저온/진공건조 및 효소·김치 유래 Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WiKim0127 병용 처리를 통한 홍삼 유래 진세노사이드의 Compound K, Rh2로의 생물전환

이재용 인하대학교 대학원 2025 국내박사

붉바리, Epinephelus akaara 종자 사육과정의 생산성 향상 연구

부문수 제주대학교 대학원 2025 국내박사

The red spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara, which inhabits the northwestern Pacific Ocean, is a high valued in aquaculture due to its excellent flesh quality, high market demand, and substantial economic significance in industry. In the industrialization cultivation of red spotted grouper, challenges such as mass mortality during the early developmental stage, low survival rates, deformities, and diseases such as viral nervous necrosis (VNN) pose significant obstacles to aquaculture advancement. This study contributes to improving the productivity of red spotted grouper seed production by establishing data on broodstock management, fertilized egg production, survival and growth rates by seed stage, feeding systems and nutritional enrichment during development, utilization of intestinal microorganisms, selective breeding, cannibalism prevention, and disease management. 1. Artificial Fertilized Egg Production Artificial fertilized egg production during the spawning season: From 2013 to 2024, artificial fertilized eggs were produced during the spawning season (July–August) using sexually mature broodstock. Annually, an average of 3.9×10⁶ eggs were collected from mature females (totaling 39.16 × 10⁶ eggs), and sperm was obtained from mature males. The mean fertilization rate was 87.6%, and the mean hatching rate was 89.0%. Artificial fertilized egg production through sexual maturation control: From 2014 to 2024, artificial fertilized eggs were produced from sexually mature broodstock induced through photoperiod and water temperature control (January–March). Annually, an average of 2.6×10⁶ eggs were collected from mature females (totaling 39.16 × 10⁶ eggs), and sperm was obtained from mature males. The mean fertilization rate was 88.6%, and the mean hatching rate was 88.6%. 2. Survival rates of red spotted grouper seed by changes in rearing management During the first to third years (2013 to 2015), the final survival rate of red spotted grouper seed (at 90 days after hatching) was below 0.2%. However, starting from the fourth year (2016), the final survival rate increased from 1.1% to 15.8% by the ninth year (2021), and further improved to 20.1% in the eleventh year (2024). An investigation into survival rates based on annual rearing management methods and days after hatching revealed that during the first to third years, the feeding regimen involved replacing small rotifers (s-type rotifer) with extra-small rotifers (ss-type rotifer) from 4 DAH, which increased the survival rate at 7 DAH from 37% to 49%. Additionally, initiating size-based grading to reduce cannibalism at 45 DAH resulted in an increase in the survival rate at 50 DAH from 1.1% to 12.8% during the fourth and fifth years. Subsequently, advancing the timing of the first grading to day 38 led to a final survival rate of 20.1% in the eleventh year. 3. Development of the digestive tract according to seed growth The development of the digestive tract in red spotted grouper seed was histologically investigated during the early larval stage, late larval stage, and juvenile stage. The early larval stage (1–20 DAH) marked the completion of yolk sac and oil globule absorption, after which external feeding began. Histological observations revealed goblet cells in the esophagus, hindgut, and rectum, along with the development of liver and pancreas tissues. The late larval stage (30–40 DAH) showed the formation of pyloric caeca by day 30 and the initial appearance of gastric glands in the stomach, which became increasingly developed as growth progressed. By the juvenile stage (50 DAH), the histological structure of the digestive organs, including goblet cells and gastric glands, resembled those of adult fish. 4. Utilization of gut microorganisms in seed To investigate the impact of selected beneficial microorganisms supply on the growth of red spotted grouper seeds based on the microbiological characteristics of the digestive tract, the total length, weight, survival rate, and feed conversion ratio were compared according to microbial composition. The experimental groups were divided into: control group (no microorganisms added), experimental group A (B1+B2+B3+B5), experimental group B (G1+G3+G15+G21), and experimental group C (combination of B and G strains). Each microorganism treatment was administered via immersion for four weeks. At the end of the experiment, the survival rates of both the control and experimental groups were 99–100%. Treatment with beneficial microorganisms isolated from the intestinal tract of red-spotted grouper resulted in growth improvements of 9–18% in total length and 20–40% in body weight compared to the control group. Feed efficiency was 65.7% in the control group, while it ranged from 84.0% to 105.2% in the microorganism-treated groups. 5. Generational growth characteristics of seed by selective breeding First generation (F1), second generation (F2), and third generation (F3) seeds were produced to investigate seed growth by generation. At 56 days after hatching (DAH), the average total length and body weight were 3.7±0.7 cm and 0.8±0.4 g for F1 seeds, 3.8±0.7 cm and 0.8±0.5 g for F2 seeds, and 4.0±0.8 cm and 1.1±0.6 g for F3 seeds. While no significant differences in total length or body weight were observed between F1 and F2 seeds, F3 seeds exhibited a 9.6% increase in total length and a 32.5% increase in body weight compared to the F1 generation. Furthermore, F3 seeds showed a 7.6% increase in total length and a 28.1% increase in body weight compared to the F2 generation (p < 0.05). 6. Rearing management for cannibalism prevention in seed The relationship between the predator total length (TLcannibal) and the prey total length (TLprey) based on size differences during seed growth was determined as follows: TLprey = 0.6 × TLcannibal + 0.9902. According to the derived theoretical equation, the critical threshold for size differences among red-spotted grouper seed was calculated to be 35.0–38.3%. Using three mesh sizes (3.5, 4.0, and 5.0 mm), size grading was conducted three times at 8-day intervals from 73 to 89 DAH. After the size grading, the total length distribution of the seed was analyzed, and individuals exceeding the critical threshold for potential cannibalism were observed. Therefore, it is suggested that performing size grading every 6–7 days to remove potential predators exceeding 35.0–38.3% of the total length threshold is an effective method for preventing cannibalism. 7. External morphological deformities The external morphological deformities observed during the seed production process of red spotted grouper were classified into five types: head deformity, opercular shortening deformity, jaw deformity, pectoral deformity, and spinal deformity. In the eighth year (2020), the deformity rate during seed production was approximately 70%. However, by the eleventh year (2024), improvements in water temperature regulation (optimized feeding) and water quality (early transition from static to flow-through systems) reduced the deformity rate to approximately 2.21%. Data on the mechanisms of deformity occurrence and prevention methods are insufficient. Therefore, further research is needed to investigate the correlation between water quality and deformity incidence. Head and Lateral Line Erosion (HLLE) symptoms were first observed in the eighth year. While the exact causes of HLLE symptoms in red spotted grouper seed remain unclear, differences in occurrence rates were associated with the concentration and frequency of activated carbon treatment used to stabilize water quality. Future research is required to investigate the relationship between HLLE symptoms and water management practices.

홍국(Red-koji)을 이용한 Sourdough Bread의 품질특성 연구

이재훈 경희대학교 대학원 2007 국내석사

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of added red-koji on the physical characteristics of sourdough starter(SD1-4) and the quality characteristics of sourdough bread(SDB1-4). The moisture contents of red-koji wheat flour and rye flour were 6.15, 12.53 and 8.56%, the ash contents were 0.15, 0.44 and 1.64%, respectively. The protein contents of red-koji, wheat flour and rye flour were 7.30, 12.57 and 11.18%, the crude lipid contents were 0.97, 1.16 and 2.49%, respectively. The pH was decreased with increasing red-koji addition. The reducing sugar and total sugar were increased with increasing red-koji addition. The lactic acid bacteria counts of all samples were not detected after 0 day, while they were maximum after 2 days. The yeast counts of SD1 were not detected after 0-4 days, SD2-4 increased for 3 days. The peak time, peak value and width of tail of SDB1 were higher than those of SDB2-4, and they increased with increasing red-koji contents of sourdough. The fermentation expansive power of SDB2-4 was higher than that of SDB1. The baking loss and specific volume of SDB2 were higher than those of other samples, when the baking loss of SDB1 and SDB2-4 increased and the specific volume increased. L values decreased with increasing red-koji contents of sourdough bread, whereas a and b values increased. Springiness and brittleness of SDB1 and gumminess of SDB2 were lower than those of other samples. Springiness, brittleness and gumminess increased with increasing red-koji content of sourdough bread. The sensory evaluation indicated that color, hardness, springiness, sweetness and sourness increased with increasing red-koji content of sourdough bread. Aircell non-uniformity of SDB2 was lower than those of other samples, whereas off-flavor was higher than other samples. Mixograph measurement result of the WWB the peak time, peak value and width of tail appeared most highly. SPB2 and the control the peak time and peak value were similar. The pH of the sourdough added with sourdough powder was the highest with the WWB(pH 5.26-5.78), while the lowest with the VPB(pH 4.96-5.37). The proofing powers of the sourdough added with sourdough powder of WWB was lower than those of VPB and SPB1-4. The specific volume of VPB(3.73 mL/g) was less those of WWB, SPB1 and SPB2(3.95 mL/g, 4.01 mL/g and 3.93 mL/g). The baking loss of the breads added with sourdough powder was the highest with the SPB(13.01%), while the lowest with the VPB(11.97%). L value of the WWB was higher than those of VPB and SPB1-4. And a and b value lower than those of VPB and SPB1-4. Hardness of SPB2 and cohesiveness and gumminess of SPB1, SPB2 and SPB4 were lower than those of other samples. Springiness and brittleness of VPB with vollsauer powder was more compared to other samples. Hardness and springiness of SPB1-4 were lower than those of VPB, whereas sourness and off-flavor were higher than VPB. Therefore, fermentation time of 3 days and the addition of 10% red-koji powder to sourdough starter were suggested to improve the quality.

Physiological studies for growth improvement of juvenile red-spotted grouper (Epinephelus akaara)

MD MOFIZUR RAHMAN 부경대학교 대학원 2020 국내박사

The red-spotted grouper (Epinephelus akaara) is a subtropical species distributed in southern China, Korea, Taiwan, and southern Japan. Currently, this species is being developed as an export item in Korea. The rise of water temperature during the summer season is anticipated to affect the physiological functions of red-spotted grouper. Besides, E. akaara is a protogynous hermaphroditic fish that function as a female at a young age and undergo sex changes to become male later in life. The reproductive characteristics has slow down their growth performance and limited the availability of mature male broodstock. Hence, the present situation requires to assess the possible impacts of increased water temperature as well as to find out the effective way to accelerate the growth performance of red-spotted grouper. In the present research, the potential effects of increased water temperature on the morphology, physiology, heat shock proteins (HSPs), growth performance, and growth-related gene expression in juvenile red-spotted grouper were analyzed. In experiment 1, 200-day-old juveniles (TL: 9.4 ± 0.12 cm; BL: 12.89 ± 0.61 g) were exposed to 24 °C (control), 28 °C, 32 °C, 36 °C for 28 days; in experiment 2, 130-day-old juveniles (TL: 8.28 ± 0.10 cm, BW: 8.53 ± 0.27 g) were exposed to 25 °C (control), 28 °C, 31 °C, 34 °C for 42 days. In experiment 1, histological results showed epithelial necrosis and shortening of secondary gill lamellae in gill; cytoplasmic vacuolization, shrinkage, and coalescence of hepatocytes in liver of the 36 °C group. Biochemical observations revealed a significant elevation of glucose, glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and cortisol at 36 °C compared with the other groups (24 °C, 28 °C, and 32 °C). Highest heat shock proteins (Hsp60, 70, 90) mRNA expression was also observed in liver, gill, and muscle at 36 °C (P < 0.05). In experiment 2, hematological results showed high red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) count, and erythrocytic abnormalities in shape and size (ECA) at 31 °C and 34 °C water temperature. Histological results presented hyperplasia and curling in secondary gill lamellae, and swelling of primary gill lamellae in gill; the coalescence of hepatocytes, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and dilation of the sinusoid in liver of the 34 °C group. Biochemical results showed high levels of glucose, cortisol, GPT, GOT, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); low levels of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TCHO) in the 34 °C group compared with the others (25 °C, 28 °C, and 31 °C) (P < 0.05). Heat shock proteins (Hsp60, 70, 90 mRNA) were also highly expressed in liver, gill, and muscle at 34 °C. In addition, growth performance data showed high specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FER) at 28 °C and 31 °C water temperature. IGF-1 and GHR mRNA expression were also highest in liver at 28 °C and 31 °C compared to 34 °C (P < 0.05). In the second part, the potential effects of 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) treatment on growth performance and sex change process in red-spotted grouper were examined. 90-day-old E. akaara juveniles (TL: 5.98 ± 0.14 cm, BW: 3.67 ± 0.24 g) were fed MT incorporated diets at a concentration of 10 and 40 mg/Kg diet for 9 week. Growth performance data showed low weight gain (WG) and down-regulation of IGF-1 and GHR mRNA levels in MT-feeding groups (10mg and 40mg MT/Kg diet) compared to control during the hormonal treatment. After completion of 9 week MT treatment, high specific growth rate (SGR) and up-regulation of IGF-1 and GHR were observed in 40mg MT/Kg diet group compared with the control and 10mg MT/Kg diet group (P < 0.05). Gonadal histology showed efferent duct-like structure and transformation of ovaries-to-testis in the MT-fed group (40mg MT/Kg diet) at the end of the experiment (36 week). MT-fed groups showed lower plasma estradiol (E2) levels compared to control during the MT treatment period and higher plasma testosterone (T) levels after completion of MT-feeding (P < 0.05). Collectively, the present research suggests that 36 °C and 34 °C is the lethal and sub-lethal temperature, respectively for E. akaara. Prolonged exposure to more than 30 °C can induce physiological stress in red-spotted grouper. Based on the physiological responses, the present study also suggests that glucose, cortisol, GOT, GPT, RBC, and WBC count can be considered as thermal stress biomarkers in red-spotted grouper. The MT treatment results suggest that MT-feeding at 40 mg/Kg diet can promote growth performance and have a high potentiality of inducing sex change from female-to-male in red-spotted grouper compared with the control and 10 mg/Kg diet.

Structural Characterization and Skin Barrier-Protective Effects of Sulfated Galactans Isolated from the Antarctic Red Algae Curdiea racovitzae and Iridaea cordata

구만형 가천대학교 메디컬캠퍼스 일반대학원 2026 국내박사

This study investigated the skin barrier-protective effects against UV-induced damage of macroalgae growing in the vicinity of the King Sejong Station on the Barton Peninsula, Antarctica. Among them, the red algae Curdiea racovitzae and Iridaea cordata exhibited superior efficacy in skin barrier protection. The physicochemical structural characteristics of the sulfated galactans isolated from these two red algae and their skin barrier-protective mechanisms were investigated. First, analysis of the purified sulfated galactan obtained from C. racovitzae (PCRP) confirmed that PCRP comprises monosaccharides characteristic of a typical sulfated galactan, consisting of galactose (Gal), glucose (Glc), xylose (Xyl), and arabinose (Ara), with a sulfate content of approximately 34%. GPC analysis revealed a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 6.18 × 10⁵ Da, a number-average molecular weight (Mn) of 1.66 × 10⁵ Da, and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 3.72. Congo red analysis confirmed the formation of a linear-helical tertiary structure, which was further supported by FE-SEM analysis. Through FT-IR and 1D and 2D NMR (¹H, ¹³C, HSQC, HMBC, COSY) analyses, PCRP was characterized, for the first time, as a unique D,L-hybrid sulfated galactan complex in which a κ/ι-carrageenan backbone, μ/ν-type precursors, and methoxylated agaran-type disaccharide (G, LA2M) structures coexist within a single polymer chain. Meanwhile, from another polar red alga, I. cordata, hot-water-extracted polysaccharides (PIC1 and PIC2) were successfully obtained through primary and secondary extraction steps. Both polysaccharides shared galactose, glucose, and xylose as their main components, but differed markedly in sulfate content, at 8.7% and 28.4% for PIC1 and PIC2, respectively. GPC analysis showed an approximately seven-fold difference in molecular weight (Mw) between PIC1 (Mw 3.83 × 10⁵ Da, PDI 1.22) and PIC2 (Mw 28.73 × 10⁵ Da, PDI 1.76). The Congo red analysis predicted the formation of a linear-helical tertiary structure, which was supported by FE-SEM analysis. Microstructural analysis of PIC1 and PIC2 by 1D and 2D NMR (HSQC, COSY, HMBC) spectroscopy characterized them as D,L- hybrid galactan-like complexes, in which κ-, ι-, and ν-carrageenan (D-enantiomer) repeating units composed of C4 sulfated β-D-galactose (G4S) and 3,6-anhydrogalactose (DA and DA2S) are closely block-linked through covalent bonds with agaran repeating units. The skin barrier recovery and protective efficacy were evaluated using the induction of expression and secretion of the epidermal differentiation markers filaggrin (FLG), involucrin (IVL), and loricrin (LOR) in UVB (110 mJ/cm²) damaged HaCaT keratinocytes and normal human epidermal keratinocyte (NHEK) as indicators. In the screening of all three samples, the purified polysaccharide PIC2 exhibited the most potent activity. In HaCaT cells, PIC2 (50 μg/mL) upregulated UVB-disrupted FLG expression by 3- to 4-fold and IVL by 3.3-fold, and increased LOR by more than 60- fold. These effects were also confirmed at the protein level through involucrin protein expression (p 〈 0.001) and the recovery of FLG (2.47-fold) and LOR (27.92-fold) in primary NHEK cells. Furthermore, RNA-seq transcriptomic analysis suggests that PIC2 exerts strong activity by robustly mobilizing barrier-restoration genes while suppressing phototoxicity and oxidative stress and stabilizing excessive keratinization to normal levels. Taken together, this study is of academic and industrial significance in that it identifies novel skin barrier-protective materials derived from the antarctic biological resources and elucidates their structural characteristics and underlying mechanisms of action; further studies, including animal and clinical trials for efficacy validation, should be conducted in the future. Keywords: Antarctic red algae, Curdiea racovitzae, Iridaea cordata, Sulfated galactan, Skin barrier 본 연구는 남극 바톤반도 세종과학기지 인근에서 자생하고 있는 해조류들에 대하여 자외선 손상에 의한 피부장벽 보호 실험을 진행하였으며, 이들 중 특히 홍조류 Curdiea racovitzae와 Iridaea cordata 종에서 우수한 보호 효능을 나타내었다. 이후 두 종의 홍조류로부터 분리한 황산화 갈락탄의 물리-화학적 구조에 대한 특성과 피부 장벽 보호 기전 연구를 실시하였다. 먼저, C. racovitzae로부터 얻은 정제된 황산화 갈락탄 (PCRP) 분석 결과, PCRP는 galactose(Gal), glucose(Glc), xylose(Xyl), arabinose(Ara)로 구성된 전형적인 황산화 갈락탄 형태의 단당류를 포함하고 있음을 확인하였으며, 황산기 함량은 약 34%에 달하였다. GPC 분석을 통해 중량평균분자량(Mw) 6.18 × 105 Da, 수평균분자량(Mn) 1.66 × 105 Da, 다분산도(PDI) 3.72를 확인하였다. Congo red 분석을 통해 선형-나선형 3차구조를 형성하고 있음을 확인하였고, FE-SEM 분석을 통해 3차구조를 뒷받침하는 결과를 얻었다. FT-IR 및 1D 및 2D NMR(¹H, ¹³C, HSQC, HMBC, COSY) 분석을 통하여, PCRP는 κ/ι-카라기난 주쇄와 μ/ν형 전구체들과 메톡실화된 아가란형 이당(G, LA2M) 구조가 단일 고분자 사슬 내에 공존하는 독특한 형태의 D,L-hybrid 황산화 갈락탄 복합 구조를 처음으로 확인하였다. 다른 극지 홍조류인 I. cordata에서는 1차와 2차로 나누어 열수추출 다당체(PIC1과 PIC2)를 성공적으로 획득하였다. 두 다당체 모두 galactose, glucose, xylose를 주성분으로 공유하고 있으며, 황산기 함량이 PIC1, PIC2 각각 8.7%, 28.4%로 큰 차이를 보였다. GPC 분석 결과 PIC1(Mw 3.83 × 105 Da, PDI 1.22)과 PIC2(Mw 28.73 × 105 Da, PDI 1.76)는 약 7배의 분자량 차이를 보였다. Congo red 분석을 통해 선형나선형 3차구조를 형성하고 있음을 예측하였고, FE-SEM 분석을 통해 이를 뒷받침하는 결과를 확인하였다. 1D 와 2D NMR(HSQC, COSY 등) 분광학 분석을 통해 PIC1과 PIC2의 미세구조를 분석한 결과, β-D-galactose의 C4 위치 황산화(G4S)와 3,6-anhydrogalactose(DA 및 DA2S)로 구성된 κ, ι, ν 카라기난(Denantiomer) 반복 단위, 아가란(LA) 반복 단위와 공유결합으로 밀접하게 블록 연결되어 있는 D,L-하이브리드 갈락탄 같은 복합체로 확인하였다. 이들 각각의 피부 장벽 회복 및 보호 효능은 UVB(110 mJ/cm²)로 손상된 HaCaT 각질형성세포주 및 정상 인간 표피 1차 세포(NHEK)에서 표피 분화 마커인 filaggrin(FLG), involucrin(IVL), loricrin(LOR)의 발현 및 분비 유도를 관련 지표들로 평가하였다. 총 3종 시료 스크리닝 단계에서 정제 다당체 PIC2가 가장 우수한 활성을 나타냈다. PIC2(50 μg/mL)는 HaCaT 세포에서 UVB로 손상된 FLG, IVL, 그리고 LOR을 각각 약 3.3, 3.3, 그리고, 약 60배 이상 증가시켰으며, NHEK 세포에서는 FLG 약 2.5배, LOR 27.9배를 증가시켰다. 이러한 효과는 단백질 수준에서도 증가됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 나아가 RNA-seq 전사체 분석 결과를 통해, PIC2는 장벽 복원 유전자를 강력하게 기동하는 동시에, 광독성 및 산화 스트레스를 억제시키고, 과각질화를 정상 수준으로 안정화되어 UVB 조사에 따라 감소된 피부 보습에 대한 강한 보습 활성을 나타내는 것으로 사료된다. 이러한 연구를 극지유래 자원으로부터 신규 피부장벽 보호 소재를 발굴하고 그 구조 및 작용기전을 규명하였다는 측면에서 학술적∙산업적으로 의미가 있고, 추후 추가적으로 동물실험 및 임상시험을 통한 유효성 검증 연구가 진행되어야 할 것이다. 키워드: 남극 홍조류, Curdiea racovitzae, Iridaea cordata, 황산화 갈락탄, 피부 장벽 보호 효과

진사 유약의 발색 특성 연구

어혜진 명지대학교 대학원 2014 국내박사

The purpose of this study is verifying the color production mechanism of copper red glaze, which produces red color on ceramics. Existing studies on the color production mechanism of copper red glaze suggested that the color production comes from CuO and Cu2O, or, it comes from Cu2O and metal Cu. In other words, the suggestions in existing studies do not agree with each other. This study utilized XRD, Raman spectroscopy, optical microscope, Raman microscope, SEM, EDX and UV-vis spectroscopy in the finding of clear color production mechanism of copper red glaze. The copper red glaze used in this study used raw material produced in Korea. Basic composition test in ternary system and oblique coordinate test after adding kaolin and silica were done to find an optimum composition, at which the copper red glaze would have stable melting during reduction firing. In order to find the crystal phase of copper existing in the fired copper red glaze, XRD and Raman spectroscopy analysis were done. EDX analysis was done to learn the distribution of each element melted in the glaze. For the most important color characteristic of copper red glaze, UV-vis spectroscopy analysis was done. According to the XRD analysis result, only metal Cu was detected among the coppers existing in the copper red glaze. Raman spectroscopy analysis was done to observe the copper compound combined with oxygen (other than metal Cu) in the glazes made by oxidization firing and reduction firing. CuO was fond in the glaze made by oxidization firing; while CuO and Cu2O were mixed in the glaze made by reduction firing. According to the result of EDX analysis, melted copper red glaze had SiO2 39.5%, Al2O3 8.9%, Na2O 16.9%, CaO 3.0%, BaO 7.1%, CuO 22.34% and SnO2 2.3% in average. SiO2, which had high concentration, and Al2O3, Na2O and CaO, which had relatively low concentration, were evenly distributed in the glaze. CuO was also evenly distributed in the glaze; while Cu oxide was concentrated nearby the bubbles rather than within glaze or on the glaze surface. In addition, the cross-section of copper red glaze was enlarged to 100 times by optical microscope and observed. The chemical state, micro structure and distribution status of Cu were analyzed with precision using Raman Microscope, SEM and EDX. The result of observation of copper red glaze by microscope was that the glaze layer could be classified into surface layer, red-bubble layer and red-band layer. The surface layer did not have any color; while the red-bubble layer appeared widely in the intermediate layer of glaze and there was red color around the red-bubble layer. The red-band layer appeared close to the boundary between the glaze and base material in the form of red color band. The analysis result of each glaze layer by Raman microscope was that the Raman spectrum of surface layer was glass with the silicate characteristic band; while the characteristic band of CuO and the characteristic band of Cu2O appeared with very weak intensity. In the red-bubble layer, the CuO characteristic band was strong while the Cu2O characteristic band was weak. The Raman spectrum of red-band layer had strong silicate characteristic band like the surface layer; however, CuO characteristic band and Cu2O characteristic band appear together and the Cu2O characteristic band was stronger than the same of red-bubble layer. It was interesting to find that the characteristic band of CuO and characteristic band of Cu2O both exist with weak intensity in the surface layer, which was colorless when observed by optical microscope. The observation was done by Raman microscopy image mapping to confirm copper distributed in the form fine particles. The result was that CuO particles dispersed among numerous amorphous particles in the form of minute particles. According to the result of SEM and EDX analysis, large and small bubbles were evenly distributed on the oil within the copper red glaze. However, it was not possible to find a specific element, with which the glaze layers could be differentiated like in Raman analysis or in optical microscope analysis. However, copper around the bubbles was more concentrated in red-bubble layer than in surface layer. Chromaticity is the most important element of copper red glaze. After performing a chromaticity analysis, the color of copper red glaze was expressed in numerical value in accordance with the CIE – L*a*b* colorimetric system. The result was that the copper red glaze produced the color of CIE L* 30.07 a* 13.65 b* 3.72 dark grayish-red. According to results of above tests, the red color of copper red glaze is produced by the Cu2O in the glaze. Black color is produced when a portion of CuO would be reduced to Cu during reduction firing. When the glaze is cooled after firing, the surface layer is oxidized and the color is produced by CuO. At this time, Cu2O with red color production characteristic has 30 times color production capability than the color production capability of Cu with black color production characteristic or the color production capability of CuO with green color production capability. Therefore, a copper red glaze produces Dark Graish Red color because all Cu2O, CuO and Cu area mixed in it. 본 논문은 도자기 유약 가운데 붉은 발색을 지닌 진사 유약의 발색 mechanism을 규명하고자 하였다. 지금까지 진사 유약의 발색에 대하여 연구한 연구자들은 CuO와 Cu2O에 의한 발색이라는 연구와 또는 Cu2O와 metal Cu에 의한 발색이라는 연구로 연구자들의 의견이 일치되지 않은 상태이다. 그래서 좀 더 명확한 발색 기구를 밝히기 위하여 XRD, Raman spectroscopy, 광학 현미경, Raman Microscope, SEM, EDX 그리고 UV-vis spectroscopy분석 장비를 사용하여 연구하였다. 연구에 사용 된 진사 유약의 경우 국내에서 생산되는 기본 원료를 사용하여 3성 분계의 기본 조성 실험과 고령토, 규석을 첨가한 사각 좌표 실험을 통하여 환원 소성을 한 후 1240℃의 환원 소성에서 안정하게 용융되는 최적의 조성을 구하였다. 소성된 진사 유약 내에 존재하고 있는 구리의 결정상을 알아보기 위하여 XRD와 Raman spectroscopy분석을 하고 유약에 용융되어있는 각각의 원소들의 분포를 알아보기 위하여 EDX분석을 시행하였다. 그리고 진사 유약에서 가장 중요한 요소인 색상은 UV-vis spectroscopy분석을 하였다. XRD분석 결과 진사 유약에 존재하고 있는 구리는 metal Cu만 검출이 되었고, Raman spectroscopy분석을 통하여 산화와 환원 소성유약에서 존재하는metal Cu외에 산소와 결합된 구리 화합물을 관찰해 본 결과 산화 소성한 유약에서는 CuO가 나타나고, 환원 소성한 유약에서는 CuO와 Cu2O가 혼재되어 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 EDX분석결과 용융된 진사 유약 내에는 평균적으로 SiO2 39.5%, Al2O3 8.9%, Na2O 16.9%, CaO 3.0%, BaO 7.1%, CuO 22.34%, SnO 2.3%로 분포하고 있었다. 높은 농도를 보이는 SiO2와 다소 낮은 농도의 Al2O3, Na2O, CaO는 모두 유약 내에 전체적으로 균일하게 분포되어 있었다. 또한 CuO도 유약 내부에 고르게 분산되어 있었으며, Cu 산화물은 유약의 표면과 내부보다 유약 내에 존재하고 있는 기포 부근에 집중되어 있는 것으로 관찰되었다. 또한 진사 유약의 단면을 광학 현미경을 이용하여 100배로 확대 관찰하고, 관찰된 유약 층에 존재하고 있는 구리의 화학적 상태, 미세 구조와 분포 상태는 Raman Microscope, SEM, EDX를 이용하여 정밀 분석하였다. 진사 유약을 현미경으로 관찰한 결과 유약 층은 surface layer와 red-bubble layer 그리고 red-band layer 이렇게 크게3개의 층으로 구분할 수 있었다. surface layer는 색상이 없이 나타났으며, red-bubble layer는 유약의 중간 층에서 넓게 나타나며 기포가 존재하고 그 주위로 붉은 색상이 나타났다. 마지막으로 red-band layer는 유약과 소지의 경계부분과 밀접해 있으며 붉은 색의 띠로 형성이 되어있었다. Raman Microscope로 각각의 유약 층을 분석한 결과 surface layer의 Raman spectrum은 silicate특성band의 경향을 띠는 glass로 존재하였으며, CuO와 Cu2O의 특성 band는 매우 약한 강도로 나타났다. red-bubble layer에서는 CuO의 특성 band는 강하고 Cu2O의 특성 band는 약하게 존재하였다. red-band layer의 Raman spectrum은 surface layer와 같이 silicate특성band가 강하지만 CuO와 Cu2O의 특성 band도 함께 나타나고, red-bubble layer보다는 Cu2O의 특성 band가 강하게 나타나는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 광학 현미경 관찰에서 무색으로 나타난 surface layer에서도 CuO와 Cu2O의 특성 band가 약한 강도로 존재하는 것이 흥미로웠다. 미세하게 분포되어있는 구리를 확인하기 위하여 Raman microscopy image mapping을 이용하여 관찰 하였다. 그 결과 수많은 비정질의 입자들 사이에 CuO의 입자가 존재하면서 CuO는 미립자로 분산되어 있다는 것을 보여준다. SEM과 EDX분석 결과 진사 유약 안에는 크고 작은 기포들이 유면에 고르게 분포하고 있었다. 하지만 광학 현미경과 Raman분석과 같이 유약 면의 layer를 구분 할 수 있는 특정 원소는 확인 할 수 없었다. 그러나 기포부근의 구리 원소의 분포는 surface layer보다는 red-bubble에 구리가 집중되어 분포하고 있었다. 무엇보다 진사 유약에 있어서 가장 중요한 요소인 색도 분석을 한 후의 진사 유약의 색상은 CIE – L*a*b* 표색계에 의하여 수치화한 값으로 나타내었으며 그 결과는 CIE L* 30.07 a* 13.65 b* 3.72의 Dark Graish-Red 발색을 보였다. 위의 실험들을 종합해 본 결과 진사 유약의 븕은 발색은 유약 내의 Cu2O에 의하여 발색되는 것이며, 환원 소성에 의하여 CuO가 일부 Cu로 환원이 되면서 검은 색상으로 발색되고, 소성 후 냉각을 하면서 표면 층의 산화로 인하여 CuO가 존재하면서 나타난다. 이때 붉은 발색 특성을 갖는 Cu2O는 검은 색상의 Cu나 녹색의 CuO에 비하여 착색 능력이 30배 이상 뛰어나므로 진사 유약에는 Cu2O, CuO, Cu가 모두 혼재되어있어 검 붉은 색상으로 나타난다.

Robust Iris Detection with Application to Automatic Red-Eye Effect Removal

Tauseef Ali 명지대학교 국제대학원 2009 국내석사

Eye detection is one of the most important steps in many applications such as face recognition, human computer interaction and attentive user interface etc. One of the possible applications of eye detection that is nowadays used by many researchers is the automatic red-eye correction. In my work, I first detect face in an input image. For face detection, the method doesn’t put any restrictions on the background. Then iris pair is detected in the face image. During the process of finding iris pair, the algorithm also determine the radius of each iris. The process of finding iris pair and its radius can further be divided into three steps. In the first step, several candidate points are found for eyes. In the second step, those candidate points are tuned so that two of the candidate points are exactly in center of irises. Finally, the candidate points are filtered and two of them are selected as iris pair. After iris pair detection, the center point of each iris and its corresponding radius values is used to correct the redness inside iris region. The method is based on AdaBoost algorithm for face and eye candidate points detection. Candidate points are tuned using an eye template. Mean crossing function and convolution template are proposed to filter out candidate points and select iris pair. The advantage of using this kind of hybrid method is that AdaBoost is robust to different illumination conditions and backgrounds. The tuning step improves the precision of iris localization while the convolution filter and mean crossing function reliably filter out candidate points and select iris pair. For eye detection step, the proposed structure is evaluated on three public databases, Bern, Yale and BioID. Extensive experimental results verified the robustness and accuracy of the proposed method for eye detection. Using the Bern database, the performance of the proposed algorithm for eye detection is also compared with some of the existing methods. After detecting iris pair and their radius, I propose a robust and adaptive method to correct the red-eye effect in the image. For the red-eye correction one more step is carried out before iris pair detection. The face image is converted to gray-scale image in such a way which facilitates the detection of iris pair and the corresponding radius of each iris. The central points of irises and their corresponding radius values determined in earlier steps are utilized to de-saturate the redness inside irises. The de-saturation scheme is adaptive to the severity of redness. The algorithm is tested on 50 red-eye images with varying size and severity of redness. The proposed method can be used to correct images without human intervention with reasonable natural correction of red-eye. The results have shown that the method is extremely robust in finding red-eye artifact from images of any origin. The 50 test images include subject with different ethnicity, varying level of severity and size of redness in eyes. The results have shown high correction rate and improved visual appearance. The method is also compared with two existing automatic red-eye correction methods available online.

Nile red가 흡착된 다공성 분자체의 광촉매 활성 연구

이정진 충남대학교 대학원 2002 국내석사

Photoreduction of Methyl Orange was investigated by using Nile Red-adsorbed TiO₂/Y zeolites. Nile Red was successfully adsorbed on TiO₂/Y zeolites and the absorption profile is very broad with maxima, ca 630 nm. The peak is largely red-shifted compared to that observed in hydrocarbon solvents. Furthermore, a broad and largely Stokes shifted emission band as observed around 660 nm. The largely Stokes shifted emission band should be originated from the excited state structural changes. In order to understand the photocatalytic activities of Nile Red-adsorbed TiO₂/Y zeolite, the photoreduction of Methyl Orange(5.0 X 10^-5 M) was studied using visible light beyond 320 nm. Methyl Orange was effectively reduced by Nile Red-adsorbed TiO₂/Y zeolite, indicating the photocatalytic activity of Nile Red-adsorbed TiO₂/Y zeolites was enhanced by about eight times higher than that of TiO₂/Y zeolite. And the photoreduction of Methyl Orange(5.0 X 10^-5 M) was studied using visible light beyond 400 nm. Methyl Orange was effectively reduced by Nile Red-adsorbed TiO₂/Y zeolite.

성분이 다른 용액 속에서 Oil red O와 Nile red시약의 잠재지문 현출능력비교

오윤택 순천향대학교 대학원 2017 국내석사

범죄현장에서 지문이 묻어있는 증거물은 여러 상태로 존재할 수 있는데, 그 중 지문이 유류된 증거물이 젖어있는 경우에는 지문성분 중 수용성 성분들은 물에 씻겨 나갈 수 있기 때문에 잠재지문을 현출 할 때 사용 되는 amino acid를 target으로 하는 시약보다는 비수용성인 lipid성분을 target으로 하는 시약을 사용해서 잠재지문을 현출해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 채취지역이 다르고 성분이 다른 용액인 수돗물, 호수물, 비눗물, 바닷물을 사용하여, 4가지 용액에 담가져 있던 잠재지문을 Oil red O시약과 Nile red시약을 사용하여, 두 시약의 현출능력을 비교하는 실험이다. 실험은 charged지문과, 식용유를 사용한 지문, WD-40을 사용한 지문을 A4용지에 지문이 유류된 즉시와 유류 후 1시간, 3시간, 24시간 경과한 지문을 4가지 용액 속에 5초간 충분히 적신 직후와 1일, 3일, 7일 동안 보관한 후, 지문이 유류된 A4용지를 각각의 용액 속에서 꺼낸 뒤, 상온에서 하루 동안 건조시킨 후 유류한 지문을 반으로 잘라 왼쪽은 Oil red O시약을 오른쪽은 Nile red시약으로 처리하고, 시약처리 후 현출된 지문은 지문평가표(Home Office scale)를 이용하여 지문을 평가하였다. 실험결과 Oil red O시약과 Nile red시약으로 현출된 지문의 점수를 비교해 보았을 때, charged지문과, 식용유를 사용한 지문에서 4가지 용액 모두 Oil red O시약으로 처리한 지문이 Nile red시약으로 처리한 지문보다 높은 평균점수(좋은 현출능력)를 보여주었고. 반면에 WD-40을 사용한 지문에서는 4가지 용액 모두 Nile red시약으로 처리한 지문이 Oil red O시약으로 처리한 지문보다 높은 평균 점수 viii 를 보여주었다. 하지만 WD-40을 사용한 지문의 경우 대부분 개인식별에 사용할 수 없는 지문이 현출되었고, 이러한 지문을 통하여 두 시약을 비교하기는 어렵고, Nile red시약의 경우 융선이 번지는 현상이 Oil red O시약보다 심하여, 선명한 융선의 현출에 어려움이 있었다. 잠재지문이 다공성 검체에 유류된 후 경과된 시간과 용액 속에 보관된 기간에 따라 잠재지문의 현출능력은 Oil red O시약이 Nile red시약 보다 좋으나, 배경과의 대조비를 생각했을 때 형광이 있는 Nile red시약의 사용도 고려해 보아야 한다. 또한 실험실 환경과 실제현장의 환경과는 차이가 있기 때문에 정확한 비교 값은 될 수 없다.

高麗時代 辰砂靑磁 硏究

최문정 이화여자대학교 대학원 2001 국내석사

본고는 이제껏 硏究되지 않았던 高麗時代 辰砂靑磁에 관한 종합적 考察이다. 辰砂靑磁란 靑磁태토 위에 유약을 바르기 전, 안료를 장식하여 붉은 색을 낸 靑磁를 의미하는데, 이는 그리 많이 제작되지 않았고 현존하는 유물도 매우 적기 때문에 큰 관심을 받지 못했다. 그러나, 辰砂靑磁의 화려하게 장식된 붉은 색은 당대 귀족 사회의 호사스러운 생활상을 간접적으로 반영하고 있고, 辰砂靑磁는 高麗靑磁의 다양성을 나타낼 뿐만 아니라 辰砂를 활용한 高麗匠人들의 창조력을 여실히 보여주고 있다. 따라서, 본고에서는 현존하는 辰砂靑磁를 종합하여 그 위상과 독창성을 확인한다. 辰砂靑磁 硏究에 앞서 '辰砂'용어 문제를 살펴보겠는데, 그동안 '辰砂'는 靑磁에 나타난 붉은 색 장식을 의미했다. 그런데, 최근에 '辰砂'가 과학적 근거가 없는 명칭이라고 하여 '銅畵' 혹은 '銅彩'가 병행되고 있다. 그러나, 구리(銅)는 반드시 붉은 색을 내는 것이 아니라, 산화소성에서는 녹색을 띤다. 따라서, 구리(銅)가 사용되었다고 반드시 붉은 색이 나타나는 것은 아니고, '銅'은 오히려 불완전한 의미가 되겠다. 이에 비해 '辰砂'는 肉眼을 근거로 도자기에 나타나는 붉은 색을 의미한다. 영어와 중국어에서도 붉은 색으로 장식된 도자기의 명칭에 있어서 육안을 근거로 하여, 'red' 와 '紅'을 넣어 부른다. 따라서, '辰砂'를 사용하는 것이 '붉은 색'을 나타내는 더 완전한 개념을 담고 있다. 辰砂靑磁에 관한 문헌 기록을 찾을 수는 없지만, 문헌에서 나타난 '붉은 색'에 관한 기록을 통해 辰砂靑磁를 간접적으로 이해할 수 있다. 당시 문헌을 통해, '붉은 색'은 상류층과 결부된 상당히 귀한 색이었음을 확인할 수 있고, 이에 따라 辰砂靑磁 역시 고급청자였을 것으로 이해할 수 있다. 『高麗史』,『高麗圖經』, 그리고『東國李相國集』에서는 붉은 옷감, 띠, 수레 등의 유물이 사신교류나 왕의 하사품으로 사용되었다고 전하며, 『東國李相國集』에서는 추상적으로 상서로운 기운을 의미하고 있다. 辰砂靑磁의 수가 매우 적지만, 全羅北道 扶安郡 柳川里에서는 辰砂靑磁 陶片이 출토되었고 이는 國立中央博物館, 梨花女子大學校博物館 그리고 圓光大學校博物館에 소장되어 있다. 본고에서는 梨花女子大學校博物館 소장의 辰砂陶片을 중심으로 살펴보는데, 이는 대부분 花盆片이다. 따라서, 柳川里에서 花盆이 제작되었던 것은 확실하고 해강도자미술관 소장 辰砂靑磁花盆의 제작지라고 추정할 수 있겠다. 그러나, 柳川里 출토 辰砂陶片의 수는 매우 적기 때문에 다른 지역에서도 생산되었을 가능성이 있다고 본다. 특히 辰砂를 장식하는 방법에 있어서, 辰砂만을 사용한 방법과 辰砂와 象嵌기법을 병행한 방법으로 분류할 수 있는데, 柳川里에서는 아직까지 辰砂와 象嵌기법이 병행한 경우만이 보이고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 현재까지 유일하게 알려진 辰砂靑磁 出土窯址로서 柳川里는 중요한 의의를 지니고 있다. 현존하는 辰砂靑磁는 다양한 기형에 여러 방법으로 장식되었다. 대접, 注子, 甁, 盒, 花盆, 陶板 등으로 만들어졌고, 辰砂만을 활용하여 장식하거나, 象嵌기법과 병행되기도 했다. 辰砂만을 사용했을 때는 풍부하게 장식되어 화려한 모습을 보였지만, 象嵌기법과 병행되었을 때는 소량이 악센트 효과를 내고 있다. 辰砂靑磁는 12세기부터 14세기까지 제작되었는데, 辰砂의 변천과정을 찾아보기는 힘들다. 辰砂靑磁의 편년을 결정하는 것은 辰砂의 특징이라기보다는 기형의 성격이었다. 따라서, 辰砂는 高麗時代 일관적으로 사용되었던 장식이었다. 현존하는 辰砂靑磁의 공통된 특징은 고급청자이라는 것이다. 文獻考察을 통해 간접적으로 '붉은 색'이 귀한 색이었음을 확인할 수 있었는데, 같은 맥락에서 辰砂靑磁의 높은 위상을 이해할 수 있다. 辰砂靑磁의 까다로운 제작과정 역시 辰砂靑磁가 상류층의 전유물이었음을 보여주고 있다. 靑磁의 제작에 있어서 中國陶磁의 영향을 빼놓을 수 없지만, 辰砂靑磁에서 中國陶磁의 영향은 거의 없었을 것으로 생각된다. 붉은 색을 장식한 中國陶磁로는 唐代의 長沙窯, 宋代의 定窯, 宋, 元代의 鈞窯, 그리고 元代의 景德鎭窯를 살펴보지만, 이들은 비슷한 시대에 도자기에 붉은 색 장식을 했지만, 그리 큰 영향을 미치지 않았던 것으로 보인다. 이렇듯, 高麗時代 辰砂靑磁는 당대 靑磁중에서 최고상류층의 전유물로서 애용되었으며, 이는 中國陶磁의 영향을 받지 않고 高麗 匠人이 독창적으로 제작한 靑磁의 새로운 小장르였다. This thesis is a study of Koryo celadons with underglaze copper red, a small genre of celadons which has hitherto not been much discussed in ceramic history. Its negligence has partly been due to its limited production within Koryo celadons and to the small number of extant wares. However, Koryo celadons with underglaze copper red are significant and deserve recognition for their profound reflection of aristocratic splendor during the Koryo Dynasty (918-1392 A.D) and their exceptional development within Koryo celadons. As applying copper red onto celadons for decoration is a unique idea, this thesis first sought to examine the significance of the color 'red' during the Koryo dynasty. Since no historic records of celadons with underglaze copper red remain, records for the uses of the color 'red' have been investigated. Records in Koryosa(高麗史; History of Koryo), Koryo-to-kyung(高麗圖經; Drawings and Records of Koryo), and Tongkuk-yisangkukjip(東國李相國集) reflect that the color 'red' was an auspicious color frequently employed in cloth, clothes, carriages, umbrellas, and even candles. Records which also show that the color 'red' was restricted to use within the court and the high aristocracy, indirectly imply that red decoration on celadons were probably produced especially for Koryo high society. Yuchonri kiln site in South Cholla province is currently the only known kiln site where celadons with underglaze copper red were produced. Excavations made by the National Museum and Ewha Womans University Museum have revealed a small number of celadon shards with traces of underglaze copper red. Celadon shards from Yuchonri are decorated with small amounts of copper red usually along 'sanggam' inlay decoration. However, no shards with abundant use of copper red have yet been found. Thus, Yuchonri may not necessarily be the only kiln that produced celadons with underglaze copper red. Kilns yet to be excavated should also be considered as potential sites for celadons with underglaze copper red. Celadons with underglaze copper red decoration can be divided into two groups; those decorated only with underglaze copper red; and those decorated with underglaze copper red and 'sanggam' inlay decoration together. The former is fewer in number but the brilliant copper red decoration is applied in abundance. The latter, however, displays restrained use of copper red decoration which is usually applied on the 'sanggam' inlay design. Since most of these celadon forms are bottles, jars, and cases, they seem not to be ritual wares but actually, luxury items for high society. The quality and decorative effect of these celadons with underglaze copper red also support the idea that they were top quality celadons made specifically for the upper class. As Chinese influence on Koryo celadons is undeniable, the possibility of Chinese influence in applying red decoration has also been explored. Although red decoration is thought to have been first used on celadons by Koryo potters, red decoration has long been employed in Chinese pottery. This thesis focuses on four Chinese wares that dealt with red decoration; Changsha kilns of the Tang dynasty; Jun wares of Song and Yuan dynasty; Ding wares of Song dynasty; and Jingdezhen wares of late Yuan dynasty. All of these kilns but Ding used copper for red decoration. Since these wares have been found within Korea, the possibility that they could have influenced Koryo celadons with underglaze copper red remain. However, the application and the use of red decoration in Chinese wares compared to Koryo celadons reflect that though Koryo potters could have been aware of such use and production in China, Koryo celadons with underglaze copper red was an original idea independently developed by Koryo potters. Koryo celadons with underglaze copper red constitute a unique genre within Koryo celadons. Historic records which imply that the color 'red' was an auspicious color during the Koryo dynasty indirectly support celadons with red decorations to have been top quality wares made especially for high society. The quality and decorative effect of the extant celadons with underglaze copper red also confirm the connoisseurship involved in their production. Examination of Chinese ceramics where red decoration was employed, reveal that the underglaze copper red technique was an original idea developed by Koryo potters. In sum, Koryo celadons with underglaze copper red display a unique and original genre of high class celadons whose limited production and controled use render added value and importance.