韓國人의 主要 死亡原因에 對한 死亡性比 分析

김진표,이시백 서울大學校保健大學院 1995 國民保健硏究所硏究論叢 Vol.5 No.1

The purpose of this study is to find out the mortality pattern, particularly sex mortality ratios. Sex mortality ratio can be defined as the ratio of male death rate to female death rate. The major findings are summarized as follows; The sex mortality ratio of 25-34 age group is 264.0, 35-44 age group, 268.8 and 45-54 age group, 265, which are high due to economical activities. The difference in sex mortality ratios is attributed to the risk behaviour such as job stress, smoking and drinking. The crude sex mortality ratios in almost all groups were increased whereas that of over 75 age group was decreased to 173.3 in 1983 and 161.5 in 1991. This fact explains that sex mortality ratio is changing into the desirable pattern. The sex mortality ratio of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis is 444.6 and the next is injury and poisoning, 280.0. That of cerebrovascular disease was the lowest, 87.0. As for the sex mortality ratio by death cause, that of chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis was the highest, 444.6 and the next was injury, 280.0. The lowest one was cerobrovascular disease, 87.0. An analysis on the trend of sex mortality ratio by death cause and by year, that of neoplasm was increased for both males and females. But the growth rates were almost same, which did not affect the sex mortality ratios. The growth rates of sex mortality ratios of other death causes show that the exposure of females to cancer-causing factors was increased. The sex mortality ratio of cardiovascular disease was decreased from 117.3 in 1983, to 85.7 in 1992, which show that cardiovascular disease is more prevalent in old age group and males are less likely to die by cardiovascular than before. The sex mortality ratios of heart disease and high blood pressure was decreased, which show that females are more exposed to the risk caused by diet pattern and stress rather than job stress.

우리나라 쌍둥이의 출생성비에 관한 연구, 2000-2018

박상화 ( Sang Hwa Park ),이재형 ( Jae Hyung Lee ),임달오 ( Dar Oh Lim ) 대한보건협회 2020 대한보건연구 Vol.46 No.1

Objective: To determine the secondary sex ratio of the twin and singleton births. in Korea from 2000 to 2018. Methods: This study used birth certificate data (twin: 115,656 pairs, total birth: 8,763,140 births) covering the years 2000-18 provided by Statistics Korea. The secondary sex ratio (male/female x 100) of twin and singleton births was analyzed by examining data on the sex composition of twin pairs (same-sex twin and opposite-sex twin). The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to describe the trend of the sex ratio at birth in twin and singleton births. Results: During this period, the proportion of opposite-sex twin increased from 28.4 percent to 38.4 percent. The average increment of the opposite-sex twin was 0.6 percent annually. The proportion of same-sex twin decreased from 71.6 percent to 61.6 percnet during the period. The mean sex ratio of singleton was higher (106.9±1.7) than that of twin (102.9±2.4). The proportion of same-sex twin was 37.6 percent in 2015-18 (odds ratio: 1.28, 95% confidence interval: 1.24-1.31), compared with the proportion of same-sex twin in 2000-04 (29.4 percent). the odds ratio of sex ratio in singleton birth was 1.06 in 2000-04, 1.03 in 2005-09, 1.04 in 2010-14, and 1.02 in 2015-18, as compare to five-year term of the sex ratio in twin. Conclusion: The secondary sex ratio of singleton was higher than that of twin. The incidence of opposite-sex twin increased by 0.6 percent annually, and proportion of same-sex twin decreased during the period. More research is required to understand the contributing factors to the sex ratio of twin and singleton births.

우리나라 지역별 성비 불균형과 혼인율: 실증분석

성낙일,이혜경,조동혁 한국응용경제학회 2012 응용경제 Vol.14 No.1

This study attempts to assess the effects of regional unbalance in sex ratio on marriage rate using a regional panel data. This regional unbalance in sex ratio has been caused partly by the unbalanced masculinity of birth, and partly by the movement of population as a byproduct of industrialization. The time span encompassed by the study is 2005-2009. Empirical results indicate that regional unbalance in sex ratio for persons aged 20-44 (the primary ages of marriage and fertility) had no effects on first marriage rate. This finding provides evidence on the hypothesis that market mechanism can solve any problem caused by regional unbalance in sex ratio. This study attempts to assess the effects of regional unbalance in sex ratio on marriage rate using a regional panel data. This regional unbalance in sex ratio has been caused partly by the unbalanced masculinity of birth, and partly by the movement of population as a byproduct of industrialization. The time span encompassed by the study is 2005-2009. Empirical results indicate that regional unbalance in sex ratio for persons aged 20-44 (the primary ages of marriage and fertility) had no effects on first marriage rate. This finding provides evidence on the hypothesis that market mechanism can solve any problem caused by regional unbalance in sex ratio

The Poor Sex Ratio of Haryana

Sanjay Sharma(샤마 산제이) 한국문화정책학회 2016 문화정책 Vol.3 No.1

A balanced sex ratio is desirable for a healthy and just society. However, if certain beliefs and misuse of technology disturb the sex ratio it requires introspection. Haryana, an economically prosperous state of India, presents a case of cultural lag where technological advancement has been skewed to promote traditional cultural-religious beliefs which resulted in a poor sex ratio. Though the country is having a poor sex ratio, Haryana’s situation of poor sex ratio is quite disappointing. The grim condition of the poor sex ratio in state has led Narender Modi, the Prime Minister of India, to launch the “Beti Bachao Beti Padhao” campaign (Save the girl child, educate the girl child) from the Panipat District of Haryana. Primarily, there are two reasons for the preference of male children. First, there is a cultural belief in Hinduism that a son is essential to perform certain rituals and carry forward the family. Second, girls are considered an economic burden because of customs like dowry in the patriarchal society of Haryana. The religious beliefs and patriarchal society resulted in creating a hostile environment for girls in the state. The economic prosperity of Haryana facilitated people to take advantage of medical facilities and misuse them (for female feticide) to keep practicing their religious-cultural beliefs even though the law considers the practice a criminal offence. However, the stereotypical patriarchal attitude of the people does not match the rationality of the law. Therefore, the entire social set up largely allows this to happen. The poor sex ratio in Haryana has also given birth to other social evils like, increasing crime against women and trafficking of girls. This paper makes a modest attempt to analyze the poor sex ratio of the state and efforts to deconstruct the cultural lag existing in the region.

편향된 성비 맥락에서 얼굴의 성별에 따른 주의 효과

서경보,김민식 한국인지및생물심리학회 2014 한국심리학회지 인지 및 생물 Vol.26 No.1

Previous research suggest that sex-ratio has a huge impact on family structure, economic behavior, and more. The current study was conducted to explore the effects of sex-ratio context on human selective attention. In Experiment 1, each of the two experimental groups read two different versions of a fictitious news article: a male-biased version and a female-biased version. Then, the difference in gaze cueing effect between male and female cues was measured. Female participants in the female-biased group showed a greater gaze cueing effect to male cue stimuli than participants in any other group. That is, in a low sex ratio context (i.e., fewer males), women were more sensitive to attentional guidance from the opposite-sex gaze cue. In Experiment 2, using a letter probe task, we measured the distribution of spatial attention and also added a balanced sex-ratio group. The results showed that women assigned more amount of spatial attention to opposite-sex stimuli in a female-biased context, and less amount of spatial attention to opposite-sex stimuli in a male-biased context. The results of both experiments show that only women showed attentional effects of sex-ratio context. Female-biased context caused women to be more sensitive to attentional guidance from the opposite-sex face stimuli and assign more spatial attention to the opposite-sex face stimuli. Women in a male-biased context assigned less spatial attention to the opposite-sex face stimuli. The results are quite different from previous sex-ratio studies which state that males are more influenced by sex-ratio. This study was the first to show the attentional effects of sex-ratio, and implicates that sex-ratio influences not only socio-economic variables, but cognitive mechanisms as well. 남성과 여성의 비율인 성비는 인간의 가족 구조, 경제적 행동 등에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 성비가 인간의 선택적 주의에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 확인하고자 하였다. 실험1에서는 성비가 높거나 낮다는 내용으로 꾸며낸 뉴스기사를 집단 별로 읽도록 하여 성비가 각각 남성편향(남성이 여성보다 많음)이거나 여성편향이라고 생각하게 하였다. 이어서 단서 자극의 성별이 각각 동성이거나 이성일 때 시선단서효과의 크기 변화를 확인하였다. 실험 결과, 여성편향 맥락에서 여성이 이성 단서 자극의 주의 유도에 더욱 민감하게 반응하였다. 실험2에서는 남성편향, 여성편향 조건과 더불어 성비 균형 조건을 추가하였다. 기사를 읽도록 한 후 글자 탐사를 이용하여 각 성별 얼굴 자극에 대한 공간적 주의 배분을 측정하였다. 실험 결과, 여성편향 맥락에서 여성이 이성 자극에 대해 상대적으로 더 많은 주의를 할당하였고, 남성편향 맥락에서는 여성이 이성 자극에 대해 상대적으로 더 적은 주의를 할당하였다. 두 실험 모두에서 시각적 주의에 대한 성비의 영향은 여성에게만 나타났다. 여성편향 맥락은 여성이 이성 자극의 주의 유도에 더욱 민감하게 반응하도록 하는 효과와 이성 자극에 대한 시각적 주의를 더 많이 할당하도록 하는 효과가 있었으며, 남성편향 맥락은 여성이 이성 자극에 대한 시각적 주의를 더 적게 할당하도록 하는 효과가 있었다. 이는 기존의 성비 관련 연구에서 보통 남성에게 성비의 효과가 더 크게 나타났던 것과는 대조적인 결과이다. 본 연구는 주의에 대한 성비의 영향을 최초로 확인한 것이며, 성비가 사회 경제적 변인 뿐 아니라 주의 등의 인지 기제에도 영향을 미침을 시사한다.

Determination of sex ratio of bovine embryos produced in vitro

Yoenmi Yoo,Jong Gug Kim 한국수정란이식학회 2016 한국수정란이식학회 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.10

Increase of bovine embryos produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF) has been seen. The main reason for producing in vitro fertilized embryos in Korea has been to utilize the genetics of cows with higher carcass grade. Ovaries are collected from the cows in the slaughter house and the information on the carcass grade of the cow can be traced. Embryos produced from cows with higher carcass grade have been favored by the farmers. PCR has been one of the main techniques for sex determination of embryos targeting various genes. Bovine sex determining region Y (SRY) is specific to Y chromosome. However, it requires a control gene for PCR, if the embryo is female. In comparison to SRY, amelogenin can be amplified from male or female embryos with different fragment sizes due to differential splicing in all bovidae. The goal of this study was to determine whether there are any differences in the sex ratio of embryos produced in vitro and to compare the efficiency of sex determination using PCR. Ovaries of Hanwoo were collected and transported to the laboratory in thermal bottles. For in vitro maturation, oocytes were collected from the follicles with less than 8 mm of diameter and placed in either the Brackett & Oliphant media (BO), Tissue culture medium-199 (TCM-199), or IVMD101 media, containing 3% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 0.5 mg/ml FSH, 0.5 mg/ml LH, and 1 mg/ml estradiol-17β. For IVF, frozen sperm from Hanwoo bulls were used. After 22-24h IVF, embryos were transferred and cultured either in BO or TCM-199 with 10% FBS until the embryos were hatched. Hatched blastocysts were stored in PBS frozen, and later thawed and treated with embryo lysis buffer. After isolating genomic DNA, it was used for PCR using primers for casein beta (CSN2), as PCR control, or for male specific SRY primers. Alternatively, primers for amelogenin were used. Sex of embryos was determined and the sex ratio was analyzed. Out of 94 embryos, sex of 83 embryos (88.3%) was determined and there were 40 male embryos (48.2%) and 43 female embryos (51.8%). Sex of 31 embryos was determined using both SRY and amelogenin. Among those, 17 embryos were determined as having identical sex, while 1 embryo was determined as having different sex, and the sex of 11 and 2 embryos were determined only by amelogenin or SRY primers, respectively. In conclusion, the success of determining the sex of embryos by PCR was relatively high. Using amelogenin primer for PCR tends to be more efficient than SRY primer in determining the sex. Slightly higher ratio of female embryos was different from previous years and the cause for the difference may require further investigation.

넙치 양식산과 자연산의 성비 비교

정달상,김철원,Jeong, Dal Sang,Kim, Chul Won 국립한국농수산대학교 교육개발센터 2014 현장농업연구지 = Journal of practical agricultural resear Vol.16 No.1

Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) has a great potential value for aquaculture in Korea. The theoretical sex ratio of this flounder is close to 1:1 as it is in many other type of fish. However, according to the size selection during artificial seedling production, there is a possibility of unbalanced sex ratio. The actual flounder culturing needs female seedlings because of faster growth than male in economically. However, little is known about the sex ratio of cultured flounder. The six populations consisted of three wild populations and three cultured populations were analyzed for investigating the sex ratio. The sex ratio of wild populations ranged from 1.10 to 1.93 in female and 0.52 to 0.91 in male. And the sex ratio of cultured populations ranged from 0.20 to 2.15 in female and 0.46 to 4.88 in male. This result indicated that the sex ratio of cultured flounder varies depending on the size selection method.

Optimal Threonine:Lysine Ratio for Growing Pigs of Different Sexes

Chang, W.H.,Lee, J.H.,Heo, K.N.,Paik, I.K.,Han, In K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2000 Animal Bioscience Vol.13 No.12

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of threonine:lysine ratios on growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration, and to estimate the optimal threonine:lysine ratios for growing barrows and gilts. A total of 150 pigs (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Duroc, $16.75{\pm}0.42kg$ average body weight, 75 barrows and 75 gilts) was randomly allotted into six treatments in a $2{\times}3$ factorial design. Six diets were formulated to contain 1.12% lysine for barrows and 1.33% lysine for gilts with three threonine:lysine ratios (50, 60 and 70%) for both barrows and gilts. Throughout the whole experimental period (16 to 56 kg body weight), there was no interaction between sex and dietary threonine:lysine ratio in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion rate (FCR). Between sexes, there was a clear sex-effect showing better growth performance of barrows. Barrows consumed more feed (p<0.01) and grew faster (p<0.01) than gilts. For barrows, there was a trend to improved ADG and FCR with increasing threonine:lysine ratio. For gilts, there was a trend to improved ADG and FCR up to threonine:lysine ratio of 60%, but not significant. There was no interaction between sex and threonine:lysine ratio in nutrient digestibilities of growing pigs except for crude ash (CA). Between sexes, there were differences in nutrient digestibilities, except for calcium for which gilts showed higher a digestibility (p<0.01). Among dietary threonine:lysine ratios, there were no differences in nutrient digestibilities. Mean values of essential amino acids (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and total amino acids (TAA) digestibilities were not affected by sex and dietary threonine:lysine ratio. There was no evidence of an interaction between sexes and dietary threonine:lysine ratio. Between sexes, total BUN concentration was lower in gilts than barrows (p<0.05). It was concluded that a 70 and 60% dietary threonine:lysine ratio for barrows (1.12% lysine) and gilts (1.33% lysine) tended to result in better growth performances and nutrient utilization and lower BUN concentration than other threonine:lysine ratios.

Insects perceive local sex ratio in the absence of tactile or visual sex-specific cues

Han, Chang S.,Kang, Chang-Ku,Shin, Hong-Sup,Lee, Jeong-Hyun,Bae, Mi-Rye,Lee, Sang-Im,Jablonski, Piotr G. Springer-Verlag 2012 Behavioral ecology and sociobiology Vol.66 No.9

<P>Numerous studies have demonstrated adaptive behavioral responses of males and females to changes in operational sex ratio (the ratio of potentially receptive males to receptive females; OSR), and theory often assumes that animals have perfect instantaneous knowledge about the OSR. However, the role of sensory mechanisms in monitoring the local sex ratio by animals and whether animals can perceive local sex ratio in a manner consistent with model assumptions have not been well addressed. Here, we show that mating water striders <I>Gerris gracilicornis</I> respond to local sex ratio even when visual and physical contact with other individuals were experimentally prohibited. Our study shows that insects are able to estimate local population’s sex ratio and adjust their behavior based on nonvisual cues perceived at a distance or released to the habitat. Hence, the frequent theoretical assumption that individuals have knowledge about their local sex ratio regardless of their direct behavioral interactions may be an acceptable approximation of reality.</P>

최근 6 년간 ( 1990~1995 ) 순천향대학교 의과대학 구미병원에서 출생한 신생아 출생성비에 관한 통계보고와 문제점에 대한 고찰

심일구(IG Shim),임경빈(KB Lim),남산의(SE Nam),이은찬(EC Lee),이승호(SH Lee),김희범(HB Kim) 대한산부인과학회 1997 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.40 No.4

The objectives of this study are; First, review the sex ratio of all newborns born at soonchunhyang kumi hospital between Jan 1, 1990 and Dec 31, 1995, Second, examine the problems associated with the sex ratio. We came to following results of this study afte analyzing 34,279 deliveries fo newborns for the past six years. The results were summarized as follows. 1. Out fo total 34,269 deliveries, 26,814 deliveries were NSVD and 7,455 deliveries were C/sec. Average delivery experience pre person was1.57 times. 2.The total sex ratio of the past 6 years (1990 - 1995) was 100:120.1 (female:male). 3. The sex ratio in case of nullipara was 100:104.4 and for multilpara, 100:139.5 The difference was statistically significant. 4. In case of mulitpara, the xes ratio of the second delivery was 130.3, 241.9 for the third delivery, 244.6 for the fourth delivery and 407.1 for the fifth delivery. The difference was statistially significant. 5. In case of multipara, the sex ratio of the second delivery was 112.4 when the first born was male and 151.8 when the first born was female. The differnece was statistically signficant. 6. The sex ratio of the third delivery was 293.1 when the first and the second borns were both female. 7. Average abortion experience was 0.578 for nullipara, and 1.545 for multipara who have more than two times of delivery experiences. The differnce was statistically significant. In conclusion, in case of multipara the sex ratio of new borns shows a huge imbalance and it is fearede that this imbalnace could cause a serious social problems in the future.