일 상급종합병원 간호사의 비판적 사고성향이 투약안전역량에 미치는 영향에서 시간압박감과 임상적 의사결정능력의 조절된 매개효과

신수민 경상국립대학교 대학원 2026 국내석사

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to eamine the moderated mediating effects of time pressure and clinical decision making ability in the relationship between critical thinking disposition and medication safety competency among tertiary hospital nurses, thereby providing baseline data for establishing strategies to enhance medication safety competency in nurses. Method : The participants of this study sonsisted of 224 nurses with a minimum of 12months of work experience in a teriary general hospital. Data were collected using a structured self reported questionnaire. Data collection took place between July 4 and 10, 2025. Medication safety competency was measured using the Medication Safety Competence Scale (MSCS) developed by Park Jin-kyung (2019) for nurses. Critical thinking disposition was measured using the instrument developed by Kwon In-su et al. (2006) for measuring critical thinking disposition in nursing students. Time pressure was measured using the Time Pressure Scale, originally developed by Putrevu and Ratchford (1997), modified and supplemented by Teng et al. (2010) for use with nurses, and translated into Korean by Lee Hyun-ju (2021). Clinical decision making ability was measured using the Korean Clinical Decision Making Competence Scale for hospital nurses developed by Oh Sun-young (2023). The collected data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffé's test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and PROCESS Macro Model 7 with bootstrapping by SPSS/WIN 27.0 program and PROCESS macro Ver. 5.0. Results : 1) Regarding the general characteristics of participants, 214 (95.5%) were female, and the mean age was 29.20±4.26 years. In terms of marital status, 163 (72.8%) were unmarried, and 190 (84.8%) had no religion. For educational level, 165 (73.7%) held a bachelor's degree. The mean total clinical experience was 6.38±4.24 years, with the largest group having 5 to less than 10 years of experience (n=88, 39.3%). The mean experience in the current department was 3.49±2.73 years, with the largest group having 3 to less than 5 years (n=58, 25.9%). Regarding work department, 98 (43.8%) worked in internal medicine wards, which was the most common. For work type, 218 (97.8%) were shift workers, and 167 (74.6%) had received education on medication safety. The mean number of medication administrations per working day was 27.30±25.89 times, and among the types of medication administration, IV side shooting was the most frequent at 8.79±8.68 times. 2) The mean score for critical thinking disposition was 3.30±0.39 out of 5, time pressure was 4.63±1.23 out of 7, clinical decision making ability was 3.67±0.38 out of 5, medication safety competency was 3.87±0.40 out of 5. 3) The characteristics of participants that showed differences in medication safety competency were marital status (t=-2.17, p=.031), total clinical experience (F=2.86, p=.038), number of medication administrations (F=3.87, p=.022), and experience with medication safety education (t=2.70, p<.001). 4) Medication safety competency showed significant positive correlations with critical thinking disposition (r=.47, p<.001) and clinical decision making ability (r=.69, p<.001), and a significant negative correlation with time pressure (r=-.17, p=.009). Critical thinking disposition showed a significant negative correlation with time pressure (r=-.20, p=.003) and a significant positive correlation with clinical decision making ability (r=.69, p<.001). The correlation between time pressure and clinical decision making ability (r=-.09, p=.185) was not significant. 5) The moderated mediating effect of time pressure and clinical decision making ability on the relationship between critical thinking disposition and medication safety competency was significant (B=-.07, SE=0.04, 95% CI=-.146 ~ -.002). Conclusion : In conclusion, this study verified the moderated mediation effects of time pressure and clinical decision making ability on the relationship between critical thinking disposition and medication safety competency among nurses at tertiary hospitals. The results showed that critical thinking disposition indirectly influenced medication safety competency through clinical decision-making ability, and this mediation process was significantly moderated by the level of time pressure. Specifically, the indirect effect was .53 when time pressure was low, .46 at the mean level, and .40 when time pressure was high, indicating that the positive effect of critical thinking disposition systematically decreased as time pressure increased. Along with educational efforts to enhance nurses' critical thinking disposition and clinical decision making ability, organizational interventions to manage time pressure should be implemented, including adequate nurse staffing, workload monitoring, and standardization of medication processes

아동이 지각한 어머니의 양육태도와 초등학생의 시간제약지각 및 시간관리능력의 관계

송원영 경인교육대학교 교육대학원 2009 국내석사

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of the child rearing attitude of mothers perceived by their children to their time pressure perception and time management capability in an attempt to lay the foundation for the development of school education and home education. Four research questions were posed to serve the purpose: 1. Does children's gender make any differences to the perceived parenting style of their mothers, their time pressure perception and time management capability? 2. Does the perceived parenting style of their mothers have anything to do with their perception of time pressure? 3. Does the perceived parenting style of their mothers have anything to do with their time management capability? 4. Does children's perception of time pressure have anything to do with their time management capability? The subjects in this study were 178 children who were in their sixth grade in elementary school located in Gyeonggi province. Three instruments were utilized in this study. One was Kim In-ok(2008)'s Perceived Parenting Scale that converted Oh Seong-sim & Lee Jong- seung(1982)'s Perceived Parenting Inventory into 40 items by incorporating overlapped items. That scale covered four different areas with 10 items each. Another was Hyeon Hye-jeong(2005)'s Time Pressure Perception Scale that reorganized 10 items of Seo Mi-kyung (1996)'s Time Pressure Perception Inventory to suit adolescents. The third was Oh Hyeon-jin(2006)'s Time Management Capability Scale that reconstructed Lee Yoon-hee(2001)'s Time Management Inventory for school children. The collected data were analyzed with SPSSWIN 12.0 program, and descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, t-test and multiple regression procedures were utilized. The major findings of the study were as follows: First, gender made no differences to the perceived parenting style of their mothers and their time pressure perception, but there was a significant gender gap in planness, one of the time management capability subfactors. Second, the perceived parenting style of the mothers had a significantly negative correlation to their time pressure perception. The subfactors of mother parenting style made a 16.3% prediction of their time pressure perception. Third, the perceived parenting style of the mothers had a significantly positive correlation with their time management capability. The subfactors of mother parenting style made a 23.4% prediction of their time management capability. Fourth, there was no significant correlation between the children's time pressure perception and time management capability. The above-mentioned findings suggested that the girls excelled the boys in planness, one of the time management capability subfactors, and that the perceived mother parenting style affected their time pressure perception and time management capability. The children were less pressed for time when their mothers had an affectionate, autonomous, achievement-oriented and rational parenting style, and they were better at time management as well. But their time pressure perception had no impact on time management capability, and it could be interpreted that the children's time management capability were under the greater influence of external factors such as mother parenting style than internal elements like time pressure perception. Therefore mothers should try to raise their children in an ideal manner, and local communities and educational institutions including schools should make concerted efforts to develop parenting programs to guide the child rearing attitude of mothers into the right direction. 본 연구는 아동이 지각한 어머니 양육태도와 아동의 시간제약지각 및 시간관리능력이 어떤 관련성이 있는지에 대해 규명해 보고, 학교교육 및 가정교육에 필요한 기초 자료를 제공하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해 본 연구에서 설정한 연구문제는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 아동이 지각한 어머니의 양육태도와 아동의 시간제약지각 및 시간관리 능력은 아동의 성별에 따라 차이가 있는가? 둘째, 아동이 지각한 어머니의 양육태도는 아동의 시간제약지각과 관계가 있는가? 셋째, 아동이 지각한 어머니의 양육태도는 아동의 시간관리능력과 관계가 있는가? 넷째, 아동의 시간제약지각과 시간관리능력은 관계가 있는가? 본 연구의 대상은 경기도 소재 초등학교 6학년 아동 178명이었다. 연구에 사용된 검사 도구는 오성심·이종승(1982)이 제작한 ‘자녀가 지각한 부모의 양육태도’ 검사를 김인옥(2008)이 반복되는 문항을 간추려 4개 영역에서 각각 10문항씩 40문항으로 재구성한 아동이 지각한 부모의 양육태도 척도, 서미경(1996)의 ‘시간제약지각’ 10문항을 청소년을 대상으로 재구성한 현혜정(2005)의 시간제약지각 척도, 이윤희(2001)가 초등학생의 시간관리 능력을 측정하기 위하여 사용한 ‘시간관리 검사’를 오현진(2006)이 재구성한 시간관리능력 척도이다. 수집된 자료는 SPSSWIN 12.0 통계 프로그램을 이용해 기술통계, 상관관계, t-검증, 중다회귀분석을 하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 아동이 지각한 어머니의 양육태도와 아동의 시간제약지각은 성별에 따른 차이가 나타나지 않았으나 아동의 시간관리능력은 하위요인 중 계획성에서 유의미한 차이가 나타났다. 둘째, 아동이 지각한 어머니의 양육태도와 아동의 시간제약지각은 유의미한 부적 상관관계를 나타냈다. 또한 어머니 양육태도 하위요인이 아동 시간제약지각에 미치는 설명력은 16.3%로 나타났다. 셋째, 아동이 지각한 어머니의 양육태도는 아동의 시간관리능력과 유의미한 정적 상관관계를 나타냈다. 또한 어머니 양육태도 하위요인이 아동 시간관리능력에 미치는 설명력은 23.4%로 나타났다. 넷째, 아동의 시간제약지각과 시간관리능력은 유의미한 상관관계가 나타나지 않았다. 이상의 연구 결과를 종합하면 아동의 시간관리능력 하위요인 중 계획성은 여아가 남아보다 더 뛰어나며, 아동이 지각한 어머니의 양육태도는 아동의 시간제약지각과 시간관리능력에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 즉 어머니의 양육태도가 애정, 자율, 성취, 합리적일수록 아동이 시간제약지각을 덜 느끼고, 아동의 시간관리능력이 높다는 것을 알 수 있다. 그러나 아동의 시간제약지각은 시간관리능력에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 아동의 시간관리능력에는 시간제약지각과 같은 내적 요인보다는 어머니의 양육태도와 같은 외적 요인이 더 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 따라서 자녀를 양육하는 어머니는 바람직한 양육태도를 가지기 위해 노력해야하며, 학교를 비롯한 교육관련 기관 및 지역사회에서는 어머니의 바람직한 양육태도를 기를 수 있는 부모교육 프로그램을 개발하려는 노력이 필요할 것이다.

Prediction of multiple sources of mental workload under time pressure using ACT-R

Sungjin Park 고려대학교 대학원 2024 국내박사

Mental workload is the most critical element in the design of new systems or interfaces because it heavily influences the overall performance of operators. Due to its complexity, direct measurement is challenging. Prediction models offer an alternative solution, enabling proactive adjustments to interfaces and training procedures before real-world deployment. Despite their advantages, current prediction models may not adequately address all major sources of mental workload. Also, they might fail to capture the impact of time pressure on information processing and workload. This study proposes a mathematical method for quantitatively computing multiple sources of workload and reflecting the effect of time pressure with a cognitive architecture, Adaptive Control of Thought Rationale (ACT-R). Specifically, mathematical equations were developed to quantify each subscale of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration task load index (NASA-TLX) and the time pressure effect on information processing speed. The proposed method not only successfully predicts each subscale of the NASA-TLX but also models the change of human performance and workload by time pressure. This study compared predicted values with actual performance times and subjective ratings from the NASA-TLX, gathered from participants in two experiments. The first experiment focused on task-related sources of mental workload using simple laboratory tasks, such as menu selection and visual-manual tasks. The second experiment expanded on the first by considering all sources of mental workload and incorporating the effect of time pressure using the Kanfer-Ackerman Air Traffic Control (KA-ATC) task. In practical application, the proposed method offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional operator-in-the-loop assessments during the early stages of system design. It uses computer simulation, eliminating the need for prototypes and trained operators. Additionally, the method identifies specific workload bottlenecks within the operator. This allows for targeted interface adjustments. Furthermore, the method meets key criteria for mental workload measures, demonstrating sensitivity, diagnosticity, selectivity, and reliability. 정신적 작업 부하는 작업자의 전반적인 성능에 큰 영향을 미치기 때문에 새로운 시스템이나 인터페이스 설계 시 가장 중요한 요소입니다. 하지만 정신적 작업 부하는 복합적이고 다양한 요소에 의해 영향을 받기에 직접적으로 측정하기 어렵습니다. 예측 모델은 이러한 문제에 대한 대안의 해결책이 될 수 있으며, 다양한 시나리오에 적용되어 실제 사용 환경에 투입되기 전에 시스템 및 인터페이스를 개선할 수 있는 기회를 제공합니다. 그럼에도 불구하고 현재 대부분의 예측 모델은 작업자의 정신적 작업 부하에 영향을 미치는 주요 속성들을 충분히 다루지 못하거나, 정보 처리 및 정신적 작업 부하에 큰 영향을 미치는 시간 압박의 영향을 제대로 반영하지 못합니다. 본 연구에서는 Adaptive Control of Thought Rationale (ACT-R) 인지 아키텍처를 사용하여 여러 작업 부하 원인을 정량적으로 계산하고 시간 압박의 영향을 반영하는 수학적 방법을 제안합니다. 구체적으로, National Aeronautics and Space Administration task load index (NASA-TLX)의 각 하위 척도와 정보 처리 속도에 대한 시간 압박 효과를 정량적으로 예측하기 위한 수학적 방정식을 개발했습니다. 실험을 통해 제안된 방법이 NASA-TLX의 각 하위 척도를 성공적으로 추정할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 시간 압박에 따른 작업 수행시간과 정신적 작업 부하의 변화를 예측할 수 있다는 것을 보여주었습니다. 이 방법을 검증하기 위해 두 가지 실험을 수행했습니다. 첫 번째 실험은 단순 실험실 환경의 작업을 통해 정신적 작업 부하의 작업 관련 속성에 대한 검증에 중점을 두었습니다. 두 번째 실험은 Kanfer-Ackerman 항공 교통 관제 (KA-ATC) 작업을 사용하여 정신적 작업 부하의 모든 속성과 시간 압박 효과를 포함했습니다. 실용적인 측면에서, 본 연구에서 제안된 방법은 초기 시스템 설계 단계에서 전통적인 작업자 참여 평가에 대한 비용 효율적인 대안을 제공합니다. 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 기반으로 하여 프로토타입이나 훈련된 피험자가 필요하지 않습니다. 또한, 작업자의 정신적 부하가 어디에 집중되는지를 파악할 수 있으며, 이를 통해 인터페이스 조정 및 디자인 개선을 가능하게 합니다. 더불어, 제안된 방법은 민감도, 진단성, 선택성, 신뢰성과 같은 정신적 작업 부하 측정 지표의 주요 기준을 충족합니다.

Rushed and Drained: An Experimental Study on Preference for Low-Density Store Interiors

Haerin Lee 고려대학교 대학원 2024 국내석사

This study examined the impact of time pressure on consumers’ store interior preference, focusing on the mediating role of perceived resource depletion. Three hypotheses were proposed: (H1) time pressure increases preference for low-density store interiors, (H2) time pressure increases perceived resource depletion, and (H3) perceived resource depletion mediates the effect of time pressure on preference for low-density store interiors. An experiment with 80 participants was conducted, where they were randomly assigned to high or low time pressure conditions and evaluated store interiors with varying visual density. The manipulation check confirmed that time pressure significantly increased perceived time scarcity. However, the effect of time pressure on resource depletion was not statistically significant, and no mediating effect was observed. Interestingly, participants consistently preferred low-density interiors regardless of time pressure conditions. These results suggest the need to consider the inherent aesthetic appeal of stimuli and the limitations of scenario-based manipulations when studying store interior design. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of consumer behavior by integrating time pressure, cognitive resource depletion, and visual density, and offers practical implications for store layout and marketing strategies. Future studies should employ immersive experimental settings and incorporate diverse psychological and behavioral measures to better elucidate the complex mechanisms of consumer responses under time pressure. 본 연구는 시간 압박이 소비자의 인지 및 감정에 미치는 영향을 탐구하고, 인지적 자원 고갈의 매개 역할을 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해, 첫째, 시간 압박은 저밀도 매장 인테리어에 대한 선호도를 증가시킬 것이다(H1), 둘째, 시간 압박은 지각된 자원 고갈을 증가시킬 것이다(H2), 셋째, 지각된 자원 고갈은 시간 압박이 저밀도 매장 인테리어 선호도에 미치는 영향을 매개할 것이다(H3)이라는 가설을 설정하였다. 80명의 참가자를 대상으로 한 실험에서, 참가자들은 시간 압박 수준(높음 vs. 낮음)과 시각적 밀도가 다른 매장 인테리어를 평가하였다. 조작 점검 결과, 시간 압박 조건은 주관적 시간 부족감을 유의하게 증가시켰다. 그러나 시간 압박이 인지적 자원고갈을 증가시키는 효과는 유의하지 않았으며, 자원 고갈의 매개 효과 또한 확인되지 않았다. 흥미롭게도, 참가자들은 조건과 무관하게 저밀도 인테리어를 일관되게 선호하는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 실험 설계 측면에서 시나리오 기반 시간 압박 조작의 한계와 자극물의 내재적 매력도를 고려할 필요성을 시사한다. 본 연구는 시간 압박과 자원 고갈, 그리고 매장 인테리어의 시각적 밀도가 소비자 행동에 미치는 영향을 통합적으로 검증한 점에서 의의가 있으며, 매장 설계 및 마케팅 전략에 실질적 시사점을 제공한다. 향후 연구에서는 실제 쇼핑 환경과 유사한 몰입형 조건을 도입하고, 다양한 심리적 및 행동적 변수를 측정하여 소비자 행동의 복합적 메커니즘을 보다 명확히 이해할 필요가 있다.

시간압력이 패키지 형태 선택에 미치는 영향

박은주 韓國外國語大學校. 經營大學院 2016 국내석사

The Effects of Time Pressure on the Choice of Package Shape This study aimed at exploring the type of packaged products consumers would choose and buy depending on the existence of and difference in time pressure. It also investigated how the selective response of consumers, driven by their preference, would actually materialize. Therefore, experiments were conducted to test whether a different time pressure (high vs. low) would lead consumers to purchase a product in different packaging (simple vs. complex), that is, to see how consumers react to a different product packaging (simple vs. complex) under a different time pressure (high vs. low). To that end, the following hypotheses were formulated before the experiments. First, consumers would prefer a product in a simple-shaped packaging to a product in a complex-shaped packaging under high time pressure (Hypothesis 1). Second, when time pressure is low, consumers would prefer a product in a complex-shaped packaging over a simple-shaped packaging (Hypothesis 2). For the verification of these hypotheses, the products used for the experiments were divided into two groups: those in simple and stable packaging with regular and consistent lines and those in complex packaging with irregular, non-uniform, and curved lines. More specifically, when presenting each product (bottled water and isotonic drink), Experiment 1 provided three packaging options (simple vs. average vs. complex packaging), whereas Experiment 2 provided two options (simple vs. complex packaging). The study analyzed how the subjects responded to a product in different packaging and which product they liked better. It found that (1) a larger proportion of people in the high time pressure (immediate consumption) group selected the option in simple packaging and (2) more people in the low time pressure (consumption scheduled in a month) group chose a product in complex packaging than those who did not. Taken together, these findings supported the two proposed hypotheses. Finally, the paper also discussed the academic and practical implications, limitations of the study, and a direction for future research.

Why negotiators easily concede in time pressure condition? The role of egocentric prediction and epistemic motivation

김유진 Korea University 2017 국내석사

Earlier studies have found negotiators concede larger under the time pressure. This study investigates the underlying mechanism of why individuals under time pressure concede. The study suggests egocentric prediction under time pressure, which is one’s self-centered judgment of situation, as mediating variable between perceived time pressure and concession. The study proposes epistemic motivation to have moderating effect between egocentric prediction and concession. The experiment positively reinforces the argument, showing moderation by epistemic motivation and moderated mediating model when epistemic motivation was high. In other words, the experiment showed negotiators under time pressure were more likely to make egocentric prediction of time pressure and concede larger. The results showed that the epistemic motivation moderated the relationship, demonstrating egocentric prediction of time pressure have negative impact on concession when one’s epistemic motivation was low. The study discusses its theoretical and managerial implications.

수술실에서 근무하는 간호사의 근무 중 시간압박감 경험 : 근거이론 연구

이민정 중앙대학교 대학원 2023 국내석사

본 연구는 수술실에서 근무하는 수술실 및 마취회복실 간호사의 근무 중 시간압박감 경험의 과정, 시간압박감 대처 및 이후 변화에 대해 구체적으로 탐색하고 기술하고자 시행되었다. 본 연구는 ‘상급종합병원 수술실에서 근무하는 수술실 및 마취회복실 간호사의 근무 중 시간압박감 경험은 어떠한가?’에 대한 연구문제에 답하고자, Strauss & Corbin(1990)이 제시한 근거이론 방법을 적용한 질적 연구이다. 본 연구의 참여자들은 총 20명의 상급종합병원 수술실에서 근무하는 간호사로 일대일 심층면담을 통해 자료를 수집하였으며, 근거이론 절차에 따라 자료수집과 분석을 동시에 진행하였다. 개방코딩, 축 코딩의 분석과정을 통하여 총 19개의 하위범주 및 6개의 상위범주가 도출되었다. 본 연구 결과 패러다임 모형이 도출되었다. 패러다임 모형에서 인과적 조건은 ‘시간압박감을 유발하는 요인’, 맥락적 조건 및 중재적 조건은 ‘상황에 따라 가중되는 시간압박감’, 중심현상으로는 ‘시간압박감을 지속적으로 느끼는 나’, 작용‧상호작용 전략으로는 ‘시간압박감을 감소시키기 위한 업무적 대응’, ‘시간압박감을 감소시키기 위한 일상에서의 노력’, 결과로는 ‘시간압박감이 느껴지는 환경에서 계속해서 일을 하는 나’로 나타났다. 참여자들의 대처 유형은 ‘지식함양형’, ‘방식구축형’, ‘도움요청형’, ‘현실수용형’으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 시간압박감을 완화하기 위하여 체계적인 간호 교육이 필요하며, 경직된 조직문화를 지양하고 협력하는 조직문화의 형성을 위한 조직적 차원의 노력이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구는 향후 수술실에서 근무하는 간호사의 시간압박감 중재에 필요한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. The purpose of this study was to explore and understand the experiences of time pressure among nurses working in the operating room. The study design is a qualitative research design based on the grounded theory approach proposed by Strauss & Corbin (1990). A total of 20 nurses working in a tertiary hospital's operating room participated in one-on-one in-depth interviews for data collection. Data collection and analysis were conducted simultaneously following the procedures of grounded theory, including open coding, axial coding. Through the analysis process, a total of 19 subcategories and 6 categories were derived. The study's findings resulted in the emergence of a paradigm model. In the paradigm model, causal conditions were identified as ‘the underlying factors that induce time pressure’, contextual and intervening conditions as ‘the situational factors that exacerbate time pressure’, and the central phenomenon as ‘Myself who feels consistent time pressure’. The action and interaction strategies were "work-related strategies for diminishing time pressure" and "The daily endeavors to alleviate time pressure." The results were "continuing to work in an environment where time pressure is felt". The participants were classified into four types, including ‘Knowledge acquisition type’, ‘Strategy development type’, ‘Assistance request type’, and ‘Realistic acceptance type’. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that systematic nursing education be implemented to alleviate time pressure. In addition, the organization should be made efforts to avoid rigid organizational culture and promote a culture of collaboration. Therefore, this study can provide basic data for nursing interventions targeting time pressure among nurses working in the operating room.

Adaptation in Information Search and Decision-Making under Time Pressure

Crescenzi, Anita Marie Caywood ProQuest Dissertations & Theses The University of 2019 해외박사(DDOD)

The purpose of this dissertation research was to understand how people adapt their information search and decision-making processes and outcomes under time pressure. The goal of the first study was to create and evaluate decision-making tasks; the results were also used to empirically set the task time limit for the main study. The primary goal of the second study was to investigate the impact of time constraints and time pressure on behavioral, cognitive and affective aspects of the search and decision-making processes and outcomes. A mixed methods research design was used in both studies. Quantitative data analysis methods were used to analyze logged search interactions, eye-tracking data, and questionnaires to gain insights into participants' perceptions of the tasks, their search and decision processes, and their decisions. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze participant's recommendation decisions for their specificity and accuracy. In Study 2, seven hypotheses were tested to evaluate the impact of time constraints on processes, outcomes, and time perceptions.Participants without a time limit spent almost exactly 5 minutes on the task and participants with a 5-minute time limit spent under 3 minutes although this difference was not significant. There were no significant differences in search behaviors between time conditions. Time-constrained participants who made a recommendation quickly were less likely to recommend a specific option, but there were no overall differences in recommendation specificity. Time-constrained participants felt higher time pressure, greater time inadequacy, and greater time monitoring with moderate levels of search activity. They perceived a faster task pace, although there were no differences in the average time spent on pages. Time-constrained participants did not find it more difficult to search or make a decision, but they did find it less difficult to decide whether to search. They also did not find it more difficult to decide when to stop and make their decision, and they did not think that they had less adequate information.

Nonisopbaric Step에서의 흐름속도가 O2 PSA 공정 성능에 미치는 영향

박해준 연세대학교 대학원 2001 국내석사

Test runs were conducted at the two beds PSA unit packed with zeolite 5A to design PSA process that produce oxygen to be supplied to aerator. The purposes of these test runs were to identify optimum operating condition and to find efficient operating ways for the case target purity was changed. The optimum operating conditions were identified through investigating the effects of adsorption step time and the velocities of gas at nonisobaric steps. One cycle consists of 6 steps. The time for adsorption step was increased from 20 seconds to 50 seconds with 10 seconds of step increase. The step times for other steps were fixed with 30 seconds. The longer adsorption step time was, the lower purity at steady state was. Especially, the purity rapidly lowered as the time came close to the point of breakthrough time. However, the recovery rate and productivity increased. It was confirmed that the optimal adsorption step time existed with function of target purity, recovery rate and productivity, from the above facts.The flow rate was adjusted to investigate its effects on the performance of the PSA process, at each step of pressurization, pressure equalization, blowdown. The effects of flow rate on the purities of products were investigated by increasing pressurization time from 20 seconds to 30 seconds with 5 seconds of step increase. The purities decreased as flow rate increased. This is because the slower flow makes MTZ steep and the steep MTZ leads the effective separation. This fact could be confirmed through the simulation result of concentration profile in the bed. And it was confirmed that there was no change in purity for the case there was 10 seconds of idle time. Like this, idle time causes the loss of productivity due to the long cycle time, without increasing the purity. Thus, the pressurizations of beds should be done over whole pressurization step time without idle time when we design PSA process. Like pressurization step, it was confirmed fast flow rate hi 폭기조에 공급하기 위한 산소를 생산하는 PSA 공정을 설계하기 위하여 zeolite 5A로 충전된 두 탑으로 이루어진 PSA process test run을 수행하였다. 본 실험을 통하여 흡착단계시간을 최적화하고 nonisobaric step에서의 흐름의 영향을 파악하여 최적의 운전 조건을 선정하고자 하였으며, 목적 순도의 변화에 대응하는 효율적인 운전 방법을 찾아보고자 하였다. 주어진 조건에 대하여 흡착단계시간을 최적화한 후에 가압, 압력 평등화 및 감압 단계에서의 흐름이 공정의 성능에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 각 단계에서의 흐름의 속도를 조절하였다. 먼저 가압 단계에서, 운전 압력까지의 가압이 이루어지는 시간을 20초에서 30초로 5초씩 증가시켜가며 흐름의 속도가 산소의 순도에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 가압에서의 흐름이 느릴수록 순도가 향상되었으며, 이것은 빠른 흐름이 탑 내의 MTZ를 늘어지도록 하기 때문으로 사료된다. 이러한 사실은 전산모사을 통한 탑 내 농도파전면의 형태를 통해서도 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 가압 완료 후 흡착단계로 넘어가기 전 10초의 idle time을 놓은 경우에도 순도에는 변화가 없는 것을 실험을 통해서 확인 할 수 있었다. 이와 같이 idle time은 순도에는 영향을 미치지 못하면서 cycle time을 길어지게 하여 생산성의 감소를 유발한다. 그러므로 공정 설계 시 idle time 없이 주어진 가압 시간 전체에 걸쳐 가압이 이루어지도록 해야 한다. PE 단계에서도 가압 단계와 마찬가지로 빠른 흐름은 MTZ를 늘어지게 하여 효과적인 분리를 저해하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 탈착이 일어나는 감압 단계에서의 흐름의 속도는 공정의 성능에 거의 영향을 주지 않았다. 역시 numerical simulation을 통

적립금 소멸안내 메시지가 고객의 적립금 사용의지에 미치는 영향

박현지 충북대학교 2018 국내석사

This study aims to investigate better forms of mileage expiration message which could maximize customer’s mileage usage intention. Under this purpose, two independent variables(message framing and time pressure) and two moderating variables(size of mileage and regulatory focus) are used. The employed experimental design is 2x2x2. A survey methodology is conducted to test the hypotheses and there are eight types of survey questionnaire. Each respondent receives one of them. The results are as follows. First, mileage expiration message with negative framing increased customer’s mileage usage intention more than mileage expiration message with positive framing. Second, mileage expiration message with higher time pressure increased customer’s mileage usage intention more than mileage expiration message with lower time pressure. Third, the result showed two-way interaction effects on mileage usage intention between time pressure and size of mileage. The bigger size of mileage increased customer’s mileage usage intention and it increased even more with higher time pressure. Fourth, the result showed two-way interaction effects on mileage usage intention between time pressure and regulatory focus. Customer with prevention focus showed a high level of mileage usage intention than customer with promotion focus when they are exposed to mileage expiration message. It increased even more with higher time pressure. Fifth, interaction effects on mileage usage intention between message framing and size of mileage was not significant. The case of message framing and regulatory focus showed the same result. Referring to the results above, it is possible to use mileage expiration message as an effective marketing tool.