개방성과 고려, 그리고 현재의 동아시아

안병우 한국중세사학회 2015 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.42

The Goryeo Kingdom is well known for its openness. The openness has mainly been focused on its foreign, or external interchanges, however, its internal openness is important as well. Being the basis for diversity and reform, openness, especially of its external outcomes sometimes works as a driving force for internal reform. However, symmetry is not always working between internal and external characteristics of openness. Goryeo openness varies in periods. In the first half of the kingdom, it benefitted itself through positive exchanges with many countries in China, and eventually was able to carry out the internal reforms. The introduction of the Civil Service Exam makes a representative case. The literary men with Confucian background recruited through the exam system have become the backbones of the civil functionaries dominant bureaucracy. In the mid period, though the internal openness was reduced as the results of the ideological confrontation between the noble family groups and the rising powers, the interchanges with the Song Dynasty was nonetheless active. In the military rule period, the war against the Mongol forced the kingdom to reduced the range of the external openness, however, it witnessed an unprecedented phenomenon that a slave very close to a military ruler assumed public office. The period of the Mongol intervention saw the unrivaled enlargement of external openness. Internally the period saw the advance of a new ruling class with a low status background. Neo-Confucianism, made its way to Korea in the period was at odds with Buddhism which had enjoyed the status of the state religion and the dominant ideology also. As the result of the founding of the Joseon Dynasty for which the Neo-Confucian scholar officials had a great role, the diversity of religion and thought was extremely reduced. Openness plays an important role in East Asia these days. Korea, China, and Japan all claim to advocate openness. Especially, ever since the proclamation of the reform and openness in the late 1970s, China has enjoyed a rapid development, joining the second place in GDP ranking, in which Korea occupies the 13th place. Korea, having a strong economic ties with China and Japan, has a high degree of openness to the extent that more than half of its GDP comes from export. However, in the indexes of democracy, press freedom, transparency, and the public information rate which are critical in evaluating the degree of openness of a country, the three countries show a big differences. Particularly China reveals a great asymmetry between the internal reform and the external economic opening. The index of press freedom in Korea and Japan has been deteriorated. The road for a mature open society should be based on a more internal openness.

AHP기법을 활용한 도시 포켓파크의 개방성 평가방법에 관한 연구

손운걸,김용구 한국기초조형학회 2022 기초조형학연구 Vol.23 No.4

도시 포켓 파크는 도시의 중요한 친환경 공공 개방공간이며, 이러한 포켓파크는 지금까지 다양한 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 이러한 도시 포켓파크의 다양한 요소 중에서 ‘개방성’에 관한 연구의 필요성과 중요성을 높게 나타나고 있지만, 지금까지 구체적이고 체계적인 연구를 찾아 볼 수 없었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 도시 포켓파크의 ‘개방성 평가요소’를 토대로 본 연구를 진행하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 목적은녹색 도시공간 활용을 위한 포켓파크의 개방성에 관한 효과적인 평가방법을 제시하는데 있다. 연구대상은 2022년 3월부터 4월까지 도시 포켓파크 관련 연구전문가 30명을 대상으로 설문 및 자문을 진행하였다. 그리고 이러한 분석을 위해 도시 포켓파크 개방성에 관한 평가요소(상위항목과 하위항목)를활용하였으며, AHP기법을 통해, 종합적으로 도시 포켓파크의 개방성 평가요소별 가중치를 도출하였다. 분석 결과를 정리해보면 첫 번째, 상위 항목은 형태적 개방성, 시각적 개방성, 사회교류 개방성, 기능적 개방성, 출입구 개방성 순으로 중요도가 나타났다. 여기에서는 중요도 수치 결과가 중요하다. 두번째, 형태적 개방성, 시각적 개방성, 사회교류 개방성, 기능적 개방성, 출입구 개방성에 해당하는 하위항목의 중요도 수치 결과를 각각 도출하였다. 세 번째, 도시 포켓파크의 개방성에 해당하는 상위항목과 하위항목의 연계를 통한 종합 가중치를 도출하였다. 본 연구에서 도출한 종합적 가중치 비율이본 연구의 핵심이라고 할 수 있다. 네 번째, AHP기법 활용을 통해, 평가요소별 그 중요도를 달리하여평가하므로 객관적이고, 구체적인 값을 도출하여 향후 비교가 가능하도록 하였다. 즉, 이렇게 나타난가중치 결과는 도시 포켓파크 이용자를 대상으로 정기적 평가를 진행할 수 있으며, 이를 통해, 우선적으로 개선해야할 평가 항목을 순차적으로 도출할 수 있게 된다. Urban pocket parks are important eco-friendly public open spaces in the city, and various studies have been conducted on these pocket parks so far. Among the various elements of these urban pocket parks, the necessity and importance of research on ‘Openness’ appears to be high, but no concrete and systematic research has been found so far. Therefore, this study was conducted based on the ‘Openness evaluation factors’ of urban pocket parks. The purpose of this study is to present an effective evaluation method for the openness of pocket parks for green urban space utilization. The subject of the study was a survey and consultation with 30 research experts related to urban pocket parks from March to April 2022. And for this analysis, evaluation factors (higher items and lower items) regarding urban pocket park openness were used, and weights for each urban pocket park openness evaluation factor were derived through the AHP method. To summarize the results of the analysis, first, higher items showed importance in the order of morphological openness, visual openness, social exchange openness, functional openness, and doorway openness. Importance numerical results are significant here. Second, the importance numerical results of sub-items corresponding to morphological openness, visual openness, social exchange openness, functional openness, and doorway openness were derived respectively. Third, a comprehensive weight was derived by linking the upper and lower items corresponding to the openness of urban pocket parks. The overall weight ratio derived from this study can be said to be the core of this study. Fourth, through the use of the AHP method, the importance of each evaluation element is evaluated differently, so that an objective and specific value is derived to enable future comparison. That is, the weighted results shown in this method can be evaluated regularly for urban pocket park users, and through this, evaluation items that need to be improved can be sequentially derived.

북한사회의 개방화 실태와 분절적 구조 -설문조사 데이터 분석을 중심으로

정은미 ( Eun Mee Jeong ) 북한연구학회 2012 북한연구학회보 Vol.16 No.1

The primary purpose of the current study is to understand the state of openness in the extended sectors of politics, economy and socio-culture in the North Korean society, and to analyze the structural characteristics of such openness. Ultimately, this study also seeks to diagnose the possibilities of establishing a civil society along with a progression towards openness in North Korea, and if not, then to discover the factors that obstruct it. The analysis was based on the data from surveys of North Korean defectors (70 participants) and in-depth interviews (10 participants). A notable characteristic of the progression towards openness in North Korean society is that the structure of openness is segmental. This means that there is an aspect or a tendency for openness to proceed in severed forms, without interaction between sectors, regions, classes and individuals/ groups. Whereas the level of openness in the economy and socio-culture are relatively high and interactive, the level of openness in the political sector is very low and cut off from interaction with other sectors. In addition, states of openness at the individual level and at that of collective groups show a great degree of difference. The neo-middle class in North Korea, building itself through the growth of openness and the market, is more likely to increase its own profit through cooperation and mutual support with the current regime rather than through conflict. Therefore, there is little chance that the neo-middle class will become an alternative force in the struggle against North Korea`s current regime or takea lead in the formation of a civil society.

Does Commodity Trade Openness Beneficial to the Tourism Sector in Korea?

Soo-Eun Kim(Soo-Eun Kim),Jun Ho Seok(Jun Ho Seok) The International Academy of Global Business and T 2023 The International Academy of Global Business and T Vol.19 No.1

Purpose - Recently, trade openness has expanded in the world level as well as high trade dependent countries like Korea. In turn, a rise of trade openness is expected to affect on the tourism industry. This study investigates the causal relationship between trade openness, outbound tourism expenses, and inbound tourism receipts to explore whether or not trade openness benefits the tourism sector of Korea. Design/Methodology/Approach - We utilized the vector error correction (VECM) model, directed acrylic graph (DAG), and Impulse Response Function (IRF) methods to examine those relationships. While VECM allows to figure out the predictive causation, DAG can test the contemporaneous relationship. IRF allows to find the different effect of trade openness on outbound tourism expenses and inbound tourism receipts. Findings - Our results for VECM and DAG demonstrate that there are causalities of trade openness on inbound tourism receipts and outbound tourism expenses. To evaluate the effect of trade openness on domestic tourism sector in terms of economics and sustainability, we perform the IRF. Results of IRF show that trade openness has a positive and negative effect on outbound tourism expenses and inbound tourism receipts, respectively. Research Implications - These results indicate that trade openness is not beneficial to the tourism sector of Korea, which implies trade openness’s effect on domestic tourism is not sustainable in terms of economic sense.

The Effect of Trade Openness on Foreign Direct Investment in Vietnam

LIEN, Nguyen Thi Kim Korea Distribution Science Association 2021 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.8 No.3

The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of trade openness on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows into Vietnam, an emerging country with relatively high trade openness in recent years. The study used the vector autoregression (VAR) model to examine the impact of trade openness on FDI in Vietnam, in the period from 2005 to 2019. The research data are time-series data, with quarterly frequency, from 2005:Q4 to 2019:Q3. The FDI data were collected by International Financial Statistics. The data of trade openness were calculated based on Vietnam's export, import, and GDP data collected by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam. The estimated result shows that the trade openness has a positive effect on FDI. The current FDI is heavily influenced by FDI in the past with an average explanation of 74%. The main findings indicate that trade openness has a positive effect on FDI inflows into Vietnam. The findings also show that FDI in Vietnam is significantly affected by the shocks of the FDI itself in the past. The findings of the study suggest the Vietnamese Government improves the quality of trade openness and FDI, continues and maintains economic relations with other countries to increase trade openness.

An Analysis on the Effect of Trade Openness on Economic Growth Using the System-GMM Estimator

이재호 ( Jae Ho Lee ) 한국무역경영학회 2018 무역경영연구 Vol.0 No.15

This paper analyses the effect of trade openness on economic growth by using the system- GMM estimator. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of trade openness by eliminating the endogeneity in the relationship between trade openness and economic growth. Additionally, this paper aims at comparing the effect of trade openness in developing countries and developed countries. In this research, trade openness is measured in three ways by utilizing the proportion of trade volume to GDP. 62 countries are selected as the sample and the period is from 1990 to 2010. All of the data is obtained from the World Bank’s Indicators and there is no missing data. According to the analysis results, while trade openness certainly exerts a positive influence on economic growth of developing countries, developed countries do not significantly benefit from trade openness. Especially, in the case of developing countries, the increase in export ratio is more influential than the increase in import ration in the economic growth. Accordingly, this paper suggests the export-oriented industrialization to developing countries as the direction of economic policy.

아이돌 스타의 선정적인 영상과 사회적 지지가 청소년의 성개방성에 미치는 영향

김석환,윤현경,Kim, Seok-Hwan,Yoon, Heun-Keung 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회 2017 한국학교지역보건교육학회지 Vol.18 No.2

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between sexually explicit video viewing and social support through the mass media and the sex openness of adolescents. Methods: This study used as the main data of 'Study on Measures against Sexualization of Juveniles through Mass Media in the Smart Age' conducted by 'National Youth Policy Institute' in 2014 nationwide. 3,176 of the 4,356 adolescents in Korea were selected as the final study subjects after excluding the 1,180 missing adjectives. Results: As a result, sex openness of male students was higher than that of female students. The higher the grade, the higher the sex openness, and the higher the stimulus, the higher the sex openness. The higher the imitation sharing, the higher the sex openness. The higher the human rights violation, the lower sex openness. Finally, the higher the social support, the higher the sex openness. Conclusions: In conclusion, strengthening the management of realistic media providers and emotional education rather than the unconditional regulation of mass media is expected to help prevent adverse effects on the sex openness of adolescents.

<장미의 이름>의 닫힘과 열림

박상진 ( Sang Jin Park ) 한국비교문학회 2003 비교문학 Vol.31 No.-

고층아파트의 주거동 배치유형에 따른 개방적 특성 분석 연구 - 점형, 평행형, 중정형 배치형식을 중심으로

이석문,함정도,김원필 대한건축학회 2005 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.21 No.9

High-rise apartment housing type has genetically been conduced to various problems such as excessive high density, closed open view, monotonous building shape, and worse daylighting condition in specific building blocks. Recent public interests in well-being of residential life are now toward open view quality and other environmental housing elements. The aims of this research is intended to analyze the characteristics of open view according to the allocation technique and building block types of apartment buildings which eventually increases the quality of surrounding environments. It extensively examined the openness through computer simulation in order to seek appropriate planning methods for the better openness without dropping the level of density when creating the site plan. The research results found that court type of building blocks indicated low-level openness caused by the blocking of adjacent units, while parallel type showed no differences. Consequently, tower type sited by pointed direction founded to give high-level openness. Generally the study implied that the index of facade-area ratio has certain level of limitation in measuring openness in specific areas, suggesting that mixed allocation of various building type be practical plan alternative for the better openness.

공공도서관 공간구성 변화에 의한 개방도 분석 연구 -중국 내 대형 공공도서관 자료열람실을 중심으로-

정윤 ( Zheng Yin ),하숙녕 ( Ha Sooknyung ) 한국공간디자인학회 2021 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.16 No.8

(Background and Purpose) Now the public library appears open, multi center and compound in the space system, and has realized the transformation for the space layout from book collection centered to service-centered. In addition, in the past, designing the reading room's space layout centered on the managers, while it is user-centered now, and the location of the reading room is increasingly gaining significance. This study makes a comparative analysis of the changing trends of the spatial composition of the data reading room of China's large public libraries according to the times, predicts changes, and provides insights for future library space development. Therefore, it is of great significance to quantitatively analyze the spatial structure through Space Syntax, objective analysis on spatial change elements and understand the relationship between each unit. (Method) According to different construction periods, this paper analyzes the changing trends of reading room spaces in large public libraries with an internal area of more than 20,000 square meters at the level of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under China,. Accordingly, this study investigates the concept and method of space syntax and the reading room space of public library to advance specific analysis methods. In addition, in order to improve the objectivity of the research, this paper quantitatively analyzes and compares the space of case library by using the convex space analysis program of space syntax. (Results) Firstly, before the 2000s, at the public library reading room, the opening degree of local reference room opening was higher than the electronic reading and multimedia reading rooms. Second, in the 2000s, the local reference, electronic reading, and multimedia reading rooms were all fully open. However, the continuous publication room, the reading room for the disabled, and the children's reading room showed a weak opening degree. Third, after the 2010s, the continuous publication room showed strong openness, but the openness of the reading room for the disabled remained limited. Fourth, from the overall development situation, the overall opening degree of reading rooms of large public libraries in China is gradually increasing. (Conclusions) As mentioned above, this study takes the reading room's space of China's large public libraries as the research object. According to the changes of the reading room's space of public libraries, it shows that the reading rooms’ openness of public libraries was relatively balanced before 2000, and in the 2000s, it became consistently higher. However, after 2010, the reference reading room of public library has evolved into an open reading space led by the continuous publishing room and an obstacle reading room with a gradual decline in openness. Therefore, it can be concluded that the overall openness of the reading room's space has been gradually expanding.