언어,교육 : 외래어의 표준 발음과 어문 규범

이은경 ( Eun Gyeong Yi ) 경희대학교 글로벌인문학술원 2015 비교문화연구 Vol.38 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how to decide pronunciation of loanwords in Korean language. There has not been a regulation for pronunciation of loanwords in Korean language. Even the dictionary published by the government does not provide any information about the pronunciation of loanwords. In this paper, some actual solutions are suggested for the pronunciation of loanwords. Korean language has Regulations of Standard Korean, Korean Orthography, Regulations on Hangeul Transcriptions on Loanwords and Pronunciation Methods of Standard Korean. These language standards could help to decide pronunciation of loanwords. Some pronunciations which could not be regulated by them must be presented in the standard pronunciation dictionary. For example, glottalization rule of ``s`` in many loanwords could be presented in the description of each loanword in the dictionary. However the pronunciation of loanwords must be similar to the spelling. If various pronunciations are allowed to one spelling, then people will be so confused by the discrepancy between pronunciation and spelling of loanwords.

한국인 화자의 외래어 발음 변이 양상과 음절 기반 외래어 자소-음소 변환

류혁수(Ryu, Hyuksu),나민수(Na, Minsu),정민화(Chung, Minhwa) 한국음성학회 2015 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.7 No.3

This paper aims to analyze pronunciation variations of loanwords produced by Korean and improve the performance of pronunciation modeling of loanwords in Korean by using syllable-based segmentation and phonological knowledge. The loanword text corpus used for our experiment consists of 14.5k words extracted from the frequently used words in set-top box, music, and point-of-interest (POI) domains. At first, pronunciations of loanwords in Korean are obtained by manual transcriptions, which are used as target pronunciations. The target pronunciations are compared with the standard pronunciation using confusion matrices for analysis of pronunciation variation patterns of loanwords. Based on the confusion matrices, three salient pronunciation variations of loanwords are identified such as tensification of fricative [s] and derounding of rounded vowel [?i] and [w?]. In addition, a syllable-based segmentation method considering phonological knowledge is proposed for loanword pronunciation modeling. Performance of the baseline and the proposed method is measured using phone error rate (PER)/word error rate (WER) and F-score at various context spans. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the baseline. We also observe that performance degrades when training and test sets come from different domains, which implies that loanword pronunciations are influenced by data domains. It is noteworthy that pronunciation modeling for loanwords is enhanced by reflecting phonological knowledge. The loanword pronunciation modeling in Korean proposed in this paper can be used for automatic speech recognition of application interface such as navigation systems and set-top boxes and for computer-assisted pronunciation training for Korean learners of English.

한국인학습자의 일본어 외래어 발음 습득 횡단 분석 ―ACTFL-OPI 방식의 회화 음성을 대상으로-

민광준 ( Min Kwang Joon ) 한국일본어교육학회 2016 日本語敎育 Vol.0 No.77

In this paper, we analyze the loanword pronunciation of Korean learners of Japanese, shown in Japanese conversation speech of ACTFL-OPI format. Based on the results, I discuss the following: the level of difficulty in loanwords, correlation between loanword skillfulness and Japanese proficiency, individual differences in acquiring Japanese loanword pronunciation, and Korean phoneme system`s influence on loanword pronunciation learning. The results are as follows: First of all, the pronunciation error was the most frequent in shortening of long vowels, followed by vowels, consonants, devoicing of consonants in the word-initial position and palatalization of consonants; these 5 types of error takes up 82.5% of the entire errors. Secondly, analysis on Japanese proficiency (OPI level) and Korean learners` loanword pronunciation status showed us that the Japanese proficiency itself didn`t necessarily correlate with the accuracy of pronunciation. The inaccurate pronouncing habit acquired in the early stage of Japanese learning is hard to be corrected, even when the Japanese proficiency itself gets advanced. Therefore, acquisition of accurate loanword pronunciation in the early stage of Japanese learning is important. Third, based on the analysis on pronunciation error frequency and inclination of errors for each learners, the individual differences in Japanese loanword proficiency and the procedures to acquire it are shown to be quite huge. Therefore, more integrated understanding is needed to grasp the individuals` problems in Japanese loanword pronunciation, and we ought to make strategic approaches accordingly. Fourth, the reason that Korean learners make mistakes in pronouncing Japanese loanwords was found to be because that the different phoneme rules are applied when English-which takes 80% of Japanese loanwords-is used in Japanese or used in Korean. Further studies are needed on education of Japanese loanword pronunciation using expanded Japanese syllabary table.

일본어 외래어 발음습득의 언어 의존성과 보편성 - 12개 언어 모어 화자의 발음오류 실태 조사를 중심으로 -

민광준 한국일어교육학회 2020 일본어교육연구 Vol.0 No.53

This paper aimed to analyze errors in the Japanese loanword pronunciation of mother tongue speakers of 12 languages including Korean with a view to grasping the substance of the language dependency and universality observed in acquisition and operation of Japanese loanword pronunciation based on the results of analysis. The results are summarized as follows. First, it was identified that the effects of the phonological system in learner's mother tongue and the characteristics universal in languages not dependent on the phonological system of learner's mother tongue were acting on the learner’s acquisition and operation of Japanese loanword pronunciation. Next, it was found that the pronunciation and spelling of English, which is the language acquired earlier by the learner, greatly affect the acquisition and operation of Japanese loanword pronunciation. Therefore, it can be said that the effects of the pronunciation habit for the mother tongue’s loanwords, which are the vocabulary acquired earlier by the learner, and English pronunciation ability on the pronunciation of Japanese loanwords are very large. In conclusion, in order to systematically investigate the language dependency and universality observed in acqusition and operation of Japanese loan word pronunciation and use the results in loanword pronunciation education, it is necessary to conduct comparative studies of the phonology system of the learner's mother tongue and that of Japanese, more meticulous intermediate language studies, comparative studies on the phonological structure of loanwords in the learner’s mother tongue and that of Japanese loanwords, and meticulous studies of the learner's English pronunciation ability, etc.. 본고에서는 한국어를 포함한 12개 언어의 모어 화자의 일본어 외래어 발음오류 실태를 분석하고, 그 결과를 토대로일본어 외래어의 발음 습득과 운용에 있어서 관찰되는 언어 의존성과 보편성의 실체를 파악하고자 하였다. 그 결과를요약하면 다음과 같다. 먼저, 학습자의 일본어 외래어 발음의 습득과 운용에는 학습자의 모어의 음운체계의 영향과학습자의 모어의 음운체계에 의존하지 않는 언어 보편적인 특성이 독립적으로 또는 복합적으로 작용하고 있음이 확인되었다. 다음으로, 일본어 외래어 발음의 습득과 운용에는 학습자의 선습득 언어인 영어의 발음과 철자의 영향이크게 작용하고 있음이 밝혀졌다. 따라서, 학습자의 선습득 어휘로서의 외래어 발음 습관과 영어 발음 능력이 일본어외래어 발음에 미치는 영향은 매우 크다 할 수 있다. 결론적으로, 일본어 외래어의 발음 습득 및 운용에 있어서 관찰되는 언어의존성과 보편성을 보다 체계적으로 규명하고 그 결과를 외래어 발음 교육에 활용하기 위해서는 학습자의 모어와 일본어의 음운체계의 대조연구, 보다 면밀한중간언어 연구, 학습자의 모어의 외래어와 일본어 외래어의 음운구조에 관한 대조연구 외에, 학습자의 영어 발음 능력 등에 관한 면밀한 연구가 필요하다.

대학생들의 외래어 표기와 발음의 상관성 연구

한명숙 ( Han Myeong-suk ) 한말연구학회 2016 한말연구 Vol.- No.41

The purpose of this study was to investigate loanword orthography and the actual condition of loanword pronunciation among university students. The research focused on the difference between loanword orthography and its pronunciation. Through this, this also attempted to look into usages that are regarded as standards in loanword orthography. Loanword orthography is based on the original sound principle, there is, however, a diversity of orthography because, in reality, language users employ a different orthography. Furthermore, in subsection (5) of loanword orthography, there is no definite range of common use. For this reason, it is not clear for us to judge whether it obeys the rules of loanword orthography or not and whether it is considered as common usages or not. In this study, loanword orthography and its actual pronunciation condition were examined and a total of 150 university students took part in. The result of this study shows that there were cases which were in discord with right form of loanword orthography and university students had higher adoption of wrong form. In relation to this finding, we need to consider these vocabularies as examples of common use, not a wrong form of loanword orthography. Another result showed that pronunciation of loanword showed a high rate of one type pronunciation. This implies that pronunciation which are widely used among language users can be considered as standard pronunciation. Thus, this research made an investigation an exact figure of loanword orthography and its pronunciation.

「중국어 외래어 표기법」에 대한 원론적 접근

조참훈 한국중국언어학회 2013 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.44

To us, the discussion related to the 「The Korean Orthography of Standard Chinese Loanwords」 is very glocalizational as a local/national and at the same time global/international topic. To this topic, we are making an approach from the viewpoints based on principles such as the reconsideration of the notion of 'Loanwords' in the 「The Korean Orthography of Loanwords」, the matter of 'Pursuit of Native Pronunciation' and 'Pursuit of Vernacular Pronunciation' and the matter of 'Phonetic Transcription' and 'Alphabetical Transcription'. Such a macroscopic and theoretical approach to the 「The Korean Orthography of Standard Chinese Loanwords」 is able to bring us a clue to the most fundamental recognition on controversies related to the 「The Korean Orthography of Standard Chinese Loanwords」.

중국 한자어 원지음 표기의 문제점

박영록 ( Young Rok Park ) 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원 2011 대동문화연구 Vol.76 No.-

This paper argues that Chinese loanwords should be written in Sino-Korean pronunciations instead of in Chinese pronunciations. Previous traditional practice was to write Chinese proper names in Sino-Korean pronunciations, but it is argued that Chinese proper names should be written in Chinese pronunciations, since to the current Loanword Orthography(1986) has issued. Some researchers who insist that we should adopt Chinese pronunciations, give like these reasons: first, all of other loanwords are written in original pronunciation just except Chinese and Japanese; second, so for consistency of writing, we should adopt Chinese pronunciations; third, people easily confuse Chinese person and geographical name with Korean`s, and this is not good for subjecthood of culture. Their insistence like this may be called original pronunciation theory. But I think any grounds of this original pronunciation theory are not given, even though above-mentioned ``consistency`` and ``subjecthood`` were given; becaus the premise of this original pronunciation theory is not correct. The current Loanword Orthography of Korean have two mainstay: the one, a loanword belongs to Korean, and the other, a loanward is writen in original pronunciation, and these two mainstay contradict each other. It is that, according to original pronunciation theory, the criterion of a loaword`s writing form is based on foreign language, that cannot stand up, clearly. So called ``consistency`` is not correct, because language is very complicated phenomenon, so there is thisness in languages and words. And ``subjecthood`` also has some problems. Subjecthood of culture may have several definitions, one of that is productivity in culture, in this case, ironically, original pronunciation theory doesn`t well at its goal. So I suggest that the basic principle of Loanword Orthography is to write in conformity with custom, and in the case of Chinese, is to write based on Sino-Korean pronunciations.

Teaching Korean English Loanwords to Hindi-speaking Korean Language Learners in India

Ashutosh Kumar Mishra 국제인문사회연구학회 2025 Studies on Humanities and Social Sciences (SHSC) Vol.7 No.2

The integration of English loanwords into Korean presents a unique challenge for Hindi-speaking learners of the Korean language in India. These learners often struggle with the accurate pronunciation, and usage of loanwords due to significant phonological and structural differences between Hindi, English, and Korean. This study investigates these challenges through a targeted survey conducted among 64 Hindi-speaking Korean language learners. We identified key pronunciation difficulties and categorized them based on frequency and severity. Building on these findings, we developed a task-based teaching methodology tailored to address specific pronunciation and comprehension issues related to loanwords. This approach incorporates pronunciation drills, phonetic comparisons, and contextual usage tasks to enhance both recognition and articulation. Feedback from participants indicates a marked improvement in their ability to understand and pronounce English loanwords in Korean, with 84% reporting increased confidence and clarity in their usage. Our results suggest that a structured, task-based pedagogical approach can bridge linguistic gaps and significantly support Korean language acquisition among Hindi-speaking learners. This study not only sheds light on an under-explored learner demographic but also offers practical strategies for language educators working in multilingual environments. We propose this methodology as a scalable model for broader application in Korean language education across similar linguistic backgrounds.

외래어 어두경음화 발음의 원인과 사회계층

박지윤(JiYoon Park) 한국콘텐츠학회 2021 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.21 No.2

사회계층에 따라 어두경음화가 나타나는 양상에 주목할 필요가 있다. 학력이 높을수록, 공식적이고 격식적인 자리일수록 영어 원어와 가깝게 발음하기 위해 어두경음화를 되도록 피하는 경향이 나타난다. 이에 대해 실험 조사와 Praat 음성 분석 프로그램을 통해 사회계층에 따라 외래어 어두경음화 약화 현상을 증명하여 밝히는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 외래어 어두경음화 원인에 대해 기존 논의에서는 표현 강화, 현대 사회 경쟁의 결과, 무조건적인 경음화, 국어사적 분석, 한국어와 영어의 음성음운 차이 기인, 외래어 발음의 규칙화 시도 등으로 다양하게 논의되어 왔으나, 사회계층에 기인한 분석은 부족한 실정이다. 본고에서는 실험 조사와 음성 분석 프로그램인 Praat을 이용하여 학력이 높을수록, 공식적이고 격식적인 자리일수록 외래어 어두경음화 현상이 약하게 나타난다는 것을 밝혔다. 외래어 어두경음화 발음 여부는 자신의 신분과 계층을 표출할 수단으로 보는 심리적 기제로 작용함을 알 수 있다. It is necessary to pay attention to the appearance of word-initial glottalization among social classes. The higher the academic ability, the more formal it is, the more likely it is to avoid word-initial glottalization due to the psychological factors that are close to the English pronunciation. The purpose of this study is to prove and clarify this through experimental research and the Praat voice analysis program. In previous discussions on word-initial glottalization, there have been various discussions such as strengthening expressions, the conclusion of competition of modern society, Korean historical analysis, differences in Korean and English phonetics, and attempts to regularize the pronunciation of loanwords. In this paper, it was revealed that the higher the academic ability, the weaker the pronunciation of loanwords word-initial glottalization appears in formal and formal situations, by using experimental research and voice analysis program Praat. The presence or absence of pronunciation of the initial specification of loanwords acts as a psychological base for expressing ones status and hierarchy.

중국어계 고유명사 한글 표기의 몇 가지 문제 — 한자어⋅외래어를 넘나드는 어휘론적 복합성을 중심으로

김석영 중국어문논역학회 2025 中國語文論譯叢刊 Vol.- No.56

This study identifies that the issue of transcribing Chinese proper nouns into Hangul is not merely a matter of transcription methods but stems from the distinct lexical categories of loanwords and Sino-Korean words. It argues that achieving consistency is unattainable, whether Chinese proper nouns are treated as loanwords using modern Mandarin pronunciations or as Sino-Korean words using Sino-Korean pronunciations. Based on this, the study proposes user-centered solutions through flexible norms. Transcription based on Mandarin pronunciations encounters challenges such as disagreements over phonological correspondence and phonetic characteristics, the difficulty of accurately representing original sounds due to the diversity of Chinese dialects and the global dispersion of Chinese-speaking communities, and the necessity of accommodating conventional transcriptions shaped by historical and customary factors. On the other hand, the use of Sino-Korean pronunciations presents obstacles in contexts where Chinese proper nouns are not mediated through Chinese characters and where many users lack familiarity with Chinese or related linguistic knowledge. Additionally, it is challenging to consistently apply Sino-Korean pronunciations to proper nouns in Japanese, Vietnamese, and global Chinese communities that utilize Sino-character-based names. Neither Mandarin-based transcription nor Sino-Korean pronunciation provides an ideal solution. Therefore, regardless of the approach adopted, sufficient tolerance for alternative conventions must be maintained. For example, greater acceptance of Sino-Korean pronunciations may be needed for geographical names. Furthermore, if Mandarin-based transcription remains necessary, improving the regularity between Hanyu Pinyin and Hangul transcription will be crucial to allow users to adapt easily, irrespective of their familiarity with Chinese.