Sustainability in the Nigerian Seaports : Stakeholders Perspective

Uzokwe Reginald Chiemezie 부산대학교 대학원 2022 국내석사

The global society is surrounded with social, economic and environmental challenges. This situation is a threat to human existence. As a result, organizations and businesses including ports are forced to look beyond their economic benefits. Issues, such as global warming, climate change, and security compel ports around the world to incorporate sustainability in order to maintaining social, economic, and environmental balance for the future. Nevertheless, most research on ports in West Africa, including Nigeria, has concentrated mainly on the economic dimension of port development. The investigations that extend beyond this scope have not been comprehensive to incorporate the three pillars of sustainability. This study extends port sustainability literature and examines the state of Nigerian ports in terms of social, economic, environmental and operational sustainability. It also investigates the major sustainability drivers and barriers in the seaports. The study utilizes a five point likert scale to survey the opinion port stakeholders in Nigeria. The data collected was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Data 26 Version). The result was stated in the form of averages under the four major sustainability pillars employed. It implies that all the measurement criteria are implemented but the degree of implementation varies. The study findings depict the stakeholders’ extent of agreement on sustainability measures. It will offer port managers and other stakeholders an understanding of the sustainability condition of Nigerian maritime ports and also serve as a reference for further studies.

Disasters as Opportunities for Change Towards Sustainability

Brundiers, Katja ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Arizona State Univ 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

Scholars have highlighted the role of disturbance and crisis, including disasters, in enabling systemic change towards sustainability. However, there are relatively few empirical studies on how individuals and organizations are able to utilize disasters as opportunities for change towards sustainability. This dissertation addresses three questions applied to two case studies: First, what changes were pursued in the aftermath of disasters, and to what extent did these changes contribute to sustainability? Second, how were people (and their organizations) able to pursue change towards sustainability? Third, what can be learned about seeing and seizing opportunities for change towards sustainability in disaster contexts and about sustaining those introduced changes over time?. The research entailed the creation of a theoretical framework, synthesizing literature from disaster studies and sustainability transition studies, to enable cross-case comparison and the appraisal of sustainability outcomes (Chapter 1). The framework was applied to two empirical case studies of post-disaster recovery: the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia (Chapter 2), and the 2010-2012 series of earthquakes in the greater Christchurch area, New Zealand (Chapter 3). The research revealed no systemic change towards sustainability in either case, although change towards sustainability was pursued in various areas, such as housing, educating, caring, and engaging in governance. Opportunities for sustainability emerged at different points following the disaster; change processes are ongoing. The sustainability changes were supported by "Sustainability Change Agents" (SCAs): people who were able to see and seize opportunities for change towards sustainability in the midst of disaster. SCAs were characterized as individuals with various attributes, starting with an ability to perceive opportunities, catalyze others to support this risk-taking endeavor, and stay in the endurance race. The study concludes with some recommendations for interventions to inform pre-disaster sustainability planning. These avenues include a toolbox and a curricular approach that would educate and enable students as future professionals to see and seize opportunities for change towards sustainability in disaster contexts (Chapter 4).

Strategic Sustainability: Leading Corporate Change for Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Reductions through Reputation, Dynamic Capabilities and Interorganizational Relationships

Heyn, Michelle M ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Minn 2021 해외박사(DDOD)

A primary concern of business scholars is to understand and discuss how companies manage risk in this new paradigm of sustainability where the risk of not addressing climate change outweighs the risk of addressing climate change. Climate change presents many challenges for companies. Companies will have to work with others to understand expectations. Scientists maintain that greenhouse gas (GHG) must be addressed by industry and industry must report their emissions, and reduce GHG emissions below 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels. In order for companies to address GHG reduction throughout their global operations, the risk of climate change needed to be understood financially. Substantive and material understanding of the impacts that climate change strategies have on all business operations is a long term change that involves innovation, culture, supply chain operations, human resources, capital investment and more. My dissertation tells this story of how multinational corporations (MNCs) have learned strategic sustainability.Chapter one focuses on the comparison between company statements about sustainability and their environmental performance. Most large companies have a climate change strategy. Having a climate change strategy could be a signal meant to increase a company’s reputation but one that does not necessarily translate into reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Exploring symbolic versus substantive communication, I use longitudinal data for 163 companies from 13 industries over the years 2008-2013, from the list of Fortune 1000 companies. The results show that decreases in greenhouse gas emissions are correlated with return on invested capital (ROIC) and two of the ten subcategories tested of corporate social responsibility (CSR). However, the CSR subcategories environmental policy and reporting, and diversity and labor rights, along with the variable climate change strategy correlate with increased levels of GHG emissions. Furthermore, reporting ISO 14001 has a positive correlation with GHG emissions which implies that even ISO 14001 claims are symbolic and not substantive.The focus of chapter two is to understand the relationship between sustainability reporting and company reported environmental performance (measured as greenhouse gas (GHG) per unit of revenue) through the lens of building dynamic capabilities. Dynamic capabilities are developed through absorbing the capacity to learn what is material. Materiality is defined as “likely to affect the financial condition or operating performance of companies” (SASB, 2020). As material environmental reporting is learned, companies absorb this capacity and use it for strategic advantage. The four stages of building environmental reporting capacity are acquisition, assimilation, transformation, and exploitation stages which have parallel stages in the evolutionary theory which are variation, selection, retention, and struggle. Together, these stages help to explain the dynamic change within companies that allows them to build a capacity for environmental reporting. The first two stages are defined as intended which means the company has newly discovered the capability and has not yet purposefully applied the material capability. The second two stages are defined as realized meaning the company has developed the material capability consciously and used this learning purposefully in advance of sustainability reporting. Based on this theoretical foundation I examine 163 companies, from 13 industries, listed in the 2014 Fortune 1000 list using data for the years 2008-2013. In the first two stages I find that R&D is related in a statistically significant manner to higher GHG emissions per unit of revenue; and that Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) is related in a statistically significant manner to lower GHG emissions per unit of revenue. In the second two stages I find that greenhouse gas (GHG) Assurance (verification by a third party) and Return on Invested Capital (ROIC) are related in a statistically significant manner to lower GHG emissions per unit of revenue, and that Climate Change Strategy is related in a statistically significant manner to higher GHG emissions per unit of revenue. My contribution in this chapter is to map out the stages needed to build capacity for environmental performance through learning about what is material for sustainability reporting.Lastly, chapter three discusses how companies are organized to address climate change challenges understood through the Paris Agreement. In the Paris Climate Agreements, governments around the world agreed to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to avoid dangerous levels of anthropogenic climate change by keeping the increase in global mean temperature to remain below 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels. To meet this goal, companies will need to play a major role. Companies need to understand how to lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To do this, companies may need to work with others to gain the needed knowledge to lower emissions while maintaining profitability. Companies can partner with NGOs and other companies to form a type of strategic alliance called an interorganizational relationship (IOR) that can assist in learning about ways to lower GHG per unit of revenue (also referred to as environmental performance), apply sustainability frameworks, and report environmental performance metrics. In this paper, I empirically test whether engagement in sustainability focused IORs is related to lower GHG emissions per unit of revenue, and whether this relationship is influenced by corporate social responsibility (CSR) governance metrics, and company financials. I find some evidence that companies who participate in sustainability IORs have lower GHG emissions per unit of revenue. With no governance interactions, membership in five out of the six IORs show lower GHG emissions per unit of revenue. Participation in the World Economic Forum (WEF), the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB), and the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC) are correlated with lower GHG emissions per unit of revenue but not statistically significant. Participation with the Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES) is correlated with lower GHG emissions per unit of revenue and is statistically significant. However, participation in the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) is correlated with higher GHG emissions per unit of revenue and is statistically significant. Only two of the fifteen IOR interactions with governance variables are correlated with lower GHG emissions per unit of revenue and statistically significant, and one interaction is statistically significant and is correlated with higher emissions. Additionally, ROIC, and time, are statistically significant and correlated with lower GHG emissions per unit of revenue. Results may indicate that there is a difference between socially constructing sustainability expectations and making sense of the information gained internal to the company. Together, my three chapters explore the real-life phenomenon that I saw as I worked in a sustainability program at the University of Minnesota. My work was centered on building a sustainability program for and with stakeholders that included MNCs, non-profits, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and individuals. Reflecting on my experience, I wondered if what I saw and learned could be tested empirically and supported. Each chapter, therefore, is representative of a specific and important activity, that when taken together, become an approach to building sustainable corporate strategy considering the natural environment.

Enhancing the Long-Term Sustainability of Donor-Funded Village Projects : A Case Study of the AGCOM Project in Lilongwe District, Malawi

Chawanangwa, Mswayo 영남대학교 박정희새마을대학원 2024 국내석사

In the realm of international development, ensuring the long-term sustainability of donor-funded village projects is paramount. This study focuses on the AGCOM project in Lilongwe district, Malawi, as a case study to unravel the complexities and dynamics involved. By examining factors such as community participation, institutional capacity, and policy frameworks, this research aims to provide actionable insights for enhancing project sustainability and fostering enduring positive change within the local community.

Information Technology for Sustainability: Value of Using Green Information Systems and Online Platforms

Ning, Xue University of Colorado at Denver ProQuest Disserta 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

The significance of sustainability underlines the challenges to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Information technology (IT) is one of the solutions to address sustainability-related challenges, including environmental sustainability and social sustainability. For many businesses, the pursuit of profit-making while balancing the act of saving the planet and caring for their people is a considerable challenge. Research on IT for sustainability (IT4S) has developed significantly in the last decade, however, the lack of empirical research on mechanisms of IT4S remains a research gap to be addressed. This dissertation aims to study how the use of IT for sustainability as operant resources can work and interact to influence firm performance through different mechanisms in two essays. The first essay examines the use of green information systems (green IS) and proposes three levels of green IS capabilities based on the hierarchy of operant resources perspective. On top of the basic green IS capability, this study investigates the composite operant resources with the presence of green support and the interconnected operant resources with the interaction of information assurance. The focus of this study is environmental sustainability, and the research sphere is within the organization. The second essay studies the employee- and customer-oriented sustainability practices disclosures on online sustainability reporting platforms. The focal IT in this study is the online platform and the focus is social sustainability, that is, caring for internal stakeholders- employees and external stakeholders-customers. Drawing on the scope of operant resources, this study goes beyond the research sphere by including extended organization components. This study also considers the difference between digital and non-digital firms regarding impacts on firms’ financial performance. Together, these two studies highlight the significance of using IT for sustainability through value creation in organizations. Both studies used matched data to test the hypotheses. The findings of these two essays have both theoretical and practical implications. Overall, this dissertation contributes to the large stream of literature on IT4S and demonstrates the opportunity to apply the operant resources perspective in IS research. The major practical takeaway from this dissertation is organizations need IT strategies to cope with the digital transformation process regarding IT for sustainability. Bringing digital technology and sustainable practices together should be at the forefront of strategic thinking for any business.

Sustainability of coworking spaces in South Korea : a mixed method analysis

장예진 韓國外國語大學校 國際地域大學院 2019 국내석사

Everything seems unpredictable in our unprecedented and modern world when we consider the future of sustainability. In particular, many buildings, offices, and ways of working in cities are changing rapidly because new technologies require new innovative environments, and the cities and people living in the urban areas also need to adapt to the new environments either voluntarily or involuntarily. The purpose of this study, therefore, shows the sustainability of the fastest growing number of coworking spaces (CWS) in Seoul, Republic of Korea, and the indicators of this study are based on the typology of goals and targets in the sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the United Nations to measure sustainable attitude of users at CWS. A mixed-method approach consisting of main questionnaire, interviews, and observations was utilized to assess the overall three pillars of sustainable development: environmental, economic, and social aspects from the perspective of users while the interviews and observations additionally showed the perception from different stakeholders and different context in CWS. Although economic sustainability was strongly correlated among indicators, users had a more slightly positive attitude towards social and environmental sustainability. Overall, this study sheds new light on the sustainability of CWS that was somewhat positive but still raises a concern for business owners in the competitive market. Thus, more studies are required to measure specific socio-economic and physical environmental aspects within the wide range of sustainability from a different stakeholder, and more clarification of sustainability at CWS is also required for future research. 미래 지속가능성을 고려했을 때, 선례가 없는 현대 사회의 모든 것들이 예측 불가능해 보인다. 특히, 도시의 많은 건물, 사무실, 일하는 방법 등은 계속해서 변하고 있다. 왜냐하면 새로운 기술이 혁신적인 환경을 요구하고 있으며, 도시와 그곳에 사는 사람들 또한 자발적이든지 비자발적이든지 새로운 환경에 계속해서 적응해야 하기 때문이다. 따라서, 본 연구의 목적은 서울에서 빠른 성장을 보이고 있는 코워킹스페이스의 지속가능성에 대해 알아보려는 것이며, 본 연구에서 코워킹스페이스 사용자들의 지속가능 태도를 측정하고자 사용된 지표는 유엔 지속가능개발목표(SDGs)의 세부적인 내용 분류를 통해 만들어졌다. 본 연구는 주로 설문과 인터뷰 및 관찰 방법으로 이루어진 혼합연구 방법론을 사용했다. 사용자 측면에서 지속가능 개발의 세가지 주요 개념인 환경, 경제, 사회 분야의 세부적이고 전반적인 지속가능성을 주로 다루고 있으나, 추가적으로 인터뷰와 관찰을 통해 발견한 코워킹스페이스의 다른 관계자의 의견과 기타 내용을 추가로 제시하였다. 지표들 간의 상관관계에 있어서는 경제적 지속가능성 부분이 강하게 나타났으나, 사회와 환경 지속가능성에서의 사용자들의 긍정적인 태도가 약간 더 나타났다. 종합적으로, 본 연구는 긍정적인 결과가 나온 코워킹스페이스의 지속가능성에 대해 새로운 접근방법을 통해 설명하지만 경쟁이 심화되고 있는 한국 코워킹스페이스의 지속가능성을 기업 차원에서 고려하기에는 아직 그 한계가 있다. 따라서, 다른 관계자 시선에서 코워킹스페이스의 방대한 지속가능성 중 구체적인 사회 경제적 측면과 실질적인 환경 분야를 측정하는 많은 연구가 더 필요하며, 또한, 다음 연구에서 코워킹스페이스 지속가능성에 대한 더 정확한 개념 확인이 필요하다.

Institutional politics, power constellations, and urban social sustainability: A comparative-historical analysis

Laguna, Jason M The Florida State University 2014 해외박사(DDOD)

The concept of sustainability is theoretically comprised of three distinct dimensions: environmental, economic, and social. Most public and academic discourse, however, focuses on environmental and economic sustainability to the neglect of social sustainability, which refers to a condition where an extended set of basic needs are met for all residents regardless of their race/ethnicity, age, religion, gender, socioeconomic status and/or level of ability and the highest possible level of social inclusion and participation in community life is promoted. While some scholars and policymakers have recently turned their attention to social sustainability, conceptualizing and assessing social sustainability is fraught with problems. In this dissertation, I develop a comprehensive social sustainability assessment framework that focuses on six key policy areas: housing, transportation, food, leisure and recreation, social cohesion, and identity and sense of place. I then incorporate data on Vancouver, Seattle, and Portland into the social sustainability framework in order to conduct a comparative analysis of the cities' relative degree of social sustainability. My analysis---which brings both qualitative and quantitative data to bear on 30 social sustainability criteria---indicates that Vancouver is ranked higher than Seattle and Portland in terms of social sustainability. I then adapt and use two sociological theories of policy development---institutional politics theory and power constellations theory, which tend to focus on the national or state level---to test which one better explains the differential level of social sustainability in the aforementioned cities. In short, I find that power constellations theory best explains why Vancouver has the most socially sustainable policies and programs, primarily due to the strength of organized labor and center-left political parties in the city. Overall, this dissertation contributes to research on social policy development and social sustainability and provides scholars and policymakers with a deeper understanding of the institutional and political determinants of social sustainability.

Selecting Programs for Urban Transformations Towards Sustainability

Forrest, Nigel Arizona State University 2015 해외박사(DDOD)

Despite widespread acknowledgment of the need for transformation towards sustainability, the majority of cities appear stuck in incremental change instead of far-reaching, radical change. While there are numerous obstacles to transformational change, one critical aspect is the process of selecting impactful sustainability programs. The unique and complex nature of sustainability suggests a different approach is needed to program selection than is normal. But, to what extent are cities adapting selection processes in response to sustainability and what effect does this have on sustainable urban transformation? Could there be a more effective process to select programs with greater transformational potential? This dissertation investigates these questions using case studies and action research to add to the general knowledge of urban sustainability program selection and to develop practical knowledge (solutions) for more effective sustainable urban transformation. The dissertation consists of three studies. Study 1 uses a case study approach to investigate existing sustainability program selection processes in three cities: Avondale, USA; Almere, the Netherlands; and Freiburg, Germany. These cities all express commitment to sustainability but have varying degrees of sustainable development experience, accomplishment, and recognition. Study 2 develops a program selection framework for urban sustainable transformation drawing extensively from the literature on sustainability assessment and related fields, and on participatory input from municipal practitioners in Avondale and Almere. Study 3 assesses the usefulness of the framework in a dual pilot study. Participatory workshops were conducted in which the framework was applied to real-world situations: (i) with the city's sustainability working group in Avondale; and (ii) with a local energy cooperative in Almere. Overall, findings suggest cities are not significantly adapting program selection processes in response to the challenges of sustainability. Processes are often haphazard, opportunistic, driven elite actors, and weakly aligned with sustainability principles and goals, which results in selected programs being more incremental than transformational. The proposed framework appears effective at opening up the range of program options considered, stimulating constructive deliberation among participants, and promoting higher order learning. The framework has potential for nudging program selection towards transformational outcomes and more deeply embedding sustainability within institutional culture.

Sustainability in the Coffee Value Chain: Case Studies of Japanese SMEs for Sustainable Development

치바 가오루 서울대학교 대학원 2025 국내석사

The coffee industry faces environmental and socio-economic challenges from coffee producers to consumers, and companies are implementing sustainability practices in the coffee value chain. This study explores how sustainability initiatives are implemented in the coffee value chain, with a particular focus on the integration of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) frameworks; alignment with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); and the corporate purposes related to these initiatives, as emphasized by Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). The primary objective of this study is to understand how SMEs in the coffee industry implement sustainability practices, particularly under the Relationship Coffee Model (RCM), and investigate their contribution to sustainable development. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with three Japanese SMEs in the coffee industry to examine how ESG frameworks are integrated into business operations and aligned with sustainability practices. The data were analyzed using triangulation, revealing key themes regarding the motivations and practices of SMEs in promoting sustainability. The findings indicate that sustainability practices are not isolated within ESG domains, but are interlinked with each domain specifically through cross-sector partnerships. Additionally, the research highlights how commitments to SDGs are relevant to corporate purposes under the RCM. These findings deepen our understanding of how SMEs integrate sustainability initiatives into their corporate strategies and align them with the 2030 agenda for sustainable development, offering valuable insights not only for coffee companies but also for SMEs more broadly. By examining corporate sustainability practices in the value chain, this study provides a multifaceted perspective, uncovering best practices in sustainability initiatives under the RCM within Japanese SMEs in the Asian context. It also provides valuable insights into the potential to achieve both economic profits and positive environmental and social impacts in sustainable business spaces. 커피산업은 커피 생산자부터 소비자에 이르기까지 환경 및 사회경제적 도전에 직면해 있으며, 기업은 커피 가치사슬에서 지속가능성 관행을 구현하고 있다. 본 연구는 ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) 프레임워크의 통합, UN SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals)와 일치, 중소기업(Small and Medium Enterprises)이 강조하는 이러한 이니셔티브와 관련된 기업 목적 등을 중심으로 커피 가치사슬에서 지속 가능성 이니셔티브가 어떻게 구현되는지 살펴본다. 본 연구의 주요 목적은 커피 산업, 특히 RCM(Relationship Coffee Model)에 해당하는 중소기업이 지속가능성 관행을 어떻게 구현하는지 파악하고, 지속가능 발전에 대한 기여도를 조사하는 것이다. 커피산업에 종사하는 일본 중소기업 3개사를 대상으로 반구조 인터뷰를 실시하여 ESG 프레임워크가 기업 운영에 어떻게 통합되고 지속 가능성 관행에 부합하는지 살펴보았다. 자료는 지속가능성을 증진하는 중소기업의 동기와 관행에 대한 핵심 주제를 밝히면서 삼각검증을 사용하여 분석되었다. 연구 결과는 지속가능성 관행이 ESG 영역에서 격리되지 않고 특히 부문 간 파트너십을 통해 각 영역과 상호 연결되어 있음을 나타낸다. 또한, 이 연구는 SDGs에 기여하는 맥락과 RCM에 따른 기업 목적과 어떻게 관련성이 있는지 강조한다. 이러한 연구 결과는 중소기업이 지속가능성 이니셔티브를 기업 전략에 통합하고 유엔총회에서 공식 출범한 2030 어젠다 (2030 Agenda)일치시키는 방법에 대한 이해도를 심화 시켜 커피기업 뿐만 아니라 중소기업을 위한 가치 있는 통찰력을 보다 광범위하게 제공한다. 가치사슬에서 기업의 지속가능성 관행을 검토함으로써, 연구는 아시아 맥락에서 일본 중소기업의 RCM에 따른 지속가능성 이니셔티브 모범 사례를 밝히는 다각적인 관점을 제공한다. 또한 지속가능한 비즈니스 공간에서 경제적 이익과 긍정적인 환경 및 사회적 영향을 모두 달성할 수 있는 잠재력에 대한 귀중한 통찰력을 제공한다.

MAS2 : modeling & simulation-based life cycle evaluation for sustainable manufacturing

이주연 성균관대학교 일반대학원 2011 국내박사

Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, manufacturing industries have primarily been responsible for adverse effects on the environment caused by pollutants such as carbon dioxide. Thus, there has been tremendous pressure for these industries to be globally competitive within the range of environmental regulations and laws that have been greatly increased and reinforced in these day. In addition, manufacturing industries have been confronted with new challenges owing to the depletion of energy and natural resources, economic stagnation, increasing and increasingly diverse human needs, etc. Sustainable manufacturing is a new paradigm in which manufacturing industries produce their products in a sustainable manner to maintain global competitiveness while coping with recent challenges and problems. Research of sustainable manufacturing is very broad in scope and has not yet been firmly established at the academic or practical level. For that reason, there have been a number of definitions, methodologies, and tools developed that are related to sustainable manufacturing. This study introduces the MAS2 approach, which is a modeling & simulation-based life cycle evaluation for sustainable manufacturing. To establish a theoretical foundation of this approach, it is necessary to redefine the concept of sustainable manufacturing and sustainability in manufacturing, which is called manufacturing sustainability in this study, from the manufacturing engineering viewpoint. In addition to these basic concepts, this study proposes the concepts of principles for sustainable manufacturing, manufacturing sustainability index (MSI), and manufacturing sustainability indicators. Based on the proposed definitions and concepts, the MAS2 approach is constructed. The MAS2 approach is composed of four main parts: 1) Life Cycle Modeling, 2) Life Cycle Simulation, 3) Life Cycle Evaluation Model, 4) Life Cycle Information Model. This study proposes the procedure of the MAS2 approach for Life Cycle Modeling and Simulation. Life Cycle Evaluation Model, which is termed e-MAS2 in this study, is the formulas used to calculate the manufacturing sustainability. Life Cycle Information Model, which is termed i-MAS2 in this study, is the information schema used to support the MAS2 approach. The MAS2 system is developed based on this approach, and it consists of two main modules: MS-Modeler and MS-Simulator. MS-Modeler generates DES and sustainability models from sustainable P3R, the MAS2 indicator, and information regarding emission factors. MS-Modeler is developed based on i-MAS2 and e-MAS2. MS-Simulator consists of two main sub-modules: DES Engine and MS Calculator. Therefore, it is possible to evaluate simulation results related to the throughput and manufacturing sustainability in this study. The MAS2 system is also able to support the iterative What-if simulation, including those related to manufacturing sustainability. Finally, the proposed MAS2 approach and system are applied to three models for performance evaluation. Finally, the results of this study suggest life cycle evaluation based on modeling & simulation for sustainable manufacturing. It is expected that the results of this study will enable manufacturing companies to make decisions regarding sustainable manufacturing strategies, which will lead to a variety of solutions for environmental and social problems worldwide. 산업혁명 이래로 전 세계는 경제, 과학, 산업 등 다양한 분야에 걸쳐 급속도로 발전을 이룸과 동시에 많은 사회적, 환경적 문제들에 직면해 있다. 화석 연료에 의존해왔던 삶의 방식은 온실 가스의 발생으로 인한 지구 온난화의 주범이 되었고, 무분별한 개발과 시장 경제 하의 무한 경쟁 체제는 생태계의 파괴와 더불어 인간 존엄성 측면에서도 커다란 사회적 문제를 야기 시키고 있다. 최근, 각국 정부는 이러한 범지구적 위기를 타개하고자 다양한 움직임을 보이고 있으며, 특히 제품 생산을 통한 이윤창출을 최대의 목표로 하는 제조 기업은 지구의 제한된 자원과 범지구적 위기 속에서 지속 가능한 발전 및 생산을 미래 성장의 동력으로 인식하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 지속가능생산 (Sustainable Manufacturing)을 정의하고, 제품 수명 주기의 지속가능성 (Sustainability)을 평가할 수 있는 모델을 구축하여 기존의 생산이나 환경 중심의 의사결정 방법보다 더욱 구체적이고 실증적인 엔지니어링 의사결정을 수행할 수 있는 방법론을 구축하였다. 기존의 지속가능성과 지속가능생산 관련한 대부분의 연구들은 개념적인 정의만을 제시하거나, 분석 대상 요소 및 분석 방법이 모호하고, 비즈니스적인 측면을 중심으로 다루거나 환경에 대한 영향 평가 등 한정적인 범위에서 수행되고 있었다. 또한, 엔지니어링 의사결정 관점에서도 제조 기업의 지속적인 경쟁력 확보를 위해서는 비즈니스적인 요소들과 환경적인 요소들을 생산성의 관점과 연계하여 고려해야 함에도 불구하고, 기존에는 각각의 목적에 따라 지속가능성의 평가를 개별적으로 수행하고 이를 별도로 통합하였기 때문에, 적절치 못한 의사결정 기준이나 평가 결과가 도출되기 쉬운 구조를 가지고 있었다. 본 연구에서는 지속가능생산을 정의함에 있어서 먼저 지속가능생산의 20가지 원칙 (Principle)을 제조 (Manufacturing) 시스템, 지구환경 (Earth) 시스템과 사회 (Social) 시스템을 중심으로 정의하고, 이를 기반으로 지속가능생산을 정의하였다. 또한, 지속가능생산의 수준을 정성적으로 평가할 수 있는 제조 지속가능성 (Manufacturing Sustainability)을 제안하고, 제조 시스템의 구성요소를 환경 (Environmental), 경제 (Economic), 사회 (Social)의 관점에서 재분류/재정의함으로써 제조 지속가능성을 측정하기 위한 지표 (MAS2 Indicator)를 구성하였다. 지속가능성 평가를 위해서, 지속가능생산의 원칙, 정의 및 제조 지속가능성의 개념과 세부 평가 지표들을 기반으로 제품 수명 주기 전체에 걸쳐서 지속가능성을 평가할 수 있는 수식 모델 (e-MAS2)을 정의하였고, 관련한 모든 정보들을 저장하고 관리할 수 있는 정보 모델 (i-MAS2)을 정의하였다. 본 연구는 제조 시스템의 생산 정보를 기반으로 지속가능성의 평가를 수행하기 위하여 제조 시스템의 산출량을 도출해 주는 이산형 제조 라인 시뮬레이션 (DES Simulation)을 기반으로 하기 때문에, 모델링 과정에서 요구되는 모든 정보를 입력하고, 시뮬레이션 결과를 기반으로 지속가능성을 도출할 수 있도록 각 수식 모델과 정보 모델을 구성하였다. 위 모델들의 구성요소는 다음과 같이 제품, 공정, 자원, 공장, 배출물 (Emission), 폐기물 (Waste)과 같은 환경 영향 요소 (Impacter), 재료 (Material), 에너지 (Energy), 포장재 (Package), 물 (Water)과 같은 투입 물질 (Substance)을 비롯하여 제품에 대한 지속가능생산 관점의 품질 (Sustainable Quality), 직접작업자, 간접작업자, 제품의 사용자를 포함한 인간 (Labor)의 안전성, 건강, 만족도, 성취도 등과, 직, 간접적인 비용 등 지속가능성과 관련한 모든 정보들을 포함하고 있다. 위와 같이 정의된 수식 모델과 정보 모델을 기반으로, 웹 서비스 (Web-Services)를 통해 상용 시뮬레이션 어플리케이션인 Delmia QUEST와 연계하여 대상 수명 주기 전체의 제조 지속가능성을 쉽게 도출해주는 시스템 (MAS2 System)을 개발하였다. 제조 지속가능성 지표 (MSI: Manufacturing Sustainability Index)는 같은 대상 수명 주기에 대한 서로 다른 독립적인 정보를 기반으로 What-if 분석을 수행할 수 있는 지표로서, 두 가지 다른 모델의 지속가능성 비교에도 용이하며 같은 수준의 지속가능성을 가진 모델이라도 상세 구성을 파악할 수 있기 때문에 보다 정확하고 분석적인 엔지니어링 의사결정을 지원해준다. 본 연구에서는 국내 자동차 회사의 프레스 공장과 대표적인 환경 영향 평가 시스템인 TOTAL의 모델을 대상으로 사례 적용을 해봄으로써, MAS2 모델의 적합성을 검토 및 검증하였으며, 각각의 대상 모델에 대하여 What-if 분석을 수행하여 의사결정의 변화, 즉 변화하는 입력 정보에 따른 제조 지속가능성의 변화 양상을 분석하여 기존의 방법론 및 연구와의 차이점을 도출하였다. 또한 기존의 생산성이나 환경 요소만을 고려한 생산 전략의 ROI 분석 결과와 제조 지속가능성을 고려한 ROI 분석 결과를 비교함으로써, 기업의 지속 가능한 생산을 위한 전략적인 의사결정에 있어서 고려해야 하는 요소들을 재확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 제조 기업이 미래 성장을 위한 원동력 확보를 위하여 기업의 현재 수준을 파악하고, 지속 가능한 생산을 위한 전략을 수립할 수 있는 효과적인 방법론과 틀을 마련하였다. 이를 통해 기업뿐만 아니라 다양한 계층에서 지속가능한 생산의 중요성을 인식하고, 전략적 실현 방안을 찾음으로써 기업과 사회의 안정 및 범지구적 위기 극복이라는 효과를 기대할 수 있다.