전남방언에 나타난 어두경음화

위진(Wee Jin) 한국언어문학회 2008 한국언어문학 Vol.65 No.-

  This research aims to prove the beginning, cause, phonetic environment of Word-initial tensification.<BR>  Word-initial tensification originated gradually from the beginning of tension sounds to modernconsonant system. And there is possibility that Jeonnam is the birthplace of the word-initial tensification. The first evidence that suggests this can be found in that the Jeonnam tensification stage was 16C, the stage of tension sound was 14C. Secondly, there were three types of variation consisting of: the pre-existing record of tensification form, the transient form, and the hyper-correction form. These three types show that tensification already progressed to notice by speakers in Jeonnam dialect. Finally, the current Jeonnam dialect tensification appears with a high frequency.<BR>  Meanwhile, the word-initial tensification environment connects with distant of place articulation. Tension sound outs with tension of larynx. If there is long distance between larynx and place articulation, that means low-economical efficiency. Back simple vowel, vowel connected with [g] as word-initial consonant, is closed by larynx therefore there were high frequent word-initial tensification.

대구 지역 어두경음화의 사회언어학적 고찰

배혜진,이혁화 영남대학교 민족문화연구소 2010 민족문화논총 Vol.46 No.-

The aim of this study is to investigate that Word-initial tensification according to age groups, gender groups, social classes, speech styles at Daegu. This study shows that, first, Word-initial tensification has high tendency to be more used by the younger age, but be more used by the older age on specific vocabulary at Daegu. Second, Word-initial tensification has high tendency to be more used by women and casual speech style at Daegu. It is unique to be visible the realization rate where the woman is higher than male, which means that innovator of Word-initial tensification at Daegu is women. Finally, it isn’t a big difference to Word-initial tensification according to social classes. It can be concluded that Word-initial tensification at Daegu is maintained or developed with the homogeneity across various social class. 본 연구에서는 어두경음화의 개신지라고 할 수 있는 남부지방 중에서도 대구 지역의 어두경음화 현상이 세대별, 성별, 사회계층별, 말투별로 어떠한 분포를 보이는지에 대하여 고찰하였다. 대구 지역의 어두경음화 현상은 대체적으로 연령이 낮을수록 높은 실현율을 보였지만, 특정한 어휘에서는 오히려 연령이 높을수록 높은 실현율을 보이기도 하였다. 또 대구 지역의 어두경음화 현상은 남성보다는 여성에게서, 형식적인 말투보다는 일상적인 말투에서 높은 실현율을 보였다. 특히 남성보다 여성에게서 어두경음화가 높은 실현율을 보이는 것이 특이한데, 이를 통해 대구 지역 어두경음화의 개신지가 여성임을 알 수 있다. 반면 사회계층에 따른 어두경음화는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았는데, 이를 통해 대구 지역 어두경음화 현상이 다양한 사회계층에 걸쳐 진행 중에 있다고 볼 수 있을 것이다.

The Asymmetric tense consonant effects in compound and word-initial tensifications in Korean

강희조,오미라 한국음운론학회 2019 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.25 No.1

A tense consonant blocks compound tensification (Ito 2014, S. Kim 2016) but facilitates word-initial tensification in Korean (Kang and Oh 2016, H. Kim 2016). Previous studies examined such a tense consonant effect as dissimilatory in compounds but as assimiliatory in simplex words separately. The aims of this paper are twofold. First, we will test if a tense consonant is affected differently depending on the morphosyntactic domains by studying both compound and word-initial tensification processes, unlike previous studies. Second, we will investigate what motivates the asymmetry of the tense consonant effect between compound and word-initial tensification processes. We conducted a survey where 40 Korean speakers selected their own pronunciations for 120 compounds and 100 simplex words. We found that a tense consonant in fact behaves differently in compound and in word-initial tensification processes. We present two possible reasons why such a difference is observed. The perception view assumes that each tensification has its own perceptual function. Compound tensification is intended to make a compound perceptually distinguishable from each of its components. Compound tensification is then avoided before another tense consonant since a tense-tense sequence of consonants could make them perceptibly similar to simplex words. The production view of the tense consonant effect emphasizes the avoidance of consecutive long vowel-to-vowel intervals. Laryngeal co-occurrence restrictions attested in tensification in Korean will be discussed in light of both production and perception.

The Asymmetric tense consonant effects in compound and word-initial tensifications in Korean

Hijo Kang,Mira Oh 한국음운론학회 2019 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.25 No.1

A tense consonant blocks compound tensification (Ito 2014, S. Kim 2016) but facilitates word-initial tensification in Korean (Kang and Oh 2016, H. Kim 2016). Previous studies examined such a tense consonant effect as dissimilatory in compounds but as assimiliatory in simplex words separately. The aims of this paper are twofold. First, we will test if a tense consonant is affected differently depending on the morphosyntactic domains by studying both compound and word-initial tensification processes, unlike previous studies. Second, we will investigate what motivates the asymmetry of the tense consonant effect between compound and word-initial tensification processes. We conducted a survey where 40 Korean speakers selected their own pronunciations for 120 compounds and 100 simplex words. We found that a tense consonant in fact behaves differently in compound and in word-initial tensification processes. We present two possible reasons why such a difference is observed. The perception view assumes that each tensification has its own perceptual function. Compound tensification is intended to make a compound perceptually distinguishable from each of its components. Compound tensification is then avoided before another tense consonant since a tense-tense sequence of consonants could make them perceptibly similar to simplex words. The production view of the tense consonant effect emphasizes the avoidance of consecutive long vowel-to-vowel intervals. Laryngeal cooccurrence restrictions attested in tensification in Korean will be discussed in light of both production and perception.

Contextual distribution of English loanword word-initial tensification in Korean

김효주 한국음운론학회 2016 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.22 No.2

This study investigates the contextual distribution of word-initial tensification of English loanwords in Korean. In English loanwords, word-initial lax stops are optionally tensified. Based on two different data sources, it is confirmed that word-initial tensification of English loanwords shows three statistically significant contextual effects, which are referred to as height, length, and assimilation effect, respectively. The present study found that the word-initial tensification of English loanwords is significantly more likely to occur when the height of the vowel following the tensification site is non-high compared to high, when the word is monosyllabic rather than multisyllabic, and when the onset of the syllable following the tensification site is a tense /s’/. In order to explore the underlying reason for each contextual effect, two possible sources were investigated. The first one was the word-initial tensification of native Korean words that shows optional tensification like loanwords. The second one was the native Korean lexicon. Given the claims that the variable patterns of loanwords may reflect covert statistical generalizations of the native lexicon (Kubozono 2006, Zuraw 2010), the tendencies found in loanwords may also reflect statistical trends displayed by the Korean lexicon. The survey demonstrates that the phonological distribution of loanword tensification partially reflects the contextual distribution of both native tensification and the lexicon. In addition, acoustic and articulatory phonetic accounts are proposed with respect to the contextual effects. Finally, a learning simulation for the observed trends is conducted with a constraint set, adopting the concept of the Maximum Entropy model. The results show that the proper constraints and weights accurately predict the distribution observed in English loanwords.

Contextual distribution of English loanword word-initial tensification in Korean

Hyoju Kim 한국음운론학회 2016 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.22 No.2

This study investigates the contextual distribution of word-initial tensification of English loanwords in Korean. In English loanwords, word-initial lax stops are optionally tensified. Based on two different data sources, it is confirmed that word-initial tensification of English loanwords shows three statistically significant contextual effects, which are referred to as height, length, and assimilation effect, respectively. The present study found that the word-initial tensification of English loanwords is significantly more likely to occur when the height of the vowel following the tensification site is non-high compared to high, when the word is monosyllabic rather than multisyllabic, and when the onset of the syllable following the tensification site is a tense /s’/. In order to explore the underlying reason for each contextual effect, two possible sources were investigated. The first one was the word-initial tensification of native Korean words that shows optional tensification like loanwords. The second one was the native Korean lexicon. Given the claims that the variable patterns of loanwords may reflect covert statistical generalizations of the native lexicon (Kubozono 2006, Zuraw 2010), the tendencies found in loanwords may also reflect statistical trends displayed by the Korean lexicon. The survey demonstrates that the phonological distribution of loanword tensification partially reflects the contextual distribution of both native tensification and the lexicon. In addition, acoustic and articulatory phonetic accounts are proposed with respect to the contextual effects. Finally, a learning simulation for the observed trends is conducted with a constraint set, adopting the concept of the Maximum Entropy model. The results show that the proper constraints and weights accurately predict the distribution observed in English loanwords.

경남 창녕 지역의 어두경음화 현상

김유정 ( Yu Jung Kim ) 한국문학언어학회 2015 어문론총 Vol.65 No.-

The purpose of this study is to investigate that Word-initial tensification according to around at Gyeongnam Changyeong. The research result can be summarized as follows: first, what phonological rules had existed by looking into the historical changes of initial consonant clusters/initial lenis consonant. Initial consonant clusters than initial lenis consonant had been applied to the historical changes of Changyeong. Second, Word-initial tensification according to age groups, vocabulary groups, gender groups, speech styles at Changyeong. Word-initial tensification has high tendency to be more used by the older age, casual speech style, predicate at Changyeong. Importantly, the younger age woman is higher than male, which means that innovator of Word-initial tensification at Changyeong is younger age women. This study is significant in the sense that it is specialized in parts of speech in comparison with previous researches which have suggested the lists of Word-initial tensification at Changyeong.

Production of the Word-Initial Stop Variation by Kyungsang Koreans in Seoul and Seoul Koreans in Kyungsang Province

강유진 한국사회언어학회 2022 사회언어학 Vol.30 No.2

This study examines the word-initial stop variation in the speech of speakers who were born in North Kyungsang province and moved to Seoul after the age of 20 and that of speakers who were born in Seoul and moved to North Kyungsang province after the age of 20. Specifically, this study investigates whether Seoul Koreans moving to North Kyungsang have acquired the NKK-like word-initial tensification in any of the two contexts - wordlist and reading passage. Moreover, this study explores whether North Kyungsang Korean moving to Seoul have lost the NKK-like word-initial tensification in the two contexts. Finally, this study examines whether social factors, including gender, length of stay in a new region, attitude toward the first and second dialects, and awareness of the word-initial tensification affect the acquisition or loss of the second dialect feature. A major finding is that both mobile groups do not show the NKK-like word-initial tensification in wordlist and reading passage speech. With respect to the effect of the social factors, male Kyungsang Koreans in Seoul produce tensified stops more than female counterparts. Meanwhile, none of the social factors are significant in the speech of Seoul Koreans in North Kyungsang.

Tensification of English Loanwords in Korean

Chang-Kook Suh,Seok Mun Pak 한국중원언어학회 2017 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.43

There have been no satisfactory analyses of tensification phenomena in explaining the behavior of word-initial tensification of English loanwords in Korean. The purpose of this paper is to examine tensification phenomena of English loanwords used by Korean speakers focusing on word-initial stop consonants. For this purpose, we propose the notion of strong and weak vowels, and argue that English /b, d, g/ are perceived by Korean speakers as the tense stops /p’, t’, k’/ before the strong vowels, /a, æ, ʌ, o/. Meanwhile, they become the lenis stops /p, t, k/ before the weak vowels, /i, e, ɯ, u/. This tendency can be interpreted as a hyperbolic perceptual strategy to enhance the distinctiveness of Korean stop consonants from English in the word-initial position. This matching of strong with strong and weak with weak between consonants and vowels constitutes another kind of co-articulation process. Thus we suggest a new vowel classification (i.e. strong and weak) is necessary in Korean phonology in addition to the Light and Dark vowel classification used for explaining vowel harmony and ideophones.

영어 어두 유성폐쇄음의 부분적 무성음화와 한국인 영어 학습자의 경음화현상 관계 연구

최영이 한국언어과학회 2024 언어과학 Vol.31 No.3

The purpose of this study is to explain that Korean learners of English are likely to pronounce English word-initial voiced stops as tensificated sounds, attributing this phenomenon to perceptual similarity and articulatory ease. As voiced stops do not exist in the word-initial position in the Korean language, if English word-initial voiced stops are realized as voiceless tensificated ones, they are sometimes mistaken for different sounds. Therefore, this research examines whether the tensification of English word-initial voiced stops by Korean learners is the effect of their lack of awareness of a difference between English phonemes and the constraints imposed by Korean loanwords. I explore the relevance of English voiced stop and the tensification observed in Korean loanwords, considering constraints associated with ease of articulation and perceptual similarity using Optimality Theory. Furthermore, I analyze these using native English speakers' phonetic sounds as input, rather than focusing on English phonemes, since this study is focused on phonetic perception, not on the underlying features of English voiced stops.