EMBEDDINGS OF THE T_k-TOPOLOGICAL SPACES

Sang-Eon Han,Junhui Kim Korean Mathematical Society 2026 대한수학회보 Vol.63 No.1

Let (ℤ, T_k) be a topological space on the set of integers, where the topology T_k is generated by the set S_k as a subbase, where k ∈ ℤ and S_k := {S_k,t | S_k,t := {2t, 2t + 1, 2t + 2k + 1}, t ∈ ℤ}. Then we call (ℤ, T_k) a T_k-topological space. For the set of positive integers k₁, k₂ ∈ ℕ, the paper initially proves that (ℤ, T_k₁) is topologically embedded into (ℤ, T_k₂) if and only if k₁ ≤ k₂, i.e., ∃ an embedding h_(k₁,k₂) : (ℤ, T_k₁) → (ℤ, T_k₂) ⇔ k₁ ≤ k₂. Furthermore, in the case of k₁ ≤ k₂, the subspace (ℤ \ Im(h_(k₁,k₂)), (T_k₂)_{ℤ\Im(h_(k₁,k₂))}) induced from (ℤ, T_k₂) has (k₂ - k₁) components. Besides, each of the components is homeomorphic with the Khalimsky (K-, for brevity) topological line. Finally, we obtain some embeddings of (ℤⁿ, κⁿ) into (ℤⁿ, (T_k)ⁿ), the n-fold product topological space of a T_k-topological space, k ∈ ℕ, where (ℤⁿ, κⁿ) is the n-dimensional K-topological space. Since a T_k-topological space is an Alexandroff space, an embedding problem of a T_k-topological space plays an important role in pure and applied topology.

t/k-시스템을 이용한 하이퍼큐브 네트워크의 결함 진단

김장환,이충세 한국융합보안학회 2006 융합보안 논문지 Vol.6 No.2

시스템-레벨 진단 알고리즘은 결함의 개수가 t개를 초과하지 않는다는 t-진단가능 시스템의 특성을 이용한다. 기존의 진단 알고리즘으로 대형 멀티프로세서 시스템에서의 보다 많은 수의 결함을 처리하기에는 한계가 있다. Somani와 진단의 정확 여부를 판단할 수 없는 충분히 작은 개수의 노드가 존재한다는 것을 허용으로써 결함의 갯수가 t개를 초과할 경우에도 시스템을 진단하는 t/k-diagnosable 시스템을 제안하였다. 본 논문에서는 t/k-diagnosable 시스템을 이용한 하이퍼큐브 진단 알고리즘을 제안한다. 결함의 개수가 t개를 초과하는 경우에 대하여, k개의 부정확한 진단을 허용한다. 성능 실험 결과 제안 알고리즘은 HADA알고리즘보다 우수함을 보여 주었다. 또한 제안 알고리즘은 HYP-DIAG알고리즘과의 성능 비교에서도 비슷한 결과를 보여 준다 System level diagnosis algorithms use the properties of t-diagnosable system where the maximum number of the faults does not exceed t. The existing diagnosis have limit when dealing with large fault sets in large multiprocessor systems. Somani and Peleg proposed t/k-diagnosable system to diagnose more faults than t (dimension) by allowing upper bounded few number of units to be diagnosed incorrectly. In this paper, we propose hypercube diagnosis algorithm using t/k-diagnosable system. When the number of faults exceeds t, we allow k faults to be diagnosed incorrectly. Simulation shows that the performance of the proposed algorithm is better than Feng’s HADA algorithm. The proposed algorithm also gives similar performance compared to HYP-DIAG algorithm.

HLA-restricted and Antigen-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses by K562 Cells Expressing HLA-A*0201

Yun, Sun-Ok,Sohn, Hyun-Jung,Yoon, Sung-Hee,Choi, Hee-Baeg,Kim, Tai-Gyu The Korean Association of Immunobiologists 2006 Immune Network Vol.6 No.4

Background: Identification of antigen-specific T cells has yielded valuable information on pathologic process and the disease state. Assays for quantification of inflammatory cytokines or lytic-granule molecules have been generally used to evaluate antigen specific T cell response, however their applicability have been hampered due to the limited source of autologous antigen-presenting target cells (APC). Methods: K562, a leukemic cell line deficient of human leukocyte antigen (HLA), was transfected with a gene encoding HLA-A*02 (K562/ A*02) and its function as stimulator cells in inducing activation of HLA-matched T cells was evaluated by IFN-${\gamma}$ enzyme linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. Results: The stable transfectant K562/ A*02 pulsed with HLA- A*02 restricted peptide could specifically induce IFN-${\gamma}$ secretion by CD8+ T cells compared to no detectable secretion by CD4+ T cells. However, CD56+ NK cells secreted IFN-${\gamma}$ in both K562/ A*02 with peptide and without peptide. The number of IFN-${\gamma}$ secreted CD8+ T cells was increased according to the ratio of T cells to K562 and peptide concentration. Formalin-fixed K562/ A*02 showed similar antigen presenting function to live K562/ A*02. Moreover, K562/ A*02 could present antigenicpeptide to not only A*0201 restricted CD8+ T cells but also CD8+ T cells from A*0206 donor. Conclusion: These results suggest that K562/ A*02 could be generally used as target having specificity and negligible background for measuring CD8+ T cell responses and selective use of K562 with responsder matched HLA molecules on its surface as APC may circumvent the limitation of providing HLA-matched autologous target cells.

t/k-진단 시스템을 사용한 하이퍼큐브 네트워크의 결함 진단

김장환(Jang-Hwan Kim),이충세(Chung-Sei Rhee) 한국통신학회 2006 한국통신학회논문지 Vol.31 No.11C

시스템-레벨 진단 알고리즘은 결함의 개수가 t개를 초과하지 않는다는 t-진단가능 시스템의 특성을 이용한다. 기존의 진단 알고리즘으로 대형 멀티프로세서 시스템에서의 보다 많은 수의 결함을 처리하기에는 한계가 있다. Somani와 Peleg은 진단의 정확 여부를 판단할 수 없는 충분히 작은 개수의 노드가 존재한다는 것을 허용으로써 결함의 갯수가 t개를 초과할 경우에도 시스템을 진단하는 t/k-diagnosable 시스템을 제안하였다. 본 논문에서는 t/k-diagnosable 시스템을 이용한 적응적 방법에 의한 하이퍼큐브 진단 알고리즘을 제안한다. 결함의 개수가 t개를 초과하는 경우에 대하여, k개의 부정확한 진단을 허용한다. 성능 실험 결과 제안 알고리즘은 HADA알고리즘보다 우수함을 보여 주었다. 제안한 알고리즘은 RGC-Ring들의 신드롬을 분석하여 기존의 HADA/IHADA의 기법보다 테스트 라운드를 줄이는 보다 개선된 방법을 제안하였다. 또한 제안 알고리즘은 HYP-DIAG알고리즘과의 성능 비교에서도 유사한 결과를 보여 준다. System level diagnosis algorithms use the properties of t-diagnosable system where the maximum number of the faults does not exceed t. The existing diagnosis algorithms have limit when dealing with large fault sets in large multiprocessor systems. Somani and Peleg proposed t/k-diagnosable system to diagnose more faults than t by allowing upper bounded few number of units to be diagnosed incorrectly. In this paper, we propose adaptive hypercube diagnosis algorithm using t/k-diagnosable system. When the number of faults exceeds t, we allow k faults to be diagnosed incorrectly. Simulation shows that the performance of the proposed algorithm is better than Feng's HADA algorithm. We propose new algorithm to reduce test rounds by analyzing the syndrome of RGC-ring obtained in the first step of HADA/IHADA method. The proposed algorithm also gives similar performance compared to HYP-DIAG algorithm.

‘T ․ K생’의 그늘: 「한국으로부터의 통신」과 트랜스내셔널 공론장

허병식 동악어문학회 2022 동악어문학 Vol.88 No.-

본고에서는「한국으로부터의 통신」(韓国からの通信)은 1973년부터 1988년 3월호까지 T ․ K생이라는 익명으로 발표되었다. 연재가 다 끝날 때까지 T.K생이 누구인지는 밝혀지지 않았다. 2003년 지명관은 스스로가 T ․ K생임을 기자회견을 통해 밝혔다. 이는 엄혹했던 시대와 정권의 시선으로부터 익명으로 남을 수밖에 없었던 저자의 이름이 귀환하는 의미 깊은 장면이라고 할 수 있다. 그러나 이 억압된 이름이 귀환하는 장면이란 사실은 그 이름 속에 숨어 있는 수많은 한국의 민중들과 지식인들의 목소리를 지명관 자신의 이름으로 회수해 버리는 것이기도 하다. 「통신」은 한일연대라는 트랜스내셔널한 정보교환의 산물일 뿐 아니라, 그 연대로부터 발신하는 정치적 상상력을 보여준 중요한 성과로 기억되어야 한다. 『한국으로부터의 통신』(창비, 2008)이 「통신」의 내용을 정리하고 재진술하면서 드러내고자 하는 정념들 속에는 많은 정념들이 뒤섞여 있고 그것을 자유간접화법의 발화 속에 담고 있다. 「통신」 속에서 발화되었던 이질적인 말들을 『동아일보』와 『아사히신문』이라는 당대 신문의 발화 속에 배치함으로써 지명관 자신의 특정한 욕망을 투사하고 관철하려 한다. 이를 통해 독자들은 한 시대를 회고하고 그 의미를 정리하려 하는 저자의 특정한 이데올로기와 정념들을 확인하고 이해할 수 있다. 그것은 또한 T.K생이라는 이름이 지니고 있던 고유한 의미와 「통신」이 담아내려 했던 시대적 의미를 제한하고 속박하는 기능을 하고 있기도 하다. 지명관은 스스로가 T.K생임을 기자회견을 통해 밝힘으로써 엄혹했던 시대와 정권의 시선으로부터 익명으로 남을 수밖에 없었던 저자의 이름을 회수했다. 그것은 T.K생이라는 고유명을 개인의 이름으로 대체하는 순간이다. 그러나 분명한 것은 '고유명은 개인을 지칭하지 않는다.'는 것이다. 그러므로 'T.K생'이라는 이름은 앞으로도 오래도록 지명관이 아니라 T.K생으로 기억되어야 할 것이다.

상해와 폭행의 죄의 구조와 문제점 : 독일 형법 신체침해죄와의 비교를 중심으로

이정원(Lee, Jeong-Weon) 성균관대학교 비교법연구소 2009 성균관법학 Vol.21 No.1

Das koreanisches Strafrecht unterscheidet zwischen Körperverletzung und Tätlichkeit sehr streng. Dagegen kennt nicht das deutschen Strafrecht die Unterscheidung zwischen Körperverletzung und Tätlichkeit. Es hat sie insgesammt als eine Körperverletzung geregelt. Aber gibt es keine Möglichkeiten und Notwendigkeiten zur Unterscheidung zwischen Körperverletzung und Tätlichkeit. Wenn man die Körperverletzung und Tätlichkeit sich einander unterscheiden will, dann sollte Tätlichkeitsvorsatz eine Absicht, die eine physiologische Funktion nicht zu schädigen, gemeint sein. Aber die durch eine solche Absicht erfolgende Handlung könnte nicht unter Strafe stellen. Es ist unmöglich und unnötig, eine Differenz des Unrechtsgehaltes zwischen Körperverletzung und Tätlichkeitanzunehmen. Daher sollten die Körperverletzung und Tätlichkeit insgesammt als eine Körperverletzung geregelt werden. Nun mehr im manchmal durch aufsäsisge Konflikt beruhenden Körperverletzung braucht es eine Besorgung zur Versönungsweg zwischen Verletzte und Verlezende. Daher sollte die Körverletzung als ein Antragsdelikt geregelt werden.

QUALKO 및 QUAL2K를 이용한 길안천 수계 수질모의

김응석,박무종,강두기,최현일,Kim. Eung-Seok,Park. Moo-Jong,Kang. Doo-Kee,Choi. Hyun-Il 한국방재학회 2011 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.11 No.6

본 연구는 조류의 생성 및 사멸에 따른 유기물 변화를 고려 할 수 있는 QUALKO모형과 QUAL2K모형을 낙동강수계에 적용하였다. 또한, 2개 모형의 특징을 파악하기 위해 BOD, T-N, T-P의 3개 수질항목을 적용하여 분석하였다. 2개 모형의 실측값과 모의값과의 오차의 범위는 BOD의 경우 25.99%-26.57%, T-N은 2.34%-3.29%, T-P는 3.57%-7.14%의 결과가 산정되었다. BOD의 경우 Detritus의 융해와 가수분해를 고려하여 모의하기 때문에 오차율이 크게 나타났다. T-N의 경우, QUALKO모형이 QUALK2K모형 보다 정확한 결과를 나타내었다. T-P의 경우, 하천변 점오염원으로부터 유기인과 용존성인의 증가로 인해 상류에서 하류로 갈수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 전반적인 결과에서, QUALKO 모형과 QUAL2K모형은 모두 비슷한 결과를 보였으며 2개 모형의 오차는 큰 차이가 없었다. 모형의 예측도를 향상시키기 위해서는 매개변수의 검정이 필요한 것으로 판단되었다. This study has implemented QUALKO and QUAL2K models for the Nakdong River watershed, which can simulate the change in organic matters due to growth and death of algae. Also the two models simulated three water quality factors such as BOD, T-N, and T-P to understand characteristics of the both models. The model errors, differences between observed and simulated values, result in ranges of 25.99%-26.57% for BOD, 2.34%-3.29% for T-N, and 3.57%-7.14% for T-P, respectively. The model error for BOD is relatively larger because it is simulated by the meling and hydrolysis of Detritus. The simulated result of T-N was more accurate in QUALKO than QUALK2K. The trend of T-P increases from upstream to downstream due to increases of organic P and dissolved P from point sources along the river. In general, the results from QUALKO and QUAL2K models were similar and the model errors from the both models produce no significant differences. The calibration of parameters in models is required to improve model predictability.

TRIIODTHYRONINE (T₃) ENHANCES THE STIMULATORY EFFECT OF 1, 25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D₃ ON CALBINDIN-D_28k mRNA EXPRESSION IN THE KIDNEY AND INTESTINE BUT NOT IN CEREBELLUM OF THE CHICK

Sechman, A.,Shimada, K.,Saito, N.,Ieda, T.,Ono, T. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1996 Animal Bioscience Vol.9 No.1

The present study was conducted to investigate the role of thyroid hormones in the regulation of gene expression of calbindin-$D_{28k}$ (CaBP-D28K) in the chicken. By employing slot blot and RIA analyses, levels of CABP-D28K mRNA and CaBP-D28K protein in the intestine, kidney, cerebellum and liver were measured 6 and 12 h after i.m. injection of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$ [1, 25 $(OH)_2D_3$; 250 ng/chick] and 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyronine ($T_3$; 500 ng/chick) in one-day-old chicks. The abundant messages of CaBP-D28K mRNA were detected in the intestine, kidney and cerebellum while there was little message in the liver. After 1, 25 $(OH)_2D_3$ treatment (6 + 12 hours), levels of CaBP-D28K mRNA increased in the intestine, but there was no change in the mRNA levels in the kidney and cerebellum. Although $T_3$ alone had no effect on CaBP-D28K mRNA levels, simultaneous administration of $T_3$ enhanced the 1, 25 $(OH)_2D_3$ effect of levels of CaBP-D28K mRNA in the intestine both 6 and 12 h post-treatment, and in the kidney 12 h post-treatment. At a protein level, co-treatment with 1, 25 $(OH)_2D_3$ and $T_3$ elicited a significant increase in CaBP-D28K expression in the intestine 12 h post-treatment, as compared to treatment with only 1, 25 $(OH)_2D_3$, whereas no differences were observed in the CaBP-D28K protein levels in the kidney and cerebellum. These results suggest that thyroid hormones may play a synergistic role with 1, 25 $(OH)_2D_3$ for CaBP-D28K gene expression in the intestine and kidney in chicks.

호모 모빌리스와 트랜싯 포에지

제여매 한국독어독문학교육학회 2013 독어교육 Vol.58 No.-

Nach Jaques Attali war Nomadismus ein wichtiger Treibfaktor für dieMenschheitsgeschichte. Dies betrifft jedoch nicht nur die Vergangenheit. Nomadismus entscheidet sowohl in der Gegenwart als auch in derZukunft weiter das menschliche Leben, so Jaques Attali. Wir, dieErdbewohner des 21. Jahrhunderts leben tatsächlich in einerMobilitätsgesellschaft und erleben tagtäglich die Mobilität. Durch dieModernisierung, eine Industrialisierung, die Technisierung sowie dieTrennung von Wohn-, Bildungs- und Freizeitsorte hat die Mobilität desMenschen explosionsartig zugenommen. Dazu findet derzeit ein weitererParadigmenwechsel im Bereich der Mobilität statt: eine informationelleMobilität von Internet, E-Mail und Handy. Diese Mobilität ermöglicht die Grenzüberschreitungen, sie macht also diesoziale Integration möglich. Mobilität gilt mittlerweile im modernenPersonalleben als unabdingbare Voraussetzung für soziale Teilhabe. Wermobil ist, steht im Kontakt mit seiner Umwelt. Mobilität ist mit ‘geistigbeweglich’, ‘kreativ’. ‘jugendlich-kraftvoll’ konnotiert. Es gibt aber auch einanderes Phänomen der Gegenwart, das die Mobilität hervorruft: dieIndividualisierung. Diese hat drastische Veränderungen derzwischenmenschlichen Interaktion zur Folge. Mobilität ist das Signum und Leitbild der jetzigen Zeit. Als homomobilis wird der Mensch bezeichnet, dessen Alltag von räumlichen wievirtuellen Pendler-Prozessen bestimmt wird und der sich nicht mehrnachhaltig verortet. Mit dem Thema Mobilität setzt sich eine Vielzahl von Autoren der deutschsprachigen Gegenwartsliteratur auseinander. Zunennen wäre in diesem Zusammenhang Durs Grünbein, der das Leben imTransit zur Grundbedingung für die Kunst nach der Wende gemacht hat. In seinem Essay Transit Berlin bezeichnet er den neuen Künstler-Typusfür das heutige “Zeitalter absoluter Beschleunigung und Medialisierung”als “Transit-Künstler”. Der Künstler ist, angesichts der einschneidendengesellschaftlichen Änderungen, die die Wende 1989 mit sich gebracht hat,ein “Streuende(r)”, ein “Transit-Künstler”. Dieser reagiert instinktiv aufseine Umwelt und kann nur in den “Zwischenzonen”, im “Niemandsland”,d. h. im Transitraum heimisch sein. “Der neue Künstler hat keinProgramm mehr, sondern nur noch Nerven”, sagt Grünbein. Bei deraktuellen Lyrikforschung ist der Begriff “Transit-Künstler” zurCharakterisierung der gegenwärtigen Lyrik gebräuchlich geworden. Bei dem Transit-Künstler zeichnet sich deutlich eine Verabschiedungvon den alten Dichtungskonzepten ab, die sich auf die zweckgerichteteWirklichkeit beziehen. Darin spielt das alte idealistische Subjekt, derIch-König keine Rolle mehr. Transit-Künstler lebt in Unsicherheiten, inUnerklärlichkeiten, in Unverständlchkeiten. Unter dieser existenziellenBedingung partizipiert der Transit-Künstler an der unabschließbarenBewegung des Unterwegsseins. Bei diesem Aufsatz geht es darum, am Beispiel von vier Dichtern dasTransitorische herauszufinden und dessen Gemeinsamkeiten undUnterschiedlichkeiten miteinander zu vergleichen. Betrachtet werden sollen:Durs Grünbein, Brigitte Oleschinski, Barbara Köhler und AlbertOstermaier. Auf verschiedene Weise machen diese Dichter Mobilität undTransitorisches zum literarischen Thema.

厚齋 金榦 「太極圖說箚記」의 저술 배경과 특징

이라나 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원 2025 대동문화연구 Vol.130 No.-

Kim Kan (金榦, 1646-1732), known by his pen name Hujjae (厚齋), was a leading scholar of the late Chosŏn period who made significant contributions to Confucian classics, Neo-Confucianism, and ritual studies. A disciple of Pak Se-ch’ae (朴世采), he occupied a central position in the Namgye (南溪) intellectual lineage and engaged in scholarly exchange with Song Si-yŏl (宋時烈). His writings, compiled in his collected works, reflect both his academic accomplishments and his intellectual dialogue with contemporaries. Among these writings, a series of commentaries (ch’ajŏk, 箚記), beginning with Notes on the Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate (T’aegŭk tosŏl ch’agi, 太極圖說箚記), are especially noteworthy. These texts represent the culmination of a decade of rigorous study following his withdrawal from civil service exam preparation, and are closely aligned with contemporary interpretive approaches to the works of Chu Hŭi (朱熹). A discrepancy between Kim Kan’s personal records and other chronological sources regarding when he first read the T’aegŭk tosŏl raises questions about whether he encountered Namgye or Uam (尤庵) first. Since this issue relates to identifying the scholar who most influenced his intellectual transformation, it prompts speculation about whether later partisans of the Noron and Soron factions shaped these narratives to their own advantage. Nonetheless, this ambiguity underscores that Kim’s serious scholarly engagement began with the T’aegŭk tosŏl. His encounter with the text led directly to the composition of T’aegŭk tosŏl ch’agi, the earliest of his commentaries. Its structure and method not only set the precedent for his subsequent writings but also marked a foundational point in his engagement with Confucian and Neo-Confucian thought. Kim’s reading and systematization of the T’aegŭk tosŏl also resonate with the metaphysical inquiries of younger scholars in the 17 century. Divergent views on the T’aegŭk contributed both to the deepening study of Chu Hŭi’s writings and to the formation of distinct Neo-Confucian factions. In this context, although Pak Se-ch’ae’s emphasis on the Sohak as a practical method for cultivating kyŏgyŏng (居敬) appears to differ from Kim Kan’s academic trajectory and its starting point, Kim Kan, building on his reading of the T’aegŭk tosŏl, developed a methodology for reading the Four Books, including the Sohak. Through this, he proceeded toward a comprehensive review of Chu Hŭi’s texts and the organization of Chosŏn scholars' perspectives. Kim Kan’s understanding of the T’aegŭk tosŏl can thus be considered the beginning of his Confucian scholarship.