Phototoxicity of Sunscreens to Sea Anemones and Corals

Vuckovic, Djordje Stanford University ProQuest Dissertations & These 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

Most coral reefs, an invaluable ecological resource, are endangered from human activity. Although much of the threat is from global factors driven by rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, local factors can exacerbate them. One such factor, sunscreen use, may be of particular concern, as some estimates suggest that up to 6000 tons of sunscreens are released into reef environments every year, where they can bioaccumulate in coral tissue and may cause toxicity, including death, according to lab studies. One study observed concentrations of oxybenzone sunscreen as high as 1.4 mg/L at a reef in the US Virgin Islands and death at 10-fold lower concentrations to coral larvae in the lab. Exacerbation of coral declines by sunscreens emitted by tourists would be particularly ironic considering the importance of ecotourism for promoting coral reef conservation. These findings prompted quick legislative action on several sunscreen ingredients including oxybenzone in jurisdictions with reefs, such as Hawaii, the US Virgin Islands and Palau. The bans are considered controversial, however, as the sunscreen toxicity mechanisms are not understood and there may not be sufficient evidence either that the banned ingredients are toxic to reefs or that their alternatives are safer.The studies in this dissertation demonstrate that phototoxicity from sunscreens or their metabolites is a dominant toxicity pathway in sea anemones, a model organism for corals. The first study finds that oxybenzone, although a sunscreen in vitro, is metabolized into phototoxic glucoside conjugates both in the anemones and in a mushroom coral. This suggests that sunscreen developers may need to avoid similar structures to design reef-safe products. The second study shows that 3 other typically non-banned sunscreen ingredients (avobenzone, dioxybenzone, and homosalate) are also phototoxic to anemones, whereas two commonly banned ingredients (octinoxate and octocrylene) are not. This suggests that by not considering phototoxicity, regulators may not be targeting the right sunscreen ingredients for protecting reefs. Both studies find that the sunscreens are significantly more toxic to anemones without their algal symbionts, as the algae provide partial protection to the animals by sequestering the photoxins. This suggests that "bleached" corals that have expelled their algae in response to global stressors would be particularly vulnerable to phototoxicity from sunscreens. Taken together, these results suggest that phototoxicity of both the sunscreen ingredient and its metabolic products needs to be considered in research, regulation, and design of sunscreens safer for coral reefs.

무기분체 형태 제어를 통한 티타늄디옥사이드 효율화 연구

계성봉 수원대학교 2024 국내박사

Oil in water 티타늄디옥사이드 자외선 차단제형의 pH 의존적 자외선 차단력 변화 연구

임태경 충북대학교 2023 국내석사

본 연구는 티타늄디옥사이드만을 사용한 O/W 무기 자외선 차단제형에서 pH 에 따른 SPF (Sun Protection Factor), 투명도 차이에 관한 확인을 수행하였 다. 자외선은 각종 피부질환의 원인이다. 환경오염 등으로 인한 오존층의 파괴로 지표면에 도달하는 자외선의 양이 늘어남에 따라, 자외선차단제품의 수요는 세계적으로 늘어나는 추세다. 2021년부터 하와이주를 시작으로 산호초 보호를 위한 환경적인 면에서 유기 자외선 차단성분들의 규제가 심화 되면서 무기 자 외선 차단제형의 더 높은 SPF, 투명도 효과를 연구하는 것은 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 실험은 화장품에 사용되는 시중 원료들을 사용하여 화장품 규정에 맞게 pH 5.5(±0.5)~8.5(±0.5) 구간에서 실험하였다. pH 조절만으로 SPF, 투명도 차이가 있다는 결과를 얻었고 이는 분산력과 연관성이 있음을 확인하였다. 더 많은 연구가 필요하겠지만 무기 자외선 차단제형에서 pH 영향을 고려한 다면 더 나은 자외선 차단제품을 만들 수 있는데 이바지할 수 있을 것이라 예 상된다. This study investigated the changes in SPF (Sun Protection Factor), transparency according to pH in O/W inorganic sunblock formulation using only titanium dioxide. Ultraviolet(UV) rays cause various skin diseases. Demand for development of effective sunscreen products is increasing worldwide as the amount of UV rays reaching the surface increases due to the air pollution-induced destruction of the ozone layer. After the regulation of organic UV filter to protect coral reefs, which began in Hawaii in 2021 for environmental protection, high SPF value and transparency studies of inorganic UV filter became an important. The experiment was conducted using commercial raw materials used in cosmetics in the pH 5.5(±0.5)~8.5(±0.5) range in accordance with the cosmetics regulation. The result of the changes in SPF and transparency at each pH was obtained, and these results were correlated with dispersibility. More research will be needed, but considering the pH impact of inorganic sunscreen types, it is expected to contribute to making better sunscreen products

Valorization of Multifunctional Lignin for Green and Facile Synthesis of Bio-inspired PLA/lignin Composites and a Light-colored Lignin Nanoparticle Sunscreen

사다프 서울대학교 대학원 2023 국내석사

This study encompasses two areas of lignin utilization i.e. fabrication of lignin/PLA composites for biomedical purposes and synthesis of Lignin nanoparticles for sunscreen applications. Firstly, acetylated and non-acetylated soda lignin were utilized to fabricate anti-oxidant PLA/lignin composites for biomedical applications. After acetylation of lignin a good compatibility between PLA and lignin was observed in SEM images. The tensile properties of all the PLA/ASL composites were higher than PLA/SL composites. PLA/ASL5 displayed highest tensile strength and elongation at break of around 56 MPa and 10% respectively. PLA/SL15 and PLA/SL20 demonstrated superior UV-blocking potential with UV-transmittance less than 10%. Anti-oxidant test by DPPH assay showed that PLA/SL composites rendered excellent radical scavenging activity with PLA/SL20 displaying RSA value of around 80%. Furthermore, In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by H2O2 exposure and was confirmed by live/dead assay. The results demonstrated that PLA/SL composites could protect both type of cell lines from oxidative stress. In addition, all the PLA/SL and PLA/ASL composites promoted cell proliferation compared to neat PLA. PLA/SL5 and PLA/SL10 displayed the highest cell proliferation amongst all the composites. Lastly, all the PLA/SL and PLA/ASL composites had haemoglobin release below 2%. Secondly, Kraft lignin was fractionated and acetylated to obtain fractions with different molecular weights (Mw 2,175 – 8,150) and phenolic hydroxyl group content (total 3.05 – 3.2 mmolg-1). Subsequently, the lignins fractions were synthesised into Lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) by nanoprecipitation. Spherical LNPs of size between 219nm – 912nm were obtained. Fractions with high molecular weight generated particles of small diameter. The biocompatibility test with Human skin cell lines demonstrated good biocompatibility at low concentration of LNPs. Moreover, follow up analysis will be performed in order to develop a light-coloured, high SPF and antioxidant sunscreen from lignin nanoparticles. The results of the first study indicate that lignin/PLA composites could be a sustainable option to develop green, antioxidant, bioactive and hemo-compatible biomaterials for biomedical applications This study encompasses two areas of lignin utilization i.e. fabrication of lignin/PLA composites for biomedical purposes and synthesis of Lignin nanoparticles for sunscreen applications. Firstly, acetylated and non-acetylated soda lignin were utilized to fabricate anti-oxidant PLA/lignin composites for biomedical applications. After acetylation of lignin a good compatibility between PLA and lignin was observed in SEM images. The tensile properties of all the PLA/ASL composites were higher than PLA/SL composites. PLA/ASL5 displayed highest tensile strength and elongation at break of around 56 MPa and 10% respectively. PLA/SL15 and PLA/SL20 demonstrated superior UV-blocking potential with UV-transmittance less than 10%. Anti-oxidant test by DPPH assay showed that PLA/SL composites rendered excellent radical scavenging activity with PLA/SL20 displaying RSA value of around 80%. Furthermore, In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by H2O2 exposure and was confirmed by live/dead assay. The results demonstrated that PLA/SL composites could protect both type of cell lines from oxidative stress. In addition, all the PLA/SL and PLA/ASL composites promoted cell proliferation compared to neat PLA. PLA/SL5 and PLA/SL10 displayed the highest cell proliferation amongst all the composites. Lastly, all the PLA/SL and PLA/ASL composites had haemoglobin release below 2%. Secondly, Kraft lignin was fractionated and acetylated to obtain fractions with different molecular weights (Mw 2,175 – 8,150) and phenolic hydroxyl group content (total 3.05 – 3.2 mmolg-1). Subsequently, the lignins fractions were synthesised into Lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) by nanoprecipitation. Spherical LNPs of size between 219nm – 912nm were obtained. Fractions with high molecular weight generated particles of small diameter. The biocompatibility test with Human skin cell lines demonstrated good biocompatibility at low concentration of LNPs. Moreover, follow up analysis will be performed in order to develop a light-coloured, high SPF and antioxidant sunscreen from lignin nanoparticles. The results of the first study indicate that lignin/PLA composites could be a sustainable option to develop green, antioxidant, bioactive and hemo-compatible biomaterials for biomedical applications

자외선차단제의 글로벌 진출을 위한 국가별 제조 및 품질관리 방안 고찰

김형진 충북대학교 2023 국내석사

Abstract The sales of cosmetics in Korea have grown steadily even in the difficult circumstances of the global economic recession and COVID pandemic, but now become the world’s third largest export of cosmetics. Although the activity of marketing to promote export and sale for various countries are important, the steps to confirm the law or rule for cosmetic products by countries are also essential. Among cosmetics, sunscreen has been classified as a cosmetic in China, Japan, Europe, and Korea, there is no restriction on exporting the products manufactured in Korea to these countries. However, only the United States classified sunscreen as an OTC drug, so it is not possible for the product in Korea to directly export to the United States. For this reason, this study is designed to provide a guideline for domestic cosmetic manufacturers to produce and export sunscreen that can meet the rules according to the countries by investigating the raw and rules and confirming the classification guideline of the sunscreen in the major importing countries. By finding out the active ingredients of sunscreens with different classification standards by countries, effectiveness evaluation (SPF testing and labeling), expiration date setting and marking method, labeling regulations, and factory registration method, and by examining items such as test method validation, facility, and equipment qualification evaluation, cleaning and process validation, stability test, and annual product evaluation that must be performed on sunscreens exported to the United States, it is possible to suggest the guideline for those companies have a plan of production to export of sunscreen, and the chances to find out any items whether missed or not.

품질 기능 전개 기법을 활용한 중국 자외선 차단 제품의 상품 기획 차별화 전략 중국 푸젠성 지역을 중심으로

황해월 대전대학교 대학원 2026 국내석사

This study was conducted to provide foundational data applicable to the product planning and development of sunscreen products by systematically reflecting consumer requirements. A survey was administered from June 4 to June 17, 2025, targeting 320 customers residing in Fujian Province who had prior experience using sunscreen products. Based on the survey results, consumer purchasing behaviors, usage patterns, and preferences regarding ingredients and functional effects were analyzed, and the Voice of Customer (VOC) was applied to the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) framework. Twelve sensory requirement attributes (including freshness, oil-free feel, spreadability, and absorption) and seven functional requirement attributes (including prevention of pigmentation and tanning, sunburn protection, moisturization, and antioxidant effects) were identified. Expert consultation with cosmetic industry professionals with over 30 years of experience led to the derivation of 29 product quality characteristics across four domains: sensory evaluation, formulation design, instrumental evaluation, and clinical evaluation. Later, through FGI with three development experts, the correlation matrix between the quality and quality characteristics was constructed, and the correlation degree was scored to complete the basic quality table for UV protection products. By doing so, it was possible to quantify the importance of each quality and clearly identify the Critical Customer Requirements (CCR). Among them, the frequency and importance analysis confirmed that freshness, spreadability, and prevention of pigmentation/tanning were classified as A and were CCR. In the survey, the three competitive products with the highest preference were selected and derived the concept items by conducting a sensuality evaluation of the sense of use, analysis of efficacy and effect information, and analysis of the entire composition. The results showed that the three basic quality items required by the customer, freshness, spreadability, and prevention of pigmentation/tanning were set as the basic quality items. Non-greasy, absorbency, antioxidant, no allergic reaction, improves skin tone, L-Ascorbic Acid, Nicotinamide, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract, Zinc Oxide, Salicylic Acid, Glycine and Octinoxate twelve projects were exported as conceptual projects. Notably, the study proposes eight elements as the Unique Selling Proposition (USP) for sunscreen products: oil-free feel, absorption, antioxidant effects, brightening effects, niacinamide, aloe vera leaf extract, salicylic acid, and glycine. Based on these USP elements, a three-tier differentiation strategy was established, consisting of a sensory focused strategy (oil-free and fast absorbing textures), a function focused strategy (enhanced antioxidant and brightening performance), and an ingredient focused strategy (integration of USP functional ingredients). These strategies offer practical direction for addressing unmet consumer needs and achieving differentiated market positioning compared to competing products. In summary, this study demonstrates academic and practical value by applying QFD to construct a systematic planning framework that connects consumer requirements, product characteristics, competitive product analysis, USP development, and differentiation strategies. The findings are expected to serve as a useful foundation for future sunscreen product planning and development.

UVA 차단을 위한 아보벤존이 담지 된 중공형 다공성 실리카 나노 입자

이예은 성균관대학교 일반대학원 2021 국내석사

Photoaging, the main cause of skin aging, is aging due to ultraviolet rays, and as interest in skin health and beauty has increased, sunscreen has become a necessity for modern people. Avobenzone is a typical organic sunscreen that absorbs UVA rays (320–400 nm). However, exposure to ultraviolet light for a long period of time does not constantly block ultraviolet light because molecular structure is easily decomposed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to increase the duration of the UV protection effect by putting avobenzone in mesoporous silica and to reduce the risk of allergic or redness caused by exposure to the skin directly. The surfactant cetrimonium methosulfate(CTMS) is distributed in distilled water to form a micelle, and the mixture of avobenzone dissolved in ethyl acetate(EA) and tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS), a silica precursor, is added to the medium and stirred to form a micelle containing avobenzone to synthesized spherical particles. When UVA absorption was checked through UV-VIS Spectroscopy after some time of UVA exposure using a UV Lamp(365nm), avobenzone reduced UVA blocking effect by approximately 35% in three hours, but the A-HMSN, which contained avobenzone, had little effect reduction after three hours. Therefore, unlike conventional sunscreen products that need to be applied several times after a certain period of time, products containing silica particles containing avobenzone can have a high UV protection effect over a long time. It will be able to develop low-irritation sunscreen products at the same time as increasing the duration of UV protection. 피부 노화 현상의 주요 원인인 광노화는 자외선에 의한 노화이며, 피부 건강과 미용에 관한 관심이 높아지며 자외선 차단제는 현대인의 필수품이 되었다. 아보벤존(Avobenzone)은 UVA 영역(320~400nm)의 자외선을 흡수하는 대표적인 유기 자외선 차단제이다. 그러나 장시간 자외선에 노출될 시, 분자 구조가 쉽게 분해되기 때문에 지속해서 자외선을 차단할 수 없다. 이에 본 연구에서는 다공성 실리카에 아보벤존을 담지함으로써 자외선 차단 효과 지속시간을 증진하고, 아보벤존이 피부에 직접적으로 노출되어 알레르기나 홍반을 일으킬 위험을 낮추고자 하였다. 계면활성제인 cetrimonium methosulfate(CTMS)를 증류수에 분산시켜 마이셀을 형성하고, ethyl acetate(EA)에 용해한 아보벤존 유기물과 실리카 전구체인 tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS)를 혼합시켜 증류수에 첨가 및 교반하여 아보벤존을 포함하는 마이셀을 형성하고 아보벤존이 도입된 구형 입자로 합성하였다. UV Lamp(365nm)를 이용하여 자외선을 일정 시간 동안 조사하고 자외선-가시광선 분광기를 통해 UVA 흡광도를 확인해 보았을 때 조사한지 3시간만에 UVA 차단 효과가 처음보다 약 35%나 감소하는 아보벤존과 달리 아보벤존을 내부에 담지한 중공형 다공성 실리카 나노 입자(A-HMSN)는 3시간 조사하여도 흡광도 저하가 미미하였다. 따라서 일정 시간이 지나면 여러 번 덧발라야 하는 기존의 자외선 차단제 제품들과 달리, 아보벤존을 담지한 실리카 입자가 처방된 제품은 오랜 시간 동안 높은 자외선 차단 효과를 나타낼 수 있다. 자외선 차단 지속시간을 증진 시킴과 동시에 저자극의 선(SUN)제품을 개발 할 수 있을 것이다.

Cytotoxicity of ZnO and TiO₂ Nanoparticles Generated by Laser Ablation for the Usage of Sunscreen

정민주 경희대학교 교육대학원 2014 국내석사

This paper aims to address the cellular toxicity of ultra-pure zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) frequently employed in sunscreens as inorganic physical sun blockers to provide protection against adverse effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation including UVB (290-320 nm) and UVA (320-400 nm). In consideration that the production and the use of inorganic NPs have aroused many concerns and controversies regarding their safety and toxicity, it is very important to directly investigate a main problem related to the intrinsic/inherent toxicity of these NPs and/or their incompatibility with biological objects(cancer cells and adults zebrafish). In the present study, we took advantage of the laser-assisted method called laser ablation for generation of ZnO and TiO2 NPs. NPs were prepared through a physical process of irradiating solid targets in liquid phase and we took UV-Vis spectrum, TEM, XRD, PL and EDAX results to prove these nanoparticles’ properties. Our results show that TiO2 NPs are essentially non-poisonous and ZnO NPs are more toxic than TiO2 NPs based on the cell viability assays. And the results for zebrafish show ZnO and TiO2 NPs are not acute because of NPs’ aggregation.

자외선차단용 무계면활성제 SLM(Soild Lipid Microparticle) 성능 및 레올로지 특성 연구

안지혜 아주대학교 2015 국내석사

별도의 계면활성제를 첨가하지 않는 자외선크림을 개발하기 위하여 솔리드 리피드 마이크로파티클 (Solid Lipid Microparticle, SLM)과 관련 제형을 연구하였다. 유기 자외선 차단제로서는 2- ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, Isoamyl-p-methoxy cinnamate, Bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazin 이, 무기 자외선차단제로는 분산시킨 티타늄 다이옥사이드 (TiO2)를 사용하였다. SLM 형성을 최적화하기 위하여 다양한 지방산, 고급 알코올, 천연왁스를 적용하였으며, SLM 형성 및 안정도는 적절한 지질의 선택과적용 농도에 좌우되었다. 특히, 고급 알코올이 SLM 형성과 안정성 및 물성에 우수하였다. SLM 자외선 크림의 발수성은 일반적인 O/W 크림보다 23% 향상되었다. 또한 인체적용 시험을 하였을 때 피부 흡수가 감소하는 것을 Tape-stripping 방식을 통해서 확인함으로서 기존 제형에 비해 안전성이 개선됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 레올로지 특성 조사에서 SLM 제형은 다양한 shear rate 에 따른 점도 변화 분석을 통하여 제형의 퍼짐성이 향상됨을 알 수 있었다. SLM 제형은 기존 O/W 자외선크림에 비교하여 사용감이 뒤지지 않아, 차후 무 계면활성제 자외선크림 개발에 활용될 가능성이 크다 할 수 있다.

Octylmethoxycinnamate의 자외선 B 유도 광노화 억제

주정흔 충북대학교 2024 국내박사

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation damages skin and chronic ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation causes photoaging, where the skin undergoes changes on epidermal thickness, rough texture, reduced epidermal and dermal components, development of ectatic vessels, and wrinkles. Octylmethoxycinnamate (OMC) is a chemical sunscreen agent that works to filter out UVB. Sunscreen agent is used to protect against UV-induced not only erythema also photoaging. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms by chronic UVB-induced photoaging and anti-photoaging effect of OMC are not yet fully understood. This study was studied the anti-photoaging effect of OMC on UVB-induced skin aging. OMC were topically administered to hairless albino Crl:SKH1-Hrhr (SKH-1) mice dorsal skin along with UVB irradiation for 15 weeks. UVB irradiation significantly increase in wrinkle indices of the SKH-1 hairless mice skin surface. Chronic UV exposure disrupts the structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by degradation of collagen and change elastin. The mice skin subjected to staining to observe them for histopathological changes. UVB-irradiated group shown decreased the density of collagen and degenerated elastic fiber. Additionally, epidermal hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed in UVB-irradiated mice skin. However, OMC-treated + UVB-irradiated group improved the wrinkle formation and the histopathological changes (collagen and elastic fibers, and epidermal thickness). To identify gene expression changes in mice skin of UV-irradiated group and OMC treated + UV-irradiated group, cDNA microarray technology was utilized. Biological meaningful changes occurred in signaling molecule and signal transduction which extracellular matrix, kinase and apoptosis. There were differential gene expression changes in the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), thrombospondin (TSP), procollagen, survivin and daxx. Verification by RT-PCR showed that MMPs and VEGF were up-regulated, and TSP-1 was down-regulated, conforming consistency with the microarray results. Chronic UV irradiation activates MAPKs and culminating in the transcriptional regulation of MMPs and results in the degradation of collagen. In addition to collagen degradation, procollagen synthesis was reduced by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling was inhibited. The expression of MMPs, and MAPKs were elevated by UVB irradiation, whereas the expression of TGF-β and Smad2 were reduced. However, the topical application of OMC inhibited UVB-induced upregulation of MMPs and MEK-1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1). UV exposure also induces an increase in VEGF, an angiogenic factor, while TSP-1, an angiogenic inhibitor and an activator of TGF-β was decreased. OMC treatment inhibited the mRNA levels of UVB-induced VEGF overexpression and TSP1 down-regulation. OMC treatment inhibited the mRNA levels of UVB-induced VEGF overexpression and TSP1 down-regulation. OMC modulated the UVB-induced cytokine disarray associated with an up-regulation of the Th2-associated cytokines IL-10 and IL-4. As UV-induced MMP upregulation is associated with apoptosis, it examined the effects of OMC on the expression of proteins related to apoptosis. OMC inhibited UV-induced expression of Survivin and Daxx. This study suggests that OMC is a potential agent for the prevention and treatment of skin photoaging. 자외선 노출은 일광화상(홍반 반응, 세포사멸 반응)과 같이 피부를 손상시킬 수 있고, 장기간 노출될 경우 깊고 굵은 주름, 색소침착, 거친 피부, 탄력상실 및 염증악화 등으로 특징지어지는 광노화 피부를 유발한다. 피부 노화는 복잡한 과정으로 만성 자외선 조사로 인한 광노화 관련 세포 및 분자적 기전은 아직 완전히 이해되지 않았다. 자외선 차단제는 일광화상 및 광노화와 같은 유해한 급․만성 피부반응을 예방하기 위한 수단으로 사용한다. 본 연구에서 사용된 octylmethoxycinnamate (OMC)는 자외선 B (UVB)를 차단하는 유기 자외선 차단 성분 중 하나로서 홍반 반응 측정을 통한 UVB 차단 기능에 대해서만 평가되어 왔으며, 광노화 개선 효과에 대해서는 아직 연구되지 않았다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 만성 자외선 조사로 유도된 광노화 피부에서 생체지표를 탐색하고, OMC의 광노화 억제 효과 및 작용기전을 확인하기 위한 실험을 수행하였다. UVB 조사 피부에서 주름이 형성되었고, 표피 증식과 진피 내 염증 세포 침윤, 콜라겐 분해 및 탄력섬유 변성 등 세포외기질 구조 파괴가 관찰되었다. 마이크로어레이를 통해 광노화 마우스 피부에서 차별적인 유전자를 선별하였다. 세포외기질, 키나제, signaling molecule 및 세포사멸과 신호전달에서 생물학적으로 의미 있는 변화가 확인되었다. RT-PCR 및/또는 western blot을 통해 matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 세포사멸 관련 단백질 (Survivin 및 Daxx)이 상향 조절된 반면 thrombospondin, TGF-β, Smad 및 프로콜라겐은 하향 조절되었다. UVB 조사로 유도된 광노화 피부에서 OMC의 효과를 살펴본 결과, OMC 국소 적용으로 UV에 의한 주름 형성과 조직학적 변화의 개선(콜라겐 밀도 증가 등)이 관찰되었다. 또한 OMC는 MAPK 경로를 조절하여 콜라겐 분해를 담당하는 MMP의 발현을 하향 조절하고, UVB로 유발된 염증, 세포사멸 및 혈관신생 및 확장과 관련된 인자를 조절하여 광노화 억제 효과를 나타내는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 OMC를 UVB에 의한 광노화 및 관련 피부 증상을 개선할 수 있는 기능성 성분 또는 치료제 후보물질로 제시할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.