Effects of Exogenous Emulsifier Supplementation on Growth Performance, Energy Digestibility, and Meat Quality in Broilers

An, Ji Seon 충북대학교 2021 국내석사

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of exogenous emulsifier supplementation on growth performance, energy digestibility, and meat quality in broilers. A total of 60 Ross 308 broilers were treated for 19 days. The three dietary treatments were: (CON) basal diet; (T1) basal diet + 0.1% exogenous emulsifier, and (T2) basal diet + 0.2% exogenous emulsifier. In Period 1 (0-7 days), broilers in the T2 group showed significantly higher body weight gain (BWG) (p < 0.05) and broilers in the T1 and T2 treatment groups had significantly lower feed conversion ratios (FCR) (p < 0.05). In Period 2 (8-14 days), broilers in the T2 treatment group had significantly higher feed intake (FI) (p < 0.05). Therefore, in this experiment (from days 0 to 19), BWG and FCR were affected (p < 0.05) by the T1 and T2 treatments. Additionally, the T1 and T2 treatments with added exogenous emulsifier in the broiler feed showed significantly higher energy digestibility (p < 0.05) than the CON treatment. Broilers fed T2 diet had higher water-holding capacity (WHC) (p < 0.05) and cooking loss than the broilers fed the CON and T1 diets. Also, crude fat content was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in T1 and T2 treatment than CON. Moreover, the shearing force in the meat was decreased (p < 0.05) in broilers fed the T2 diet. In conclusion, the exogenous emulsifier is considered to be an economical additive with the potential to improve the growth performance and enhance the meat quality of broiler. 본 연구는 육계 사료내 유화제의 첨가가 육계의 생산성, 에너지 소화율, 그리고 육질 특성에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위해 수행되었다. 본 연구는 총 60마리의 육계(평균 체중 184.4 ± 2.3 g, 10일령)를 대상으로 19일간 실험이 진행되었다. 육계를 세 개의 처리구(케이지 당 2수, 처리구 당 10 케이지)중 무작위로 배정하였다. 처리구는 기본 사료(CON), T1(기본 사료 + 0.1% 유화제), T2(기본 사료 + 0.2% 유화제)로 구성되어있다. 실험 기간 0-7일에 유화제 0.2%를 첨가한 T2 처리구에서 증체량이 유의하게 높게(p < 0.05) 나타났으며, T1 및 T2 처리구에서 육계의 사료요구율이 유의하게 낮게(p < 0.05) 나타났다. 실험 기간 8-14일에는 T2 처리구의 사료 섭취량이 유의하게 높았다(p < 0.05). 전체 기간 (0-19일)에서는 증체량과 사료요구율이 유화제를 첨가한 T1 및 T2 처리구에서 개선되는 효과(p < 0.05)를 보였다. 또한 육계 사료에 유화제가 첨가된 T1 및 T2 처리구에서 CON보다 에너지 소화율이 유의하게 높았다(p < 0.05). T2 처리구의 육계는 CON과 T1 처리구의 육계보다 보수력과 가열감량이 더 높았다(p < 0.05). 조지방 함량은 CON에 비해 T1, T2 처리구에서 유의하게 높았다(p < 0.05). 더해서 T2 처리구의 계육이 다른 처리구에 비해 낮은(p < 0.05) 전단력을 보여 부드러운 계육의 가능성을 나타냈다. 결론적으로 사료 내 유화제의 첨가는 육계의 생산성을 향상시키고, 계육 품질을 향상시킬 수 있는 잠재력을 가진 경제적인 첨가제로 사료된다.

Analysis of airborne dust concentration in a naturally-ventilated broiler house

조예슬 서울대학교 대학원 2016 국내석사

The enhancement in the productivity of the Korean poultry industry has had a positive effect on its competitiveness in exports. However, the expansion and overproduction for providing the needed amount of supply increase the rearing density and create an inferior environment within the broiler houses. Especially, a crowded rearing environment generates a vulnerable dust environment within the broiler houses, which acts as a factor for inducing respiratory diseases in the broilers and workers, such as bronchitis and occupational asthma and so on. Despite such harms, however, not only is the periodic monitoring and study of the dust environment within broiler houses unsatisfactory but also the legal regulations for the permissible standards within them yet to be established. Thus, this study has conducted a periodic monitoring of TSP, PM10 and inhalable and respirable dust in a naturally-ventilated broiler house according to the season and the age and activity of the broilers, while assessing the air quality within the broiler house according to the threshold limit as proposed by Donham et al. (2000) and CIGR (1994). When the TSP and PM10 were measured at different points of time, different concentrations were found across the seasons: the average dust concentration was found to be highest in the winter, followed by autumn and summer. The difference between the concentration of PM10 and that of TSP was relatively small, and the ratio of PM10 to TSP increased with the age of birds, implying that the rate of production of PM10 increases with the age of birds. Also, it is thought that most of the dust at the height of the respiratory system of the workers has the size that is either same as or smaller than that of PM10. When the concentrations of inhalable and respirable dust were measured across the seasons, different schematic amounts of ventilation were found to contribute to a considerable level of difference in the dust concentration in different seasons. When the activity of the broilers increased by the entry and exit of the workers to manage in the broiler house, inhalable dust increased by up to 769.6% (28-day old, summer) and respirable dust by up to 882.4% (28-day old, summer) compared to when the broiler’s activity were stable. Such differences significantly increased with the age of broilers (p < .05). Also, the dust concentrations were higher than the threshold limit for human lung function as proposed by Donham et al. (2000) and the threshold limit for the lung function of broilers as proposed by CIGR (1994) when the entry and exit of the workers induced the activity of the broilers. Especially, the concentration of respirable dust was over the threshold limits even when the broilers were stable, indicating that a dust environment that is harmful for the workers and the broilers had already been created within the broiler house. Thus, protective devices such as masks should be recommended when working within broiler houses. A physicochemical analysis of the dust collected from the air confirmed N, K, F, S, Mg, Cl and Na as its components. Particularly, it seems that airborne dust within a broiler house is largely affected by the feathers of broilers and the bedding material. A correlational analysis between the dust concentrations and the internal and external environmental parameters found a strong negative correlation when the broilers were young. As they grew older, however, the correlation with the external environment mostly disappeared, while there was a strong negative correlation with the internal temperature. This implies that the appropriate rearing temperature decreases as the broilers grow older, and that the amount of dust produced by the older broilers, including feathers and skin fragments, may have an effect on the dust concentration. This study provides preliminary data for the assessment of air quality within a naturally-ventilated broiler house based on its dust concentration and investigate the sources of the dust. The results of this study is hoped to help with further studies for dust reduction within broiler houses by aiding in the estimation of the main sources of dust and the control of dust production from the sources.

Cage-free Broiler Counting and Feeding and Watering Behavior Analysis based on Improved YOLOv5 and Deepsort

하시어사 전남대학교 2023 국내석사

지능형 육계 농장을 구추하기위해서는 육계의 수를 정확히 파악하는 것이 중요하다. 하지만 방사형 육계 농장은 면적이 넓고, 육계의 수가 많으며, 육계가 자유롭게 이동하기 때문에 육계의 수를 정확히 파악하는데 어려움이 있다. 또한, 육계의 성장과정을 보여주는 중요한 지표인 사료 급이 및 음수 행동 분석에 관한 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 개선된 YOLOv5 및 Deepsort를 기반으로 육계 계수 및 행동 분석 방법을 제안하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 육계사 천장에 설치된 CCTV 카메라 2대를 이용하여 데이터 수집과 실시간 모니터링을 수행하였다. 영상 데이터의 다양성과 육계 모니터링의 신뢰성을 보장하기 위해 육계 성장 단계별로 다양한 영상을 수집하였으며, 모델 검증을 위해 새로운 데이터 세트도 확보하였다. 여러 멀티뷰 영상으로 구성된 파노라마 이미지를 사용하여 전체 육계사 영역을 커버하는 영상을 얻었다. 이는 다중 객체 추적을 기반으로 하는 육계 계수 방법과 비교하였을 때 육계의 이동성과 외관의 유사성으로 인해 발생하는 계수 오류를 크게 줄일 수 있었다. 또한, YOLOv5를 위한 선행 프레임워크를 설계하고, 슬라이딩 윈도우와 가중 병합 NMS를 적용하여 작은 물체에 대한 감지 성능을 향상시켰다. 개선된 방법을 적용한 육계 계수에 대한 테스트 결과는 Accuracy, Recall, F1-score가 각각 0.2%, 10.3%, 7.3% 향상되었음을 보여주었다. 특히 육계 계수 결과는 카메라로부터 멀리떨어져 있으며 비교적 좁은 공간에 많은 육계가 밀집해 있는 모서리 부분에서 정확도가 평균 17.5% 향상되었음을 보여주었다. 또한 YOLOv5와 Deepsort 알고리즘을 결합하여 육계의 다중 객체를 추적할 수 있었으며, 이를 기반으로 육계의 사료 급이 및 음수 행동을 분석하는 다중 매개 변수 융합 방법을 설계하였다. 또한, ShuffleNetV2를 사용하여 Deepsort 알고리즘의 특성 추출 모델 성능을 개선하였다. 그 결과 훈련 및 테스트 데이터 세트에서 정확도가 각각 0.05%와 4.93% 향상되었다. 육계의 계수 결과를 기반으로 육계의 밀도와 분포도를 분석하였다. 육계의 분포도는 육계사의 환경변화를 반영할 수 있으므로 육계의 분포도 분석을 통해 육계사의 환경 조성을 시의적절하게 조정할 수 있다. 육계의 성장 단계별로 사료 급이와 음수 행동을 분석하는 것은 육계의 성장과 건강 상태를 평가하는데 매우 유용하다. 육계가 성장할수록 육계의 사료 급이와 음수 기간은 증가하였으나, 사료 급이와 음수 빈도 수는 반대로 감소하였다 향후 멀티센서와 컴퓨터 비전 기술을 통합해 육계 모니터링 결과를 더욱 개선할 예정이다. 또한, 육계사 내부 환경 개선에 도움이 될 수 있도록 육계사 바닥 오염도를 정량화하여 농가 경영 효율성과 수익성을 높이고자 한다. Broiler counting is a crucial task to achieve intelligent broiler farming, which is especially difficult due to the large area of cage-free broiler farms, the large number of broilers, and the free movement of broilers. In addition, broilers' feeding and watering behavior as a significant indicator of the broiler growth process is lacking relevant research. Therefore, we propose a method for broiler counting and behavior analysis based on improved YOLOv5 and Deepsort. In this study, we used two CCTV cameras mounted on the poultry farm ceiling for data acquisition and real-time monitoring. To ensure the diversity of the dataset and the reliability of broiler monitoring, we collected images of different broiler growth stages and produced a new broiler detection dataset and a broiler behavior analysis dataset. We used a panorama image stitched by multiple multi-view images to cover the whole farm area for broiler counting. Compared with the counting method based on multi-object tracking, this method greatly reduces the counting errors caused by the movement of broilers and the similarity of appearance features. Besides, we designed a new prediction head for YOLOv5 and applied sliding window detection and weighted merge NMS to enhance small object detection performance. The test results on our broiler dataset show that the improved algorithm's Accuracy, Recall, and F1-score improved by 0.2%, 10.3%, and 7.3%, respectively. The counting result shows that the small and crowded broiler detection accuracy at the corner of the panorama was improved by an average of 17.5%. We also combined YOLOv5 and Deepsort algorithm to achieve multi-object tracking of broilers. Based on the broiler multi-objective tracking results, we designed a multi-parameter fusion method to analyze broilers' feeding and drinking behavior based on bounding boxes. In addition, we use ShuffleNetV2 to improve the feature extraction model for the Deepsort algorithm. The results in an accuracy improvement of 0.05% and 4.93% on the training and test sets, respectively. We also analyze the density and distribution information of the broiler based on broiler counting results. Broiler distribution analysis can reflect changes in the farm's environment so that farmers can adjust the farm's environment in time according to the results of the distribution analysis of broilers. Analysis of different ages of broilers' feeding and watering behavior can also further help farmers evaluate broilers' growth and health status. In addition, broiler age showed a strong positive correlation with broiler feeding and watering duration but a strong negative correlation with feeding and watering frequency. In the future, we will integrate multi-sensor and computer vision technologies to improve broiler monitoring results further. In addition, we will quantify farm ground contamination to help improve the internal environment of poultry farms, thereby increasing farm management efficiency and profitability.

谿肉(Broiler meat)의 經濟的 生産에 關한 硏究

양방렬 全北大學校 1993 국내석사

I. Title of the project A study on the economical production of broiler meat. II. Objective and Need for the Resarch 1. Objective Economical production of broiler meat 2. Need To make countermeasure for UR negotiations of word agricultural product which forces forced to open our domestic market. III. Contents and Scope of the Research 1. Contents Economical production of broiler meat 2. Scope of the Research The forwarding time and weight of broiler IV. Results and Suggestions for possible Applications 1. Procedures The experiment investigated live weight, lean weight, edible part weight, and abdomen fat of 6-wk ~ 8-wk Arbor Acar breed to help develop economic system for the production of broiler meat. 2. Results ① The average live weight of 6-wk and 8-wk sample broiler Arbor Acres is 1,895g and 2,810g, respectively. The yearly gross income from 8-wk broiler is over 19% higher than that from 6-wk's when measured by live weight. ② Lean weight of 8-wk broiler (1.144g) is produced more by over 55% than that of 6-wk's(736g) and the cost price of lean weight product of 6-wk broiler (1,738￦/kg) is higher than that of 8-wk's (1,628￦/kg) ③ The cost of producting edible 6-wk broiler (1,153￦/kg) is higher by over 6% than that of 8-wk (1,086￦/kg) and for this reason production of 8-wk broiler is more economical than 6-wk's.

육계에서 고온스트레스가 열충격 단백질의 발현에 미치는 영향

시딕샤리프하산 전북대학교 일반대학원 2021 국내박사

The present study was conducted in vitro and in vivo. The first in vitro study was performed to describe the effect of different exposure duration of 37°C and 41°C temperature on cell viability, apoptosis, cell cycle, and heat shock protein expression in broiler satellite cells and fibroblast isolated from breast muscle of one-day-old broiler chicks. The second in vivo study was performed to describe the effect of different duration of acute and chronic heat stress on growth performance, liver enzyme, intestinal histology and expression of heat shock proteins and different cytokines of proteins and gene. The first experiment inspects the effects of heat stress at different heat exposure time on satellite cells of broiler. The broiler satellite cells isolated from breast muscle of one-day-old chicks for this study. This satellite cells treated by 37°C and 41°C temperature for 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. Interestingly, cell viability significantly higher viable cells were found at 24 h and 48 h in both temperatures. At 12 h, remarkably higher number of viable satellite cells found at 41°C compared to 37°C temperature. Besides, higher percent of live cells were found at early duration of 41°C exposure compared to 37°C temperature. However, significantly higher percentage of apoptotic cells was found at 72 h in 41°C than 37°C. The protein and gene expression of heat shock protein (HSP) 70, HSP60, and HSP47 were remarkably increase during the experimental period at temperature of 41°C than 37°C. The results of this study suggest that the broiler satellite cells viability and heat stress related proteins or genes were highly expressed at 41°C temperature where at 37°C lower expression of proteins and genes of HSPs. Eventually, this study suggests that 41°C can accelerate the broiler satellite cell viability compared to 37°C at early incubation time. In the second experiment, there is increasing interest in specific temperatures to increase the efficiency of animal production. Interestingly, fibroblasts, connective tissue cells that produce collagen, are essential for repairing tissue damage and can be effective in animal production. The aim of the current study was to determine the mild heat stress temperature at which broiler fibroblast viability would be highest for the longest period. The stress level was measured as the expression level of heat shock proteins (HSPs). The full sample was divided into two groups, control or experimental, and each of these was divided into five subgroups based on incubation time with three replications. Broiler fibroblast viability and HSP expression levels were measured according to incubation times and temperature. At the experimental temperature, fibroblast viability increased significantly at 12 h but decreased at 72 h incubation time compared with the viability in the control group, whereas with 24 h and 48 h incubation time, the viability rates increased significantly at both temperatures. Live cell viability at the experimental temperature increased significantly at 24 h and then significantly declined at 48 h and 72 h, in contrast with viability at the control temperature. However, higher percentages of fibroblasts were found with 24 h and 48 h incubation time at the experiment and control temperatures, respectively. Moreover, the S phase lengthened significantly with 6 h, 12 h, and 24h incubation time in the experimental group but not in the control group. Protein and mRNA (HSP70, HSP60, and HSP47) expression were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the contr-ol group, but at the end of the experimental period, HSP expression level was high in both temperature groups. At the experimental temperature, higher viable fibroblasts were found in shorter incubation times, although longer exposure at this temperature decreased the cell viability owing to increased apoptosis. HSP expression, however, did increase at this temperature. The third experiment inspects the effect of time based different acute heat stress on liver specific enzymes (SGPT and SGOT) and HSPs protein and gene expression of broiler. A total of three hundred broilers allocated to control and treatment group for this experiment. The treatment group was divided into 4 subgroups such as 3, 6, 12, and 24 h based on acute heat exposure duration. In this experiment was determined the protein and gene expression of HSP70, HSP60, and HSP47 of 3 different sections of broiler small intestine during exposure of acute heat stress. In duodenum and jejunum, the HSP70 and HSP60 expression of the protein was significantly higher at 6 h acute heat exposure, but the expressions of the protein of HSP70 and HSP60 were significantly higher at 12 h heat exposure in the ileum. In duodenum and jejunum, the protein expression of HSP47 was remarkably higher at 3 h heat exposure, in the ileum, this protein showed significantly higher expression at 6 h heat exposure. The gene expression level of HSP70, HSP60, and HSP47 were significantly higher due to acute heat stress at different time points compared to control in three different sections of the broiler's small intestine. The SGPT and SGOT levels were significantly higher at 12-h and 24-h respectively than other heat exposure duration. The result of this study confirmed that acute heat stress affects intestinal proteins and gene expression of broiler until inducing heat tolerance. In the final experiment of this study, we inspected the small intestinal HSPs expression and the relationship between HSPs and the immunity of broiler during chronic heat stress. This study was divided into control and heat stress groups with eight replications per group. A total of 15 broilers were assigned for each replication. Furthermore, on day 35, the treatment group was subdivided into heavy and low body weight groups based on the body weight. On days 28 and 35, Due to chronic heat stress the growth performance of broiler reduced than control group, and the protein expression of HSP70, HSP60, and HSP47 increased in the heat stress group compared with the control group. The protein and gene expression level of HSPs were remarkably higher in the low body weight group than in the control group. The gene expression of HSP70 and HSP60 were significantly co-related to pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the broiler small intestine in the treatment group. Therefore, the HSP70 and HSP60 activated the adaptive immunity in the broiler small intestine because of exposure to chronic heat stress. Eventually, it may increase heat tolerance capacity for the broiler.

Evaluation of welfare management and environmental enrichments in broiler farms

Kwon, Byung Yeon 건국대학교 대학원 2023 국내박사

본 연구는 기존에 개발된 동물 복지 평가 기준을 바탕으로 상업용 육계 농장의 복지 수준을 조사하고 복지 개선 물질이 생산성과 복지지표에 미치는 효과를 조사하기 위하여 세 가지 실험을 수행하였다. 실험1에서는 국내 인접한 육계 관행사육 농장 1곳과 동물복지 인증 농장 1곳을 선정하여 여름철과 가을철의 26일령 육계 생산성, 복지지표, 생리적 지표 등을 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 체중은 가을철에 동물복지 인증농장에서 유의하게 높았으나(P = 0.044), 여름철 체중 및 균일도, 가을철 체중에는 차이가 없었다. 분변 코르티코스테론 농도를 분석한 결과, 여름과 가을 모두 동물복지농장에서 유의하게 높은 결과를 보였고(P < 0.001), 깃털 코르티코스테론은 가을에만 동물복지 인증농가에서 더 높은 경향이 나타났다(P = 0.071). 여름철 두 농장 발바닥 피부염과 깃털청결도는 차이가 없었으나, 비절 피부염은 관행사육농장에서 유의하게 부정적인 결과를 보였다(P = 0.002). 가을철에는 세 지표 모두에서 차이가 더 커졌다. 보행점수는 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 발견되지 않았다. 여름철 깔짚의 질소 함량은 관행사육농장에서 높은 경향을 보였고(P = 0.055), 수분과 pH는 차이가 없었다. 동물복지농장이 관행사육농장보다 여름철(P = 0.003) 및 가을철(P < 0.001) 모두 조도가 밝은 것으로 나타났으며, 암모니아 농도 차이는 없었다. 머리의 체표면 온도는 동물복지농장에서 여름철에 유의하게 높았고(P = 0.017), 관행사육농장은 가을철에 머리(P = 0.005)와 다리(P = 0.002)에서 유의하게 높았다. 실험2는 국내 동물복지 축산농장 인증을 받은 육계 사육 농가 2개소를 대상으로 곡물 베이스로 된 쪼는 물체의 환경풍부화물이 육계의 생산성 및 동물복지 수준에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 조사하고자 실험을 수행하였다. 실험에 적용한 쪼는 물체는 곡물 블록으로서 25×25×25 cm 로 정육면체 형태로 배합된 블록이며 처리구에 1000수 당 1개씩 제공하여 실험을 진행하였다. 실험 결과 농장 A와 B의 26일령 체중과 체중의 균일도, 분변 및 깃털 코르티코스테론, 동물 기반 동물복지 지표(발바닥 피부염, 비절 화상, 깃털청결도, 보행 점수), 깔짚 품질(수분, 질소, pH)에서 처리구간 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 체표면 온도는 머리, 가슴, 다리 부분을 측정하여 분석한 결과 농장 A에서 환경풍부화물 처리구의 머리(P = 0.029)와 다리(P = 0.011) 체표면 온도가 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며, 농장 B는 처리구간 차이가 없었다. 분변의 휘발성지방산(VFA)의 정량 분석과 비율을 분석한 결과 농장 A에서는 처리구 간 유의차가 나타나지 않았으나, 농장 B에서는 butyrate의 비율이 환경풍부화물 처리구에서 유의적으로 높게 나타나(P = 0.023), 곡물 블록의 사용이 육계 장 건강에도 긍정적인 영향을 줄 수 있는 가능성을 확인하였다. 실험3에서는 국내 동물복지축산농장 인증을 받은 육계농장에서 횃대가 육계의 생산성과 동물복지 수준에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 알아보기 위해 가을철(10월), 봄철(3~4월), 봄철(5~6월)에 실험을 수행하였다. 실험에 사용한 횃대는 나무로 된 2×2 cm 의 각목 횃대이며, 처리구에 1000수 당 2미터씩 제공하여 실험을 진행하였다. 그 결과 생산성(체중 및 균일도)과 깔짚 품질(수분, 질소, pH)은 농장별, 계절별로 일관되지 않은 결과를 보였다. 스트레스의 생리학적 지표인 코르티코스테론은 A농장에서는 깃털과 분변 모두 유의한 차이가 없었지만, B농장에서는 분변 코르티코스테론이 횃대 처리구에서 유의하게 더 낮았다(P = 0.001). 동물 복지 지표(발바닥 피부염, 무릎 화상, 깃털 청결도, 보행 점수)에서는 두 농가 모두 유의한 차이가 없었다. 본 연구결과 육계의 생산성과 복지지표는 일반 관행농장과 복지 인증농가 간 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 조사되었다. 횃대나 쪼는 물질과 같은 환경풍부화물은 동물복지 지표에 효과를 나타났으나 일관적이지는 않았다. This study was investigated to evaluate on welfare status in broiler farms based on previously developed animal welfare assessment criteria and was conducted experiments to investigate the effects of such as environmental enrichments. In Experiment 1, one conventional broiler farm and one animal welfare certified farm were selected to conduct a comparative analysis of productivity, welfare indicators, and physiological indices during summer and autumn. The results showed that in autumn, the weight was significantly higher in animal welfare certified farms (P = 0.044), and there was no difference in weight and uniformity between summer and autumn. Fecal corticosterone concentration was significantly higher in animal welfare farms in both summer and autumn (P < 0.001), and feather corticosterone tended to be higher in animal welfare certified farms only in autumn (P = 0.071). There was no difference in plantar dermatitis and feather cleanliness at the two farms in summer, but a significantly negative result was shown for hock burns in the conventional farm (P = 0.002). The gait score showed no statistically significant difference. The nitrogen content of litter in summer tended to be higher in the conventional farm (P = 0.055), and there was no difference in moisture and pH. Animal welfare farm was found to be brighter than conventional farm in summer (P = 0.003) and autumn (P < 0.001), and there was no difference in ammonia concentration. The body surface temperature of the head was significantly higher in summer of the animal welfare farm (P = 0.017), and significantly higher in both the head (P = 0.005) and legs (P = 0.002) in the autumn of the conventional farm. Overall, the study found that the conventional system had relatively negative results for welfare indicators. In Experiment 2, two commercial broiler farms that had been certified as animal welfare livestock farms were studied to investigate the effects of grain-based pecking material on productivity and animal welfare level of broilers. The experiment involved using a grain block as the pecking object, which was a 25 × 25 × 25 cm cube block provided at a rate of one per 1000 birds. The experiment analyzed 26-day-old body weight and body weight uniformity, fecal and feather corticosterone, animal-based welfare indicators (footpad dermatitis, hock burn, feather cleanliness, and gait score), and litter quality (moisture, nitrogen, and pH) in Farm A and B, finding no significant differences between treatments. Providing grain block at Farm A showed significantly higher body surface temperature of the head (P = 0.029) and legs (P = 0.011), whereas there was no difference in treatments at Farm B. Volatile fatty acids (VFA) in feces showed no significant difference between treatment groups in Farm A, but in Farm B, the ratio of butyrate was significantly higher in the grain block treatment (P = 0.023), indicating the potential positive effect of using grain blocks on broiler health. Experiment 3 aimed to investigate the impact of perches on the productivity and animal welfare of broilers in commercial broiler farms certified as animal welfare livestock farms during different seasons (autumn, spring, and early summer). Wooden perches were provided at a rate of 2 meters per 1000 birds. The results found inconsistent effects on productivity (weight and uniformity) and litter quality (moisture, nitrogen, and pH) depending on the farm and season. Corticosterone, a physiological stress indicator, showed no significant difference between feathers and feces in Farm A, while fecal corticosterone was significantly lower in the perch treatment at Farm B (P = 0.001). Animal welfare indicators (footpad dermatitis, hock burns, feather cleanliness, and gait score) showed no significant differences between the two farms. It is concluded that broilers raised in conventional or welfare-certified farms were performed well and exhibited higher standards of welfare status. In addition, environmental enrichment such as grain blocks or perches had positive effects on welfare status of broilers, but were inconsistent.

트리티케일 급여에 따른 산란계 및 육계의 사양성적 영향 연구

포아티 전북대학교 일반대학원 2022 국내박사

In this research project, three studies were conducted to investigate the effects of the triticale plant on the performance of broilers and laying hens. The first study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary triticale on broilers’ performance and suggest its approximate incorporation percentage in the broiler diet via a meta-analysis. In February and April 2022, the eligible papers were searched on Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct. The effect sizes were estimated through standardized mean difference and the statistical heterogeneity of the effect sizes was determined using Cochran’s Q test, followed by meta-ANOVA and meta-regression analysis. Nineteen articles were recorded and divided into 62 experiments for our meta-analysis. The triticale increased the broiler’s body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio but decreased the broiler’s live body weight. Indeed, the results showed positive effect sizes for the bodyweight gain (common effect model: 0.08 [0.02; 0.14]; random effect model: 0.35 [-0.39; 1.09]; p-value = 0), feed intake (common effect model: 0.12 [0.07; 0.17]; random effect model: 0.95 [-1.07; 2.95]; p-value = 0), and feed conversion ratio (common effect model: 0.37 [0.34; 0.41]; random effect model: 0.68 [0.03; 1.34]; p-value = 0), but negative effect sizes for live body weight (common effect model: -1.20 [-1.25; -1.15]; random-effects model: -3.76 [-6.63; -0.89]; p-value = 0). The meta-ANOVA revealed that including triticale from 21 to 50% would induce the best effects on the broiler’s live body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio in sub-group analysis. The meta-regression emphasized that there was only a significant positive correlation between the inclusion of triticale from 0 to 20% and the broiler’s live body weight (QM = 6.4781; p-value = 0.0109) and feed intake (QM = 4.6886; p-value = 0.0304). Although the funnel plot and the Egger linear test did suggest significant publication bias for the live body weight factor, this study remains valuable for understanding the impact of triticale on broiler growth parameters. Therefore, including triticale up to 20% in the broiler diet could be recommended to obtain appreciable broilers’ performance. The second study aims to investigate the effect of replacing dietary maize with 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 g kg-1 of triticale on production performances, egg quality, yolk fatty acids, and blood variables when fed to laying hens. Five experimental diets were mixed to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenous and were fed to the layers for six weeks, from 22 to 28 weeks of age. In an environmentally controlled experimental house, three hundred and sixty 22-week-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens were individually weighed and randomly allocated to 60 enriched cages, giving six birds per cage. The cages were equipped with a laying nest, scratching area, metal feeders in front, and two nipple drinkers inside. Each diet was fed to 12 cages following randomization. Feed and water were available ad libitum throughout the experiment. Production variables remained unaffected by the diets containing triticale at various levels. Among the egg quality traits, egg yolk color linearly decreased (p < 0.001) by dietary triticale inclusions. Dietary triticale did not have an impact on egg yolk fatty acid composition (p > 0.05). Apart from the glucose level, increasing linearly (p < 0.001) with triticale in diets, the rest of the studied blood variables did not respond (p > 0.05) to changes in dietary triticale. It has been concluded that 20% replacement of maize with triticale in laying hen diets did not have any detrimental impact on egg production variables and the efficiency of production. The third study was carried out to investigate the effect of triticale octacosanol on layer production performance, egg quality, blood parameters, and immunity. One hundred and nighty two hens, 43 weeks old, were divided into four groups of 48 birds each and assigned to 4 dietary treatments, which were the basal diet supplemented with 0 (Control), 10, 20, and 30 mg kg-1 of octacosanol contained in triticale sprout powder. Each group was separated into four sub-groups (4 replications) of 12 hens receiving the same diet. The daily egg mass and egg production were significantly increased (p < 0.05) by diets containing 20 and 30 mg kg-1 of octacosanol. The different supplemented treatments did not influence the egg quality parameters, excluding the octacosanol level in eggs significantly increased by diets with 20 and 30 mg kg-1 of octacosanol compared to the control. Concerning the blood chemical parameters and the immune-response regulators (Interleukin-2; Interleukin-6), octacosanol reduced the total cholesterol and triglyceride levels but increased the calcium, phosphorus, HDL cholesterol, and interleukins concentration in blood serum. Based on these results, 20 to 30 mg kg-1 of triticale sprout octacosanol inclusion in the diet could be suggested to improve the laying hen's performance, egg quality, blood metabolites levels, and health status. In conclusion, it could be suggested to include triticale in broilers and layers diets up to 20% without negative impacts on productivity performances. In addition, triticale sprout octacosanol inclusion from 20 to 30 mg kg-1 in the diet could improve the laying hen's performance, egg quality, blood metabolites levels, and health status.

Effects of bacteriophage and choline as feed additives on physiology and productivity in broilers and pigs

김광호 서울대학교 대학원 2014 국내박사

Effects of Bacteriophage and Choline as Feed Additives on Physiology and Productivity in Broilers and Pigs These experiments were performed to investigate 1) effects of bacteriophage on prevention of Salmonella enteritidis in broilers, 2) effects of bacteriophage on growth performance, fecal properties, blood profiles, and immune response in weaning pigs, and 3) effects of bacteriophage and choline supplementation on physiological responses, growth performance, microbial population, and blood profiles of lactating sows and piglets. Summarized results from each experiment are described as followings: Experiment I. Effects of Bacteriophage on Prevention of Salmonella enteritidis in Broilers The experiment 1 was conducted to investigate the effects of bacteriophage on prevention of Salmonella enteritidis in broilers. A total of 320 one day old male broilers (Ross 308) were allotted by randomized complete block (RCB) design in 8 replicates with 10 chicks per pen. The experimental diets were formulated for 2 phase feeding trial (phase I; 0-2nd wk, phase II; 3rd-5th wk), and 4 different levels (0%, 0.05%; 5×108pfu/g, 0.1%; 1×109pfu/g, and 0.2%; 2×109pfu/g, respectively) of Salmonella enteritidis targeted bacteriophage were supplemented in the basal diet. There were no differences in body weight (BW) gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the whole experimental period (P>0.05). Relative weights of liver, spleen, abdominal fat, and tissue muscle of breast obtained from each bacteriophage treatment were similar to control and those values tended to increase when 0.2% (2×109pfu/g) bacteriophage was supplemented. In addition, a numerical difference of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level were observed when 0.2% (2×109pfu) of bacteriophage were provided even though blood profiles were not affected by supplemented levels of bacteriophage (P>0.05). In the result of a 14 d feeding after Salmonella enteritidis challenge to 160 birds from 4 previous treatments, mortality and Salmonella enteritidis concentration in the cecum were decreased with increasing bacteriophage level (P<0.05). This result demonstrated that supplementation of 0.2% (2×109pfu) Salmonella enteritidis targeted bacteriophage might not cause negative effect on growth, meat production, and it reduced mortality from Salmonella enteritidis challenge. Consequently, bacteriophage could be used as an alternative feed additive to antibiotics in broiler diets. Experiment II. Effects of Bacteriophage on Growth Performance, Fecal Properties, Blood Profiles and Immune Response in Weaning Pigs The experiment 2 was performed to determine the effects of bacteriophage on growth performance, fecal properties, blood profiles and immune response in weaning pigs. A total of 160 pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] (BW = 6.78 ± 1.72 kg; weaned at day 24 ± 3) were allotted to 4 groups in a randomized complete block (RCB) design with 5 replication for 5 week growth trial. The experimental diets were formulated for 2 phase feeding trial (phase I; 0-2nd wk, phase II; 3rd-5th wk), and 4 different levels (0%, 0.05%; 5×108pfu/g, 0.1%; 1×109pfu/g, and 0.2%; 2×109pfu/g, respectively) of 16 types of pathogen targeted bacteriophage were supplemented in the basal diet. During the whole experimental period, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed ratio were not affected by bacteriophage levels, resulting in similar BW among all treatments (P>0.05). With increasing bacteriophage level in the diets, fecal microbial population of pathogenic Salmonella spp. (linear, P<0.01; 2wk) and Escherichia coli (linear, P=0.053; 5wk) were decreased. However, the concentration of Lactobacilli was increased in feces when pigs were fed 0.2% of bacteriophage, showing linear response to bacteriophage levels (linear, P<0.05, 2wk; linear, P<0.01, 5wk). The inclusion of bacteriophage in weaning pig diets resulted in decreasing the incidence of diarrhea (linear, P<0.01). In blood immune response, there was a linear decrease in IgA concentration as bacteriophage increased (linear, P<0.05). Although GOT and GPT levels were not affected by bacteriophage levels, total cholesterol (linear, P<0.01, quadratic, P<0.05, 2wk; linear, P<0.01, 5wk) and LDL cholesterol (linear, P<0.01, 2wk) levels were decreased by dietary bacteriophage. This experiment suggested that 16 types of pathogen targeted bacteriophage supplementation did not influence on growth performance. However, 0.2 % (2×109pfu/g) bacteriophage supplementation might have beneficial influences on microbial population, fecal status, immune response, and blood profiles in weaning pigs. Experiment III. Evaluation of Bacteriophage and Choline Supplementation on Physiological Responses, Growth Performance, Microbial Population and Blood Profiles of Lactating Sows and Piglets The experiment 3 was conducted to investigate the effects of bacteriophage and choline supplementation on physiological responses, growth performance, microbial population and blood profiles of lactating sows and piglets. A total of 50 mixed-parity (average= 4.64) crossbred sows (F1, Yorkshire × Landrace; Darby, Korea) with an initial BW of 228.71 ± 15.81 kg were used in a 3 week lactation period and sows were allotted to one of five treatments based on BW and backfat thickness with 10 replicates by 1+2×2 factorial arrangement. The experimental treatments were divided by two levels of bacteriophage (0.05%; 0.5× 108 pfu/g, or 0.1%; 1× 109 pfu/g) and choline chloride (0.05%; 250ppm or 0.1%; 500ppm) and NRC (1998) requirement is regarded as control treatment. The experimental diets were formulated based on corn-soybean meal diets, which contained 3,265 kcal of ME/kg, 16.8% crude protein, 1.08% lysine, respectively. There were no significant differences in BW, backfat thickness and feed intake of lactating sows by bacteriophage and choline supplementation. The BW changes were quadratically decreased in lactation (day 0 to 21) as dietary choline increased (P<0.05). Supplementation of bacteriophage and choline to lactating diets did not influence on mortality, litter weight and piglet weight. However, numerically higher litter weight and piglets weight gain were observed in bacteriophage and choline treatment groups compared to control. No differences were found in estimation of milk production, dry matter, and energy content of milk in lactating sows during the whole lactational period. Bacteriophage and choline supplementation in diets did not alter the population of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in feces of sows as well as piglets. However, the use of bacteriophage to lactation diets altered the concentrations of fecal Lactobacilli (P<0.001). In blood profiles, GOT, GPT, and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels of lactating sows and piglets were not affected by dietary treatment, while increasing bacteriophage levels tended to decrease GOT levels of lactating sows (linear, P=0.074). Inclusion of bacteriophage and choline did not influence on immunoglobulin concentration of sows at day 21 postpartum. This experiment suggested that choline supplementation in lactating diet showed an improvement of body reserves of lactating sows and increasing of fat contents in sow milks during lactation. But, bacteriophage had no effects on reproductive performance and physiological responses except of sow’s fecal Lactobacilli population. Three experiments demonstrated that positive responses were observed by bacteriophage supplementation in broilers and weaning pigs. However, sows did not show positive performance by dietary bacteriophage but body condition of sows was improved by choline supplementation.

EFFECT OF PHYTASE SUPPLEMENTATIONS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY OF GROWING PIGS AND BROILERS AND PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS PRODUCTION

고산수 단국대학교 대학원 2024 국내박사

To improve nutrient digestion and support animal growth, feed enzymes have been incorporated into diets for a long time. According to recent studies, feed enzymes—specifically, phytase—act as catalysts to speed up the digestion of phytic acid. These enzymes may also have benefits for the gut health and microbiota of young pigs and chickens. Despite extensive research on phytase, there is still a dearth of information, especially when it comes to enhancing nutrient digestibility and boosting growth performance in monogastric animals.The results of recent research also call into question whether phytase could have purposes other than improving intestinal health, nutrient digestibility, and the microbiota in the gut. They may also help to mitigate environmental issues. Consequently, the purpose of this review was to discuss the functional roles that phytase activity play in the diet of monogastric animals. Furthermore, we aim to investigate the benefits of these enzymes in raising the nutritional content of conventional and alternative feedstuffs.

Effects of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae oil and meal on growth performance, cecal microflora, and meat quality in broiler

지상윤 서울대학교 대학원 2021 국내박사

As the needs for animal-origin food have soared with population growth, it became increasingly difficult to secure enough feed resources while food losses have been intensifying in developed countries. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) can produce high-quality proteins and fats sustainably, and better yet, convert organic wastes as their diets into feeds. Due to this recycling capability, BSFL have attracted attention as a critical player in the circular economy. The BSFL-derived ingredients can supply macro-nutrients and physiologically active compounds to animals. However, an effective use of BSFL-derived protein and fat as a feed ingredient requires scientific data in target animal species. The present study aimed to address the impact of BSFL oil (BSFLO) and meal (BSFLM) on growth performance, intestinal health issue, and meat quality in broilers. The first feeding trial evaluated the effects of BSFLO as a partial or total replacement of soybean oil (SBO) on the growth performance and the fatty acid (FA) profile and meat quality of broiler chickens from 1 to 5 week of age. A total of 210 male broiler chickens (Ross 308) at one day of age were randomly allotted to 3 dietary treatments (10 replicates and 7 birds/group): a basal control diet (CON), and two diets in which the soybean oil was replaced by 50% (50 BSFLO) or 100% (100 BSFLO) of BSFLO in the basal diet. The inclusion of BSFLO in diets did not influence the growth performance, physical measurements and chemical traits of leg meat, and sensory analysis of breast meat. However, the relative weight (g/kg) of the gizzard was reduced by dietary BSFLO at the expense of SBO (14.9, 12.5, and 13.0 for CON, 50 BSFLO, and 100 BSFLO, respectively; p < 0.05) The saturated fatty acid proportion (% of total FAME, fatty acid methyl ester) of SFA was increased (27.2%, 27.6%, and 28.7% for CON, 50 BSFLO, and 100 BSFLO, respectively; p < 0.05) by BSFLO inclusion and the percentage (% of total fat) of monounsaturated fatty acids was also increased (43.4%, 44.6%, and 48.6% for CON, 50 BSFLO, and 100 BSFLO, respectively; p < 0.001). On the contrary, the proportion (% of total FAME) of polyunsaturated fatty acids was decreased (29.5%, 27.8%, and 22.7% for CON, 50 BSFLO, and 100 BSFLO, respectively; p < 0.001). The first study confirmed that the replacement of SBO with BSFLO did not have any adverse effect on broilers' growth performance and that BSFLO can be used as a dietary fat source in broiler diets. The second experiment was performed to examine the effect of BSFLO as an alternative to SBO on the cecal microbiota in broilers. A total of 210 male broiler chickens (Ross 308) at one day of age were randomly allotted to 3 dietary treatments (10 replicates and 7 birds/group) that were same as in the first feeding trial. At the end of the study (d 35), 18 birds (6 broilers/treatment) were randomly selected and slaughtered. The cecal digesta samples were collected to measure the cecal microbiota population. Overall, 235,978 gene sequences were generated, and a total of 4,398 operational taxonomic units were identified in the three groups. At the phylum level, Firmicutes were the dominant phylum in all three groups. At the genus level, Faecalibacterium was the dominant genera in all treatments. There were no significant differences in relative abundances of all genera between the BSFLO groups and CON. However, genus Erysipelatoclostridium was more abundant in the 50 BSFLO than in the CON (p < 0.05). It was concluded that the substitution of the SBO with the BSFLO in broiler diets had no adverse effect on cecal microbiota in broilers. In the last experiment, the effects of microwave-dried BSFLM on carcass traits, meat quality, FA profiles of abdominal fat and meat, and heavy metal residues in the broiler’s meats. A total of 126 male broilers were randomly assigned to three dietary treatment groups (6 replicates and 7 birds/pen): a control diet and two experimental diets in which soybean meal was replaced with 25 or 50% BSFLM. The broilers were slaughtered at day 35; the carcasses were weighed, and breast and leg meats were excised from 12 birds per treatment (2 birds/pen) for meat analysis. For the higher BSFLM diet, the content of saturated FA in the abdominal fat was increased and that of polyunsaturated FA was decreased (p < 0.001); the FA profile of leg meat did not differ between groups. The concentrations of undesirable heavy metals in the BSFLM and leg meat were below maximum permissible levels. However, the carcass weight was decreased (p < 0.001) in the 50% BSFLM group. Microwave-dried BSFLM is a potential ingredient for broiler diets, with up to 25% inclusion showing no detrimental effects on carcass traits, meat quality, FA profiles, and heavy metal residues in the meat. It was confirmed that BSFLO could be used as an energy source in broilers by replacing SBO without negative impact on their productivity and meat quality. However, even though BSFLO contains a large amount of lauric acid, its effect on the intestinal microflora was not found. In conclusion, BSFLO can replace the existing energy feed source such as soybean oil with no adverse effects on growth performance, meat quality and health of broilers. On the other hand, BSFLM, microwave-dried and press-defatted, could not fully substitute SBM so its evaluation as a feed ingredient must be preceded to use BSFLM as a feed ingredient. Collectively, the results from the present studies demonstrated that BSFLO and microwaved defatted BSFLM could be an alternative to conventional ingredients such as SBO and SBM in broiler's diet.