실험실 규모에서의 온탕침지법에 의한 들깨 및 싱고니움 중 Pratylenchus penetrans의 살선충효과 및 훈증처리에 의한 우드펠렛 중 Sitophilus zeamais의 살충효과

임가을 전북대학교 대학원 2025 국내석사

The increasing volume of global trade in plant materials has significantly raised concerns over the introduction and spread of quarantine pests, urging the development of effective and environmentally sustainable phytosanitary disinfestation guidelines. In particular, the phase-out of methyl bromide (MB), a broad-spectrum fumigant with proven efficacy, has created an urgent need for alternative treatment that can be applied to both soil and quarantine pests. This study aimed to evaluate two alternative pest control technologies targeting representative quarantine pests from two different ecological positions: the plant-parasitic nematode Pratylenchus penetrans and the stored-product pests Sitophilus zeamais. To control P. penetrans, which is known to parasitize the roots of Perilla frutescens and Syngonium podophyllum, hot water treatment was assessed as a physical method of quarantine disinfetation. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that hot water treatment at 50°C for 2 minutes effectively eliminated P. penetrans populations. Notably, this species exhibited greater thermal tolerance compared to the quarantine nematode Radopholus similis, suggesting that hot water treatment may also be applicable for low thermal tolerance nematode species if appropriate treatment conditions are established. For S. zeamais, a quarantine pest frequently detected in imported wood pellets, three alternative fumigants were tested: sulfuryl fluoride (SF), ethyl formate (EF), and ethanedinitrile (EDN). Bioassays were conducted to determine the insecticidal efficacy of each fumigant at varying concentrations and exposure durations. For all three fumigants, LCt50 and LCt99 values required for insecticidal efficacy were determined across different life stages of S. zeamais, and the combined efficacy with SF and EF was also confirmed. These results suggest that each fumigant has practical potential as a replacement for MB, though additional studies are required to sorption and penetration characteristics and commercial scale trials. This study provides foundational data for the development of pest control protocols targeting two distinct quarantine pest groups that have traditionally relied on MB for effective disinfestation. The experimental validation of hot water treatment for nematode control and the comparative efficacy analysis of alternative fumigants for S. zeamais contribute to expanding the range of feasible phytosanitary measures. The outcomes of this research are expected to support future revisions of national and international quarantine treatment guidelines and promote the adoption of MB-free, sustainable disinfestation practices in agricultural trade.

The Role of Orai1 in Ciliogenesis, Shh Signaling, and Left-Right Asymmetry

Yeong Cheon Kweon Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology 2025 국내박사

Biological control of deleterious grain fungi and aflatoxin production in stored rice

Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed Ahmed Mannaa Graduate School, Korea University 2018 국내박사

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most widely consumed staple food for the human population. After harvesting, rice grains are subjected to wide range of fungal contamination; as the grains proceed to storage, environmental conditions favor the growth of the deleterious mycotoxigenic fungal species including Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Growth of such fungal species results in higher levels of mycotoxins, that are associated with human and animal health hazards. Chemical control methods result in significant reduction in the fungal population; however, its use is becoming limited especially during grain storage due to the health concerns and the occurrence of resistance. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the rice-derived bacteria for potential biocontrol strains against A. flavus and aflatoxins. As a result, from the 460 isolated bacterial strains, 28 strains were prescreened based on their in vitro antifungal activity. Further screening tests were conducted on rice grains and finally three strains were selected based on their antagonistic activity against A. flavus on rice grains and were identified as Bacillus megaterium KU143, Microbacterium testaceum KU313 and Pseudomonas protegens AS15. The biocontrol activity of the three selected strains was investigated against the A. flavus and the other major fungal species on rice grains. The three selected strains proofed to be efficient biocontrol agents, being able to suppress fungal growth in vitro and on rice grains, good colonizers of rice grains surface and good competitors with the grains’ natural fungal and bacterial populations. In particular, P. protegens AS15 was able to degrade pure aflatoxin B1 in liquid media and to utilize the toxin in nutrient-deficient media. Furthermore, the volatiles from B. megaterium KU143 and P. protegens AS15 have caused a significant reduction in the fungal population with evidence on aflatoxin production suppression. The produced volatile compounds were tentatively identified using GC-MS analysis. Moreover, the influences of varying degrees of temperature and relative humidity on the growth of the major fungi on stored rice grains were investigated. The growth of the five tested fungal species was significantly affected by changes in both temperature and relative humidity. Finally, the influence of varying degrees of temperature and relative humidity on the biocontrol activity of P. protegens AS15 against the aflatoxigenic A. flavus growth and aflatoxin production was also evaluated on rice grains. The antifungal and anti-aflatoxin activities of P. protegens AS15 were shown to be consistent at different temperature and relative humidity levels. Taken together, the present study suggests three potential biocontrol bacterial strains against stored rice deleterious fungi, with P. protegens AS15 showing aflatoxin biodegradation and utilization and consistent biocontrol and anti-aflatoxin activities at varying environmental conditions.

Effect of long term storage of kimchi cabbage on kimchi fermentation and quantitative detection of white colony forming yeast using real-time PCR

민승기 경희대학교 대학원 2021 국내박사

Kimchi cabbage (KC), the main ingredient used in kimchi, has a great influence on the quality characteristics of kimchi. In this study, the long-term storage method of KC, a quality evaluation of kimchi made with long-term stored KC, and a method to quickly detect undesirable white colony-forming yeast (WCFY) on the kimchi during fermentation were investigated. To store KC for a long time, once harvested, they should be quickly maintained at a low temperature to suppress post-harvest physiology; however, the sudden temperature change may lead to chilling injury in KC. Consequently, the optimal cooling rate is key for the long-term storage of KC. To determine the optimal cooling rate, KCs were cooled at different cooling rates (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24°C/d), and then stored at 1°C for 90 days. Thereafter, the changes in weight, trimming, total losses, pH, free sugar content, and total bacterial count were analyzed during storage. KC stored at a cooling rate of 6°C/d presented lower total loss and better quality properties than those stored at other cooling rates; thus, 6°C/d is an appropriate cooling rate for long-term storage of KC. Kimchi made using stored KC exhibited different fermentation characteristics than kimchi made using fresh kimchi cabbage. In this study, viable microbial communities and metabolites of kimchi were monitored and sensory evaluation was performed. The storage of KC affected the microbial community structure of kimchi, which caused differences in metabolites. In the early and middle stages of kimchi fermentation, fructose and mannitol contents were higher in control kimchi than in kimchi made using stored KC. Additionally, control kimchi had higher levels of sweetness and texture than kimchi made using stored KC. Long-term fermentation of kimchi, especially kimchi made using stored KC, resulted in WCFY appearing on the surface of kimchi. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to rapidly detect Kazachstania servazzii and Candia sake known as WCFY in kimchi were developed. The K. servazzii- and C. sake-specific real-time PCR amplified the target yeast species only, without any cross-reactivity with non-target yeast species. The limit of detection of each assay was 1. ×102 and 3.1×102 CFU/mL for K. servazzii and C. sake respectively. The quantitative real-time PCR assays were validated through quantitative analysis of yeast content inoculated into kimchi. Therefore, these methods were applied to analyze the change in yeast content during kimchi fermentation. The real-time PCR assays developed in this study have the potential to be used for the quantitative detection of K. servazzii and C. sake present in kimchi. This study can be used as basic data for kimchi manufacturers that use stored KC for the supply and demand of kimchi.

고속 프린터에서 Stored Printing 처리방안에 따른 성능 분석

현규완 동국대학교 대학원 2009 국내석사

국내 프린터 시장은 지속적으로 성장하고 있으며 특히 네트워킹의 확대에 따라 프린팅 서비스 스테이션으로 활용할 수 있는 고속프린터에 대한 수요가 급증하고 있다. 그러나 현재까지 중?저속프린터의 인쇄화질과 응용프로그램에 관련된 연구만이 보고되고 있을 뿐 고속프린터의 구조와 속도에 대한 연구는 거의 이루어지지 않고 있다. 또한 있더라도 프로세서의 시뮬레이션은 예상치나 평균값을 이용하므로 정확하지 못한 데이터를 사용하였다. 따라서 고속프린터의 구조와 속도에 대한 연구와 프로세서 시뮬레이션에 더 정확한 데이터의 사용이 절실하다. 본 논문에서는 고속 인쇄를 위한 요구사항을 충족시키는 고속프린터의 구성요소를 정의하고 각 구성요소의 상호작용 및 프린터의 전체 성능에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 토대로 28.8 PPM의 성능을 갖는 고속프린터의 최적사양을 정의하였다. 또한 저장 인쇄에서 압축 여부에 따른 성능의 변화를 살펴본다. The proliferation of Information Technology and Business Automation become the mainstay of the growth of domestic printer market. Especially the demand for high speed printers increases drastically as the need for printing service station in networked computing environment grows. However outstanding research activities are seldom reported. Only efforts are currently focused on the printing quality and development of application programs for low or midium speed printers. And though there are, they use average data and expectation in Simulation of Processer. This stimulates the research for high-speed printers. In this paper, we first defined the architectural components of high-speed printers so that the performance requirements can be satisfied. The individual impacts of each module on overall throughput are then elaborately analysed. Based on this result, we accomplished well-tuned system architecture which presents up to 28.8 PPM. And this has analysis for performance by using compress process or not using it in Stored Printing.

Cobalt^(60) 照射가 保存血에 미치는 影響

안종호 慶北大學校 大學院 1967 국내석사

Since radicactive substances are widely used in various field. There are increased chances in human being after accidental exposure to irradiation are extensively studied, but there are few available informations upon stored blood exposed to irradiation. It is an interesting matter to know what changes are manifasted in irradiated stored blood. Author studied erythrocyte, leucocyte, platelst count and hematocrit determdnation in irradiated stored blood exposed to 500r, 1000r, 2500r, and 5000r with cobalt. The analyses of the bloods are made in 1st(24 hours), 7th. 14th and 21st day after irradiation and results obtained are as follows: 1. By duration of storage, erythrocyte count of none radiated stored blood(Control blood) showed a slight decrease, whereas irradiated bloods showed slightly lower count than that of control blood. The decreasing ratio of control to irradiated bloods in 1st, 7th, 14th and 21st day manifest roughly same ratio. There are no significant differences of erythrocyte count acoording to domage of radiation. 2. Leucocyte count of the control blood showed gradually and moderately decreasing number with duration of storage. There are no significant differences of count in irradiated blood and control blood and also no significant difference of count by dosage of irradiation. 3. Platelet count of the control blood showed marked decrease by duration of storage and in irradiated blood, but there are no noticeable differences of count by dosage of irradiation. 4. There are no noticeable differences of hematocrit in control groups and also alteration of hematocrit in irradiated blood group.

Applied methods of chlorine dioxide gas for safe management during grain storage

권혁 Graduate School, Korea University 2020 국내박사

Increasing international trade in agricultural products has caused the influx of exotic insect pests. In the United States, damage caused by exotic insect pests is reported to reach $17 billion per year. This study tested the efficacy of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas to reduce the damage incurred by pests and increase the storage of grain. ClO2 is a 2.5-fold stronger oxidant than chlorine and can be used over a wide pH range. As an antimicrobial agent recognized for its disinfectant properties, ClO2 has been used since the 1950s for drinking water purification. More recently, the oxidant has been used for post-harvest control of bacteria and fungi on fruit and vegetables because of its sterilization effectiveness. Under laboratory conditions using gaseous ClO2, the mortality rate of four pests, including Sitophilus zeamais, Callosobruchus chinensis, Tribolium castaneum, and Trogoderma granarium, was confirmed. Treatment with 100 ppm ClO2 caused high mortality of S. zeamais, C. chinensis, and T. granarium, while T. castaneum showed high mortality at 200 ppm. The order of sensitivity toward ClO2 gas was C. chinensis > T. granarium > S. zeamais > T. castaneum. These results showed that ClO2 gas provided effective control of S. zeamais, T. granarium, and C. chinensis. A subsequent field experiment was perforned. One ton of grain was treated with ClO2 gas to examine the insecticidal effect against Plodia interpunctella adult, and larvae, and S. zeamais. The mortality of P. interpunctella was 100 %, but the mortality P. interpunctella larvae was low. Results for S. zeamais varied depending on its location within the grain. The mortality rates were 85% and 80% at the top, and 30% in the middle. Residual ClO2 was initially detected at the top of the grain, but none was detected at 7 days after treatment. This experiment affirmed that ClO2 is effective for stored grain pest control and can be used in the field. Moreover, there was little damage to the grain. With further experiments on the pest sensitivity and grain penetration rate of ClO2, it is expected that ClO2 could be a new alternative to toxic agents, like methyl bromide or phosphine, for stored grain pest control and safe storage of grain.

Early Detection of Spoilage through Mycotoxin Prediction on Storage Wheat : 미코톡신 예측을 이용한 저장 밀의 부패 조기 검출

김용직 경북대학교 대학원 2024 국내석사

For early detection of spoilage in stored wheat, CO2 concentration and respiration rate (RR) were calculated in four different storage temperatures (10, 20, 30 and 40 ℃). Moreover, prediction model of mycotoxin level for three different classes (Green, Yellow and Red) of spoilage was also developed using machine learning analysis and the performance of the model was evaluated. The results of the study are summarized as follows: 1. CO2 concentration and RR increased as storage temperature increased. In storage temperature of 40 ℃, RR was the highest among all tests. In 10 and 20 ℃, RR ultimately reached the lowest value in 7 hours of storage. 2. Three different classes were identified based on the visible appearance of mold formation and change of RR, then images were acquired for the development of the prediction model with corresponding mycotoxin contents. The model showed the accuracy of 83.3% for the classification of the three levels of classes. Specifically, Red class showed the highest value in all evaluation metric including precision (1.0), recall (0.90) and F1-Score (0.95) after Green and Yellow classes in order. The model can be utilized to determine the mycotoxin content non-destructively and early detect the spoilage on storage wheat. 저장 중인 밀의 부패 조기 검출을 위해 밀폐 용기 내 백강밀(Triticum aestivum L.)의 이산화탄소(CO2) 농도 측정 및 호흡량을 계산하였다. 저장 온도는 10, 20, 30, 40 ℃로 설정하였다. 또한, 3 수준의 부패 정도(Green, Yellow, Red)를 구별하는 머신러닝 기반 미코톡신 예측 모델을 개발하여 모델의 성능을 평가하였다. 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. CO2 농도와 호흡량은 저장 온도가 증가함에 따라 같이 증가하였다. 저장 온도 40 ℃에서 가장 높은 호흡량을 확인하였다. 반면 온도가 비교적 낮은 10, 20 ℃의 경우, 호흡량이 지속적으로 줄어들고 저장 7시간 이후 가장 낮은 호흡량에 도달하였다. 2. 저장 중 육안으로 확인되는 곰팡이 형성과 저장 밀의 호흡량을 기반으로 부패의 정도를 Green, Yellow, Red로 나누고, 미코톡신 예측 모델 개발을 위해 미코톡신 함량과 이미지 데이터를 획득하여 모델을 개발하였다. 개발된 모델의 정확도(Accuracy)는 83.3%로 높은 성능을 보였다. 특히, Red 의 경우, 정밀도(Precision) 1.0, 재현율(Recall) 0.90, F1-Score 0.95로 이는 Green과 Yellow 순으로 가장 높은 성능을 나타냈다. 해당 모델을 통하여 저장 밀의 미토콕신 함량을 비파괴적으로 측정할 수 있고, 저장 시 밀의 부패를 조기에 감지하여 수확 후 손실을 최소화하는데 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Efficacy of chlorine dioxide fumigation on storage insects and fungi in stored rice

한경덕 Graduate School, Korea University 2018 국내박사

곡물의 수확 후 저장 중 곤충과 곰팡이에 의한 곡식 피해를 막기 위하여 이산화염소 가스를 처리하였다. 수확 후 곤충과 곰팡이를 억제할 수 있는 최적의 이산화염소 가스 처리 조건을 찾기 위해서 다양한 농도와 처리 시간을 시험하였다. 또한 이산화염소 가스 처리 후, 곡물 씨앗의 활성과 이산화염소 잔류량도 확인해 보았다. 이산화염소 가스의 처리는 화랑곡나방의 모든 생장 단계에서 효과를 보였다. 알과 성충 단계의 화랑곡나방은 장시간의 저농도 처리나 단시간의 고농도 처리에도 높은 치사율을 보였다. 하지만, 유충과 번데기 단계의 화랑곡나방은 알과 성충 단계보다 감수성이 적었다. 유충과 번데기 단계의 경우에는 낮은 농도 처리에서는 낮은 치사율을 보였다, 하지만, 낮은 농도라 할지라도 장시간 처리될 경우에는 높은 치사율을 보였다. 모든 단계의 화랑곡나방에 이산화염소 가스를 처리한 후 장기간 관찰한 결과, 낮은 농도에 장시간 노출된 화랑곡나방은 높은 농도에 단시간 노출된 화랑곡나방과 비슷한 증상을 나타내었다. 그리고, 낮은 농도에서 처리된 유충 단계의 화랑곡나방은 유충 기간이 늘어나는 것을 보였으며, 이 유충은 번데기가 되거나 성충으로 우화하는 데 실패하였다. 이산화염소에 의해서 활성산소가 화랑곡나방 유충에 축적되게 된다. 그러나, iPLA2 가 발현되어 피해입은 지방산을 고치거나 유지시킨다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 지방산 산패 축적이 화랑곡나방에서의 살충 효과를 야기하게 된다. 이산화염소 가스를 통한 곰팡이 억제 실험을 위해서 Aspergillus ochraceus 가 사용되었다. 가스 처리가 된 곰팡이에서는 비정상적인 균사와 함께 낮은 균사 성장률을 볼 수 있었다. 또한, 이산화염소 가스가 처리된 곰팡이에서 얻은 분생포자는 낮은 발아율을 보이거나, 발아가 늦는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이산화염소 가스 처리는 곰팡이를 인위접종한 창고 실험에서 곰팡이를 완벽하게 억제시키는 것을 보여주었다. 가스 처리 이후, 곡물 종자 활성 또한 조사되었다. 종자 활성은 가스의 농도와 처리 시간에 영향을 받았다. 하지만 이산화염소 잔류량은 국제 기준보다 낮거나 검출되지 않았다. 또한 A. ochraceus의 균사 성장과 포자의 발아를 억제했다. 적절한 농도와 처리 시간은 곡물 종자 활성에 영향을 미치지 못했으며 종자에 잔유물을 남기지 않았다. 이산화염소 가스 처리는 수확 후 보관기간동안 곡물의 품질 관리에 기여할 수 있을 것이다. Gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) treatment during the stored period against postharvest insects and fungi on grain was studied. Various gaseous ClO2 concentration and treatment time were tested to find optimum condition for the control of postharvest insect and fungi. Also, the viability of grain seeds and residue of ClO2 on grain after the gas treatment was investigated. Treatment of gaseous ClO2 controls all the life stages of Plodia interpunctella. Both egg and adult stage of P. interpunctella was showed high mortality rate on low concentration treatment for a long time or high concentration for short time treatment of ClO2 gas. However, larva and pupa stage P. interpunctella was less sensitive compared to egg or adult stage. Larva and pupa stage showed low mortality on low concentration treatment. However, low concentration long-time treatment showed high mortality. Long-term investigation after ClO2 gas treatment to all stages of P. interpunctella showed that low concentration for long time treatment showed the same effect to a high concentration for short time treatment. And low concentration gas treatment increased larva stage of P. interpunctella, and that larva failed to pupate or eclose. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) was induced by ClO2 treatment in P. interpunctella larva. However, expression of iPLA2 was increased to repairing damaged fatty acid. Nevertheless, the accumulation of lipid peroxidation showed to be resulted insecticidal to P. interpunctella. At gaseous ClO2 treatment to control fungi, ochratoxin producing fungi, Asperillus ochraceus was tested. The gas treated fungi showed abnormal mycelia and lower growth rate. Also, the conidia spores from ClO2 gas treated fungi showed a lower rate of germination or delay of germination. Gaseous ClO2 completely suppressed the A. ochraceus which was artificially inoculate in the field test. The viability of gas treated grain seed was also investigated. The viability was affected by the gas concentration and treatment time. However, The ClO2 residues on grain seed were lower than international standards or not detected. Furthermore, the treatment reduced the growth rate and germination rate of fungi, A. ochraceus. The treatment with proper concentration and duration did not lower the grain seed viability and did not leave chemical residue on the seed. The treatment of gaseous ClO2 contributed to keeping postharvest quality and quantity of grains during storing period.

Investigation and Analysis of Slip and Microstructural Deformation Behavior of Binary Tantalum-Tungsten Alloy During Rolling and Influence of Deformed Microstructure on Recrystallization Behavior During Annealing

박기성 국립순천대학교 대학원 2025 국내박사

This dissertation presents a comprehensive study on the crystallographic orientation-dependent deformation and recrystallization behavior of Ta–10W alloys under extreme thermomechanical conditions. Through the integration of in-depth experimental characterization and computational modeling, five independent but thematically connected chapters explore the underlying mechanisms of non-Schmid plasticity, stored energy evolution, recrystallization kinetics, viscoplastic deformation, and texture-based design strategies in body-centered cubic (BCC) refractory metals. In Chapter 1, the non-Schmid plasticity effects of Ta–10W alloy are elucidated through a combination of uniaxial compression tests and crystal plasticity simulations. Unlike conventional FCC metals, the BCC Ta–10W alloy exhibits strong orientation- and temperature-dependent deviations from Schmid’s law. Experimental results showed a pronounced asymmetry in yield stress and slip system activation depending on the loading direction, especially at cryogenic temperatures. A modified constitutive framework incorporating non-glide stress components was developed and successfully reproduced the observed plastic anisotropy, confirming the critical role of non-Schmid effects in accurately predicting the mechanical response of BCC systems. Chapter 2 focuses on the orientation-dependent accumulation of stored energy and microstructural evolution during 80% cold rolling of Ta–10W sheets at room and cryogenic temperatures. EBSD-based metrics, including kernel average misorientation (KAM), grain orientation spread (GOS), grain average misorientation (GAM), and statistically estimated stored energy (SE), were used to quantify the deformation-induced microstructures. The analysis revealed that orientations along γ-fiber and Rotated Cube accumulated higher internal strains, while Cube-oriented grains exhibited low stored energy but distinctive grain boundary characteristics. Notably, cryogenic rolling promoted a higher degree of strain partitioning and dislocation accumulation, contributing to finer subgrain structures and heterogeneous energy storage across orientations. In Chapter 3, the recrystallization behavior of cold-rolled Ta–10W alloy was examined after annealing at multiple temperatures (1100–1500 °C). Grains were classified into six representative orientation types (Ori1–Ori6), and their recrystallization fraction and grain size evolution were quantitatively analyzed using EBSD and grain boundary misorientation-based segmentation. The results showed that Cube (Ori1) and near-γ (Ori6) grains exhibited the highest nucleation and growth contributions, especially under cryogenic rolling conditions, while α-fiber (Ori3) grains showed the lowest recrystallization tendency. The differences in behavior were attributed to a combination of stored energy magnitude, boundary configuration, and neighbor conditions. This chapter provides direct microstructural evidence for orientation-selective recrystallization pathways in BCC alloys. Chapter 4 employs a viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) polycrystal model to simulate the development of deformation texture and slip system activity during cold rolling of Ta–10W. The simulations reproduce the experimentally observed texture evolution and strain partitioning among differently oriented grains. VPSC predictions confirmed the dominant activation of {110}<111> and {112}<111> slip systems and explained the delayed rotation of certain orientations due to geometrical hardening and intergranular constraints. The modeling further highlighted the connection between slip system asymmetry and macroscopic texture development, especially under cryogenic deformation. These results strengthen the mechanistic understanding of crystallographic rotation and substructure evolution in severely deformed BCC alloys. In Chapter 5, insights from experimental and modeling studies are synthesized to propose a crystallographic strategy for microstructure optimization in Ta–10W alloys. By controlling deformation temperature and annealing conditions, the selective promotion of favorable orientations (such as Cube and near-γ) can enhance recrystallization kinetics and grain refinement. The study concludes that cryogenic rolling enables uniform and high dislocation storage across orientations, which, when followed by controlled annealing, results in a refined, recrystallized texture with improved mechanical uniformity. This orientation-engineering approach provides a viable path toward the design of next-generation high-temperature materials for nuclear, aerospace, and defense applications.