver cholesterol levels (p<0.05). No significant differences in levels of blood cholesterol and triglyceride were observed among the chicks of various dietary groups. In experiment 2, no significant differences in body weight gain and feed efficiency were observed among various dietary groups although chicks fed soybean oil and tallow appeared to have heavier weight gain and better feed efficiency. Weight of liver or heart was significantly heavier in chicks consumed diets added with hydrogenated fish oil or fish oil, respectively (p<0.05). Consumtion of diets added with palm oil resulted in lower content of liver total lipids and triglyceride in chicks (p<0.05). However, chicks ingested diet containing fish oil appeared to have significantly lower plasma cholesterol compared to those of the other groups. Levels of liver cholesterol and plasma triglyceride were not significantly different among the groups of various dietary treatments. Birds consumed the diet with a wider calorie/protein ratio resulted in higher liver triglyceride levels in experiment 3 (p<0.05). Although no statistical differences were observed among the various dietary groups, chicks fed the diet with a wider calorie/protein ratio tended to show higher levels of plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, liver cholesterol and total liver lipids compared to those of the control group.

레시친함유 미역사료가 타고난 면역반응이 활성화한 육계병아리의 영양소 대사와 항산화계에 미치는 영향

최도열 건국대학교 2006 국내석사

어유와 Casein의 급여가 병아리의 혈액 및 조직의 지방대사에 미치는 영향

최인숙 淑明女子大學校 1989 국내박사

This study was designed to investigate any interactions between the mechanisms for hypercholesterolemic effect of dietary casein and hypocholesterolemic effect of dietary fish oil(Marinol containing EPA 24.8% and DHA 10.1%) in young chicks. Dietary factors such as casein vs. soy protein(isolated), fish oil vs. soy-bean oil and exogenous cholesterol added at a level of 0.3% of the diets were compared in terms of their effects on plasma and tissue cholesterol levels. Feeding trials were conducted 4 times using Single Comb White Leghorn males of about one-week old. They were fed the test diets for 4 weeks except trial 2 in which the period was 2 weeks. Fourth trial was a duplicate of trial 3 except the way of feeding the diets. Chicks in the former trial were paired-fed to equalize the amount of consumption of the diets containing soy protein on the basis of the ingestion of the casein diets. Measurements were made for feed intake, body weight gain, weight of organs such as liver, heart and kidney for all trials. Plasma levels of triglyceride, various fractions of cholesterol including total, HDL, LDL and VLDL, and fatty acids, as well as levels of total lipids, total cholesterol and fatty acids of various organs were also measured. Consumption of casein, compared to that of soy protein, led to a remarkable decrease in feed intake and body weight gain as well as feed/gain ratio. However, no significant differences were observed between performances of chicks fed the diets containing fish oil or soybean oil. Liver weight was tended to be heavier in chicks fed the diets containing casein compared to those of soy protein group, and also heavier in dietary groups fed fish oil compared to those of soybean oil groups. Weight of heart and kidney appeared to be less affected by the dietary factors than that of liver. Although chicks paired-fed consumed similar amount of diets, body weight gains of the birds fed the casein diets were still significantly less than those of the soy protein groups(p < 0.05). The weight of organs expressed in terms of 100g body weight was of the same tendency as those of the ad libitum fed groups. Consumption of casein diets caused significant increase in total cholesterol levels in plasma and that was primarily due to the increase in LDL-cholesterol. Ingestion of the diets added with cholesterol led to a severe hypercholesterolemia mainly due to the increase in the level of plasma VLDL-cholesterol. This reponse was most remarkable in the chicks fed the casein diets. An interesting observation made in this case was that fish oil intake appeared to alleviate extent of hypercholesterolemia significantly at a level of p < 0.05 compared to intake of soybean oil. However, this hypercholesterolemic effect of casein was not obaserved in the chicks fed diets without supplemental cholesterol. Plasma HDL-cholesterol levels were not affected by dietary sources of protein or fat. Feeding fish oil raised significantly levels of omega-3 fatty acids, particularly of 20:5w3(EPA), in plasma and liver in all feeding trials, meanwhile consumption of soybean oil led to an increase in levels of omega-6 fatty acids, mainly that of 18:2w6. Another interesting observation was that levels of plasma omega-3 fatty acids were much higher in the chicks fed diets added with fish oil and casein compared to the groups on the diets including fish oil and soy protein, which can not be explained at this moment. It is not clear yet from this study that if there is any interaction between the mechanisms causing hypercholesterolemia by casein and hypocholesterolemia by fish oil consumption. A further study is also needed to elucidate the effect of dietary protein sources such as casein or soy protein on plasma omega-3 fatty acid levels.

교잡육용계에 에너지와 조단백질 수준이 다른 사료 및 사료첨가제 급여가 생산성, 혈액성상, 계육품질에 미치는 영향

정용대 전북대학교 대학원 2008 국내석사

교잡육용계에 복분자부산물 급여가 생산성, 혈액성상, 계육품질에 미치는 영향

박진만 전북대학교 대학원 2009 국내석사

This studies were conducted to investigate the feeding effect of Rubus coreanus Miquel by-product(RCMB) on performance, blood composition and meat quality of cross bred chicks. Three hundred eighty four one day old chicks(Hanhyup 3 Ho) were allocated in the floor pen for four dietary levels of Rubus coreanus by-product(0. 0.25. 0.50. 1.00%) with six replicate in each treatment. Diets were fed with 3,000, 3,100, 3,100, 3,200 kcal/kg and 22, 21, 19 17% CP for the first two week, second three, third three and last two week. Feed and water were provided ad libitum There were no statistical different performance for the first two and second three weeks, but weight gain and feed intake tended to increase in RCMB addition treatments for the third two and last two weeks. Total weight gain and feed itake was significantly higher in RCMB addition treatments compared to that of control(P<0.05), but was not statistically different in feed conversion. Total cholesterol, glucose seemed to be decreased in birds fed RCMB compared to those of control. HDL tended to increase as dietary RCMB increased compared with control, wherea LDL was contrast to the HDL. Triglyceride was significantly low in birds fed 1.0% RCMB relative to that of control, 0.25% RCMB (P<0.05). Total protein은 showed no difference among treatments, but Albumin increased in 1/0% RCMB treatments more than control and 0.25, 0.5% RCMB (P<0.05). Blodd melatonin concentration was significantly increased in RCMB 1.0% treatment compared with control and RCMB 0.25, 0.5% treatments and in RCMB 0.5% treatment relative to that of control and RCMB 0.25% treatment(P<0.05). Growth hormone also increased significantly in RCMB treatments compared with Control(P<0.05). Testosterone of birds fed RCMB was 231.80±19.02, 664.20±15.03 753.60±35.97 ng/mL and showed significantly higher increments than contro(68.60±8.30 ng/mL; P<0.05). However, IGF-1 was not statistically different among treatments, but higher in RCMB treatments than control. The moisture content in breast meat of control and RCMB 0.5% treatments was 74.69±0.11, 74.64±0.12%. It was significantly lower than RCMB 0.25, 1.0%( 75.19±0.07, 75.64±0.01%) treatments(P<0.05). Crude fat of birds fed RCMB 1.0% treatment showed 0.11±0.02% and control, RCMB 0.25, 0.5% treatments were 0.17±0.01, 0.18±0.03, 0.16±0.01%. CP and Crude ash were no consistency. Cooking loss and Water holding capacity were not different among treatments. Hardness was prone to be decreased as dietary RCMB addition increased, burt was no difference. pH also decreased in RCBM treatments but was not statistically different. Lightness, Redness, and Yellowness were showed no difference among treatments. Hardness, Springness는 tended to be higher in RCMB treatments than control, but was no significance. Cohesiveness, Gumminess, and chewiness were not different among treatments, whereas last two factor seemed to be decreased as dietary RCMB increased The Ca in breast meat of birds fed RCMB 0.5, 1.0% was significantly higher than control(P<0.05), but P and K content was more increased in control than RCMB treatments(P<0.05). There were no difference in Na, Mn, but Mg content in control showed higher one than other RCMB 0.25, 1.0% treatments(P<0.05). Fe, Zn, Cu content of control were lower in control than RCMB addition treatments, showed to be higher as it increased in diets. Methionine and cystine in breast meat of cross bred chicks was increased as dietary RCMB increased compared with control. Tyrosine of RCMB 0.5, 1.0 % addition treatments was higher than other treatments. Histidine, Arginine and glutamate were commonly higher in RCMB addition treatments than control. However, aspartic aicd, threonine, serine, glycine, valine, iso-leucine, leucine, phenylalanine, lysine and proline of breast meat fed control was higher than other treatments. Myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoeic acid of breast fed control tended to be higher in control than RCMB addition treatments. However stearic acid and linoleic acid of RCMB treatments increased more than control(P<0.05). n3 fatty acid of RCMB 0.25, 0.5, 1.0% addition treatments increased significantly more than control(P<0.05). Eicosenoic aicd, arachidonic acid, Oleic acid, total unsaturated fattey acid, saturated fatty acid, and monopoly fatty acid were no diffierence of all treatments. n6 and Polyunsaturated fatty acid of birds fed RCMB 0.25% addition treatments was more increased significantiy than other treatments(P<0.05). As the results of these experiments, feeding RCMB improved the performance and blood composition, but was not consistently effect on meat quality in cross bred chicks.

육계 사료 내 메티오닌과 라이신의 첨가 수준이 생산성, 육질 및 행동에 미치는 영향

임천익 전북대학교 일반대학원 2018 국내석사

These studies were conducted to investigate the feeding effect of dietary methionine and lysine on performance, meat quality, blood parameter and behavior of broiler chicks. A total of 720, 1-day-old broiler chicks (ross × ross) were randomly divided into Expt 1 and 2. Three hundred sixty were allotted to six treatments with four replication of 15 birds each for 35 days (prestarter: 0~7 days, starter: 8~21 days and glower: 22~35 days) and 42 days (prestarter: 0~11 days, starter: 12~24 days and glower: 25~42 days) in each experiment. Treatments were factorially designed by the two dietary meth (0.63, 0.57%; 0.57, 0.51%; 0.51, 0.46%) and three dietary lys (1.43, 1.36, 1.29%; 1,36, 1.29, 1.22%; 1.29, 1.22, 1.16%) for prestarting, starting and growing period. Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were measured according to the growth period. Blood and breast muscle were sampled at the end of both experiments and analyzed. Weight gain of the birds fed methionine supplementation was higher than supplementation of lysine treatments from prestarting to starting period, but was inferior to that of lys supplementation for growing period. Feed conversion showed the similar tendency to that of weight gain. However, the influence of dietary methionine supplementation tended to be higher than dietary lys supplementation on the performance of broile chicks at the end of experiments. Serum growth hormone (GH) and insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) secretion were increased by dietary methionine and lysine supplementation (p<0.05) and improved performance of broiler chicks (p<0.05). Production and pH of breast meat increased in high lysine treatments (p<0.05). n-6 fatty acid and polyunsatureated fatty acid in breast meat increased in high methionine treatments (p<0.05). Furthermore, activity (walking and standing behaviors) increased of birds fed high mehtionine and lysine diets, while behavior of stress (preening and pecking behaviors) decreased in both those treatments (p<0.05). Thus, high dietary methionine and lysine improved performance by increasing weight gain, GH and IGF-1, improved meat quality, poultry welfare behaviors.