Grundlagen des Maβregelrechts : Eine dogmatische und Kriminalpolitische Studie zum Vergleich von deutschem und koreanischem Strafrecht

송문호 Albert - Ludwigs Univ. Freiburg 1999 해외박사

형법은 가장 강력한 제재수단으로 평화적인 공동생활에 필요한 법익을 보호하는 임무를 띠고 있다. 형벌과 보안처분은 형법적 제재의 기초개념이며 (소위 二元主義) 그 중 보안처분은 정신병자, 각종 중독자, 상습범 등 형법상 책임의 한계를 넘어 위험한 범죄자에 대해 사회를 방위하기 위한 개별(특별)예방적 필요에 의해 근거지워지는 功利主義的 사고에 기초하고 있다. 형벌의 의미와 목적에 대한 논의가 다양한데 반해, 보안처분은 행위자의 위험성과 관련하여 장래의 범행을 방지하기 위한 법효과 즉, 개별예방사상의 대표적인 법제도이므로 보안처분의 위기는 개별예방사상의 위기와 맥을 같이한다. 현대 보안처분의 위기상황은 법윤리적, 법치국가적 정당성과 그 구체화에 대한 충실한 이론적 탐구가 매우 적었다는 점을 감안하면 오히려 당연하다고 할 수 있겠다. 따라서 먼저 역사적 관련하에서 보안처분제도의 발전과정을 살펴보고 과연 현대적 법치국가안에서 현재까지 보안처분제도가 꼭 필요한가의 문제와 필요하다면 어떠한 정당화근거와 제한원리에 의해 구체적으로 운용되어야 하는가를 살펴보기 위해 우선 보안처분에 대한 본질과 목적에 대해 탐구하며 동시에 그에 맞게 구체적인 법현실에서 어떻게 구현되고 있는가를 살핀다. 보안처분의 정당화근거로는 우월한 이익의 원칙과 국가의 보호의무로 윤곽을 제시하고 이에 상응하여 보안처분의 일반적, 실질적 부과요건인 행위자의 위험성을 확정함에 있어 범죄예측과 소송법상의 문제점들을 살펴본다. 이에 더해 보안처분의 투입기준이 되는 필요성의 원칙과 제한원리인 비례성의 원칙에 대해 알아보면, 비례성의 원칙은 보안처분의 공리주의적 성격을 적절히 제어하고 남용가능성의 위험을 막아주는 법치국가적 원리이므로 마땅히 존중되어야 한다. 개개의 보안처분규정을 의미있게 해석하고 특별한 자유에 대한 침해를 정당화할 수 있게 하기 위해서는 법률에서 특정한 중대한 범죄군을 좀더 자세하게 언급할 필요가 있으며 구체적으로 보안처분의 집행기간을 적절히 제한하는 데에도 커다란 의의를 가진다. 한편 보안처분은 범죄예방을 위해 꼭 필요한 경우에 투입되고 집행되어야 하는데 이러한 의미에서 형벌과 보안처분의 교환작용과 서로 대체하여 집행하는 문제, 보안처분 상호간의 관계, 부과와 동시에 석방할 수 있는 가능성, 집행중의 석방요건과 절차의 문제들을 구체적인 법규정과 그 합리적인 해석론을 통해 알아본다. 앞에서 살펴본 독일형법과 그 해석론은 우리 나라의 구체적 법현실에 그대로 적용될 수 있는가는 별개의 문제이긴 하지만 우리 나라의 보안처분제도에 대한 입법론과 해석론에도 매우 중요한 단서들을 제공한다. 우리나라의 경우 보안처분제도의 본래의 의미와 목적이 순화되어 입법되기 어려웠으며 그에 대한 해석론 또한 원칙론에 그치거나 구체적인 방안을 제시하기가 어려웠다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 궁극적으로 우리 나라 보안처분에서 보여지는 행정법적 요소들을 가능한한 제외시키고 좀더 순화되고 합리적인 형법상 보안처분제도의 입법과 운용에 기여하고자 한다.

Renoprotective effects of maslinic acid on ischemia/reperfusion induced kidney injury and experimental ureteral obstruction

순웬주안 전남대학교 2022 국내박사

Maslinic acid (MA)은 천연 식물에서 추출한 pentacyclic triterpenoid 물질이다. 비록 MA 가 여러 가지 긍정적인 약리 작용을 가지고 있는 것으로 밝혀졌지만 신장 섬유화 및 허혈 재관류 손상에 대한 영향은 여전히 불분명하다. 본 연구의 목적은 MA 가 신장간질 섬유화 또는 허혈 재관류 신장손상에서 신장보호에 미치는 작용을 연구하고 그 분자생물학적 기전을 규명하는 것이다. MA 처리를 한 쥐들은 형태학적 손상이 적고 α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), vimentin, fibronectin등 섬유화 바이오마커들의 수준도 낮았다. 반대로, E-cadherin의 발현은 MA 처리를 하지 않은 편측요로폐쇄 쥐에 비해 증가되었다. MA 치료는 ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) 마우스에서 interleukin (IL-1β) 와 같은 염증 관련 인자의 mRNA 발현을 현저히 억제하였다. 또한 MA는 apoptosis와 연관된 Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax)/B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)의 발현과 cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3비율을 감소시켰다. MA는 Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) 처리된 NRK49F 세포에서의 섬유화 관련 인자의 발현을 감소시켰고, Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)로 자극된 NRK52E 세포에서는 염증 관련 인자의 mRNA 수준을 감소시켰다. MA는 phosphorylation of Smad2/3 (Smad2/3) 인산화 및 Smad4발현의 하향 조절을 통해 TGF-β/Smad의 신호 전도를 억제하며, Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)에 대한 MA 특이적 간섭을 통해 Smad4의 핵 발현을 감소시킨다는 사실이 입증되었다. 두 모델 모두에서, MA 가 염증 인자에 미치는 영향은 Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) 신호의 억제와 관련이 있었다. 또한 MA는 IRI에 의해 유도된 쥐의 신장과 H2O2에 의해 자극된 NRK52E 세포에서 Extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), P38의 인산화율을 감소시켰다. 이러한 연구결과로 MA는 TGF-β/Smad와 MyD88 신호를 조절하여 신간질 섬유화를 감소시키며, IRI에 의해 유도되는 신장손상을 Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)와 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 신호전달 경로를 통해 억제하는 것으로 향후 신장질환 치료에 중요한 약물이 될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. Maslinic acid (MA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid derived from natural plants. Although MA has been found to have several positive pharmacological effects, its effects on renal fibrosis and ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the renoprotective effects of MA on renal interstitial fibrosis or IRI-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) and to determine the molecular mechanisms involved. We found that MA-treated unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mice had less morphological damage and lower levels of fibrosis biomarkers, including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), vimentin and fibronectin, respectively. In contrast, E-cadherin expression was upregulated compared with untreated UUO mice. MA treatment significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of inflammation-related factors such as interleukin (IL-1β) in the IRI mouse model. At the same time, MA decreased the expression of apoptosis-related factors Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax)/B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 ratio and affected the translocation of Bax between mitochondria and cytoplasm. In vitro, MA similarly reduced the expression of fibrosis related factors in Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)-treated rat kidney interstitial fibroblast (NRK49F) cells, while in Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-stimulated proximal tubular epithelial (NRK52E) cells, inflammation-related factors mRNA levels were down-regulated by MA. Further studies confirmed that MA could inhibit TGF-β/Smad signaling by downregulating the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 (p-Smad2/3) and the expression of Smad4, and MA specifically interfered with the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) thereby attenuating the nuclear expression of Smad4. The effect of MA on inflammatory factors in both models was associated with the inhibition of Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling. Meanwhile, MA attenuated phosphorylation of Extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and P38 in IRI-induced mouse kidney and H2O2-stimulated NRK52 cells. The results indicate that MA reduces renal interstitial fibrosis by regulating TGF-β/Smad and MyD88 signaling; suppresses IRI-induced AKI via NF-κB and Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, and might be a valuable agent for the treatment of kidney diseases in the future.

한국 마애불의 조형과 신앙 : 고려·조선을 중심으로

이경화 전남대학교 대학원 2006 국내박사

Buddha images have been carved on rock cliffs from about 600 AD (starting in the south-west region of Korea) until the 20th century. To date, approximately 200 Buddha images (individuals or groups) have been found nationwide. Whilst similar Buddha images have been found in Indian and Chinese stone cave temples, Korean Buddha images have unique characteristics (hereafter, called "Ma-Ae-Bull" collectively) because of Korea's geology (mountain areas with hard rocks - granite) and pre-existing religion before Buddhism (Animism). The aim of this thesis was to investigate ‘Ma-Ae-Bull’, constructed during the Ko-reo (918-1391) and Chosun (1391-1910) period, with a view to understanding the style of ‘Ma-Ae-Bull’ and its associated religious beliefs. Ma-Ae-Bull gained the most popularity during the Ko-reo period and it was documented in a number of sources during Chosun period. The focus of this thesis was on three issues associated with Ma-Ae-Bull. Firstly the location and carving techniques were examined. Secondly, the style changes of Ma-Ae-Bull across time were studied. Finally, religious beliefs associated with Ma-Ae-Bull were investigated. Ma-Ae-Bull, when it was considered with these three aspects, provided an important insight into Korean Buddhist art. The main findings of this thesis are summarized as follows. The location of Ma-Ae-Bull has an important meaning. There are three types of Ma-Ae-Bulls. The covert type of Ma-Ae-Bull, the oldest form, occupied a position on the ridge of a mountain, to give it a special significance. Around the late 7th century (Sil-la dynasty period), Ma-Ae-Bull was often located on the summit of a mountain, visible from towns, hence the summit type. Later, Ma-Ae-Bull stood on a street corner (during 9th century, late Sil-la dynasty period) or town entrance (10th century), could be named as a street corner type. Ma-Ae-Bull, was therefore considered to be more and more popular with time. During Ko-reo and Chosun period, these three types coexisted. In terms of techniques, carving techniques for Ma-Ae-Bull were developed from early simple copying techniques to various low-relief techniques. High-relief was used on a central rock surround by a group of rocks. Line carvings were used on relatively flat surface of a rock. The integration of line or circle carvings with relief might reflect a belief in which a natural rock was regarded as a form of Buddha. For example, a three-dimensional head which was made from a different rock was mounted on rock carvings to combine circle carvings with relief. This might have originated from a religious belief that a turtle shaped rock was considered as spiritual. The various techniques in constructing Ma-Ae-Bull, therefore, were products of the natural environment and preexisting religious beliefs. During the Ko-reo period (918-1391), Ma-Ae-Bull became familiar to the public and was widely constructed. Ko-reo Ma-Ae-Bulls, found nationwide, showed a variety of characteristics which are grouped into three themes. Firstly, in addition to the legacy of Sil-la carving techniques, a new trend of constructing supersized Ma-Ae-Bull (the head to body ratio became disproportionately larger) co-existed with long-lasting local tradition (i.e., localized individuality) during early Ko-reo period. During mid Ko-reo period, many high-quality low-relief Ma-Ae-Bulls were constructed with continuing influence of these two trends. The shape of Ma-Ae-Bulls became formalized during late Ko-reo period. For example, the broad-shouldered Ma-Ae-Bulls were widely constructed. Size and locality were consistent factors throughout Ko-reo period. Supersized Ma-Ae-Bull with a disproportionately big head might give a sense of power, while the locality would give Ma-Ae-Bull a sense of vitality. These characteristics may reflect the fact that Ma-Ae-Bull had become more familiar to the public and was widely constructed during the Ko-reo period. As a consequence, the style of Ma-Ae-Bull had been changed from the ideal shape of Sil-la to disproportionate and unusual shapes of Ko-reo, for instance, a face with prominent cheekbones. In Chosun, a Confucian country, the shape of Ma-Ae-Bull was secularised, characterized by small eyes with a flat nose, and a loss of massiveness. However, its social influence appeared to be unchanged, as the Royal family constructed two Ma-Ae-Bulls with a political intention, one during early and the other during late Chosun period. In early Chosun Ma-Ae-Bull, one can see the influences of Ko-reo Ma-Ae-Bull. However, in late Chosun Ma-Ae-Bull, characteristics seen in paintings started to appear. This might be due to the fact that the construction of Ma-Ae-Bull was on the decline, in terms of their number and artistic significance. Highly developed Buddhist painting techniques might have been used in an effort to overcome this. Consequently, Ma-Ae-Bull in this period had highly descriptive line carvings. The involvement of Buddhist artists in constructing Ma-Ae-Bull was also recorded in the literature. In addition, an examination of modern Ma-Ae-Bull showed a further decline (subtle thickness within the relief disappeared). Religious beliefs projected into Ma-Ae-Bull comprised mainly of traditional and Mi-reuk beliefs. Traditional belief refers to Animism in which mountains and rocks are regarded as having spirits. Here, Animism included the rock and mountain beliefs (believing the existence of spirits in rocks and mountains), believing a town to be a spiritual entity, and believing the interrelationship of geographical shapes to have spiritual importance. Among these, the rock belief might have affected the location of Ma-Ae-Bull which was carved on unusual-shaped rocks on the ridge of a mountain to give it a special significance. Rubbing the surface of a rock (on which Ma-Ae-Bull was carved) in order to receive a good luck was an associated religion, which is still performed today. The relationship with the mountain belief can be found in the summit type Ma-Ae-Bull. This might reflect the identification of the mountain spirit with Buddha in wishing a good luck. The street corner type Ma-Ae-Bull might have been thought to protect roads (Ma-ae-Bull on a street corner) and towns (those located in town entrance). Moreover, Ma-Ae-Bull in town entrance might have been regarded as a substitution of a menhir. Mi-reuk belief refers to a religious belief that enlightenment is possible in the current world by encountering Mi-reuk (popularized from 7th century).The association between Ma-Ae-Bull and the Mi-reuk belief can be found in the literature. It is revealed that a number of Ma-Ae-Bulls have also been called Mi-Reuk. Despite a paucity of recordings on Ma-Ae-Bull, many recordings on Mi-reuk can be found. For example, there was a Ma-Ae Mi-Reuk-Bull constructed by order of the royal family to pray for the happiness of the late King Sai-jo. According to some recordings from the Chosun period, Ma-Ae-Bull was in fact generally referred to as Mi-reuk. Therefore, except Ma-Ae-Bulls that have specific names, the rest of Ma-Ae-Bulls were called Mi-Reuk. In summary, Ma-Ae-Bulls have been popularized, as reflected in location changes with time. It was the Ko-reo period during which various Ma-Ae-Bull styles were established. This influence lasted until the end of the Chosun period. Ma-Ae-Bull was a product from Korean integration of religious triad: Animism, Mi-reuk belief and Buddhism. Ma-Ae-Bull, therefore, can be considered as one of Korea’s representative relief art works. 한국의 마애불은 산곡에서 마을로 입지의 변천을 통해 대중화되었고, 고려시대의 토착화 과정에서 다양한 조형들이 만들어진 이래 조선시대 그리고 근대에까지 이어져 온 한국의 대표적인 부조예술이다. 마애불을 조성한 관념에는 특히 민간신앙과 미륵신앙이 투영되어 있었다. 한국의 마애불은 예술, 불교, 민간신앙의 세 영역이 만나 이루어진 한국적인 예술이라고 할 수 있다.

고산소 MA 포장 및 진열기간이 소포장 냉장우육의 육질에 미치는 영향

정재균 建國大學校 農畜大學院 1999 국내석사

본 연구는 고산소 MA포장 및 포장후 진열기간에 따른 한우육과 수입 냉장육의 육질변화를 기존의 PVC-wrap 포장법으로 포장한 육과 비교함으로서 냉장육에 대한 고산소 MA포장에 적용 가능성을 검토하기 위하여 실시하였으며, 한우육과 수입육 등심근을 시료로 취하여 소포장 단위로 PVC-wrap포장과 High O_(2) MA포장(80% O_(2) + 20% CO_(2))을 실시하여 암냉소에서 0, 3, 6, 9 또는 12일간 저장하면서 각각의 저장기간에 포장육을 꺼내어 일반매장의 진열조건하에서 0, 1, 2, 3일간 진열하면서 육의 이화학적 특성과 관능적 특성을 조사하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 저장기간 및 진열기간에 따른 고산소 MA포장육내 가스조성의 경우, 암냉소에 저장하는 동안의 가스조성변화는 큰 차이가 없었으나, 암냉소에서 꺼내어 진열하였을 때는 진열기간이 증가함에 따라 한우육과 수법육 모두 O_(2)함량은 다소 감소하였으며, 반면에 CO_(2) 함량은 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 2. 고산소 MA 포장육과 PVC-wrap 포장육간의 pH는 차이가 없었으며. 진열기간에 따른 pH도 큰 차이가 없었다. 3. 육색에 있어서 적색도를 나타내는 a^(*)-값은 고산소 MA 포장육이 PVC-wrap 포장육에 비하여 상대적으로 높게 나타났다. 4. 전체적으로 고산소 MA포장육과 PVC-wrap 포장육간 전단력가는 차이가 없었으며, 한우육의 경우 각각의 저장기간에 암냉소에서 꺼내어 진열한 시료에 있어서는 진열기간에 증가할수록 전단력가가 점차적으로 감소하는 경향을 보였으나, 도축후 30일이 경과된 수입육 시료의 경우는 저장기간 및 진열기간에 따른 전단력가의 감소는 없었다. 5. 저장 및 진열기간이 경과함에 따라 TBA 가는 점차적으로 증가하였으며, 고산소 MA 포장육보다 PVC-wrap포장육에서 TBA가가 더 빠르게 증가되는 경향을 보였다. 6. 포장직후 한우육의 평균 VBN 함량은 5.53 mg%이었고 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 점차 증가하여 암냉실 저장 12일후에는 고산소 MA포장육은 평균 11.21 mg%이었으며, PVC-wrap 포장육은 12.26 mg%였다. 수입육의 경우에 있어서도 PVC-wrap 포장육의 VBN가가 고산소 MA포장육에 비하여 더 높았으며, 또한 진열기간이 늘어남에 따라 VBN함량도 점차 증가하였다. 7. 한우육의 경우 암냉소에서 12일간 저장하는 동안의 드립감량은 고산고 MA포장육이 1.13%로 PVC-wrap 포장육(2.79%)에 비하여 낮게 나타났으며, 각각의 저장기간에 암냉소에서 꺼내어 진열한 경우의 드립감량은 PVC-wrap 포장의 경우는 급격히 증가하였으나, 고산소 MA포장의 경우는 드립감량이 PVC-wrap 포장에 비하여 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다. 수입육에 있어서도 한우육과 같은 경향을 보였다. 8. 저장기간 및 진열기간에 따른 고산소 MA포장육과 PVC-wrap 포장육의 관능검사 결과, 저장 및 진열기간 동안 MA포장육의 육색은 일정하게 밝은 육색을 나타냈으며, 변색도 거의 일어나지 않았다. 반면에 PVC-wrap 포장육은 저장후기에 상대적으로 어두운 육색과 변색이 나타났다. 따라서 육색관련 기호도에 있어서는 고산소 MA포장육이 PVC-wrap 포장육에 비하여 우수한 것으로 판단되었으나, 육즙관련 선호도는 다소 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다. 종합적인 선호도에서는 고산소 MA 포장육이 PVC-wrap 포장육에 비하여 우수한 것으로 평가되었다. This study was carried to investigate the changes of physico-chemical and sensory characteristics according to packaging method of Hanwoo beef(1day postmortem) and Imported chilled beef(30day postmortem) loin cuts during storage time and retail display. Retail beef loin cuts were packaged with PVC-wrap or high O_(2) modified atmosphere packaging (gas volume ratio; 20% CO_(2) / 80% O_(2), EVOH/LLDPE film), respectively. The beef loins were stored in the dark in a cooler 1℃. The four loin from each packaging treatment was selected at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days of storage and was displayed in display cabinet at 4℃. One loin from each packaging treatment was randomly selected at 0, 1, 2 and 3days of display and was subjected to a series of analyses as following; gas analysis, pH, color(CIE L^(*), a^(*), b^(*)), shear force, TBA value, VBN value, drip loss and sensory test. The result obtained from experimental work were summarized as follows; 1. The gas analysis showed a gradual reduction in the concentration of O_(2) and a subsequent increase in the concentration of CO_(2) as and display time increased. 2. Regardless of storage and display time, pH value were not different between PVC-wrap and high O_(2) MA packaged samples. Also, There was no significant difference in pH of high O_(2) MA or PVC-wrap packaged samples according to display periods. 3. In the meat color, Redness(a^(*)-value) of high O_(2) MA packaged samples were relatively higher than that of PVC-wrap samples. 4. There were no significant difference in shear force of MA and PVC-wrap packaged steaks by packaging method. In Hanwoo beef loin cut, Shear force was decreased with the increase storage and display times, irrespective of packing methods. However, shear force of imported beef loin cuts was not significantly different during storage and display periods. 5. TBA was gradually increased during the storage and display periods, regardless of packaging methods, but high O_(2) MA packaged beef loin cuts showed lower TBA values than that of PVC-wrap packaged samples during retail display. 6. As storage and display time increased, the VBN value was increased in both PVC-wrap and high O_(2) MA Packaged sample. Especially, PVC-wrap packaging showed faster the rate of increase of VBN value than that of high O_(2) MAP during retail display. 7. High O_(2) MA packaging had lower amount of drip loss at storage time as compared to wrap packaging. This could suggest that drip loss could be minimized by the use of high O_(2) MA packaging. 8. In sensory evaluation, High O_(2) MA packaged steaks showed moderate red color and very little discoloration. Also, overall acceptability of samples with high O_(2) MAP had been favored by panelists. In summary, High O_(2) MA packaged steaks showed better meat color and storage characteristics compared to PVC-wrap packaged steaks, regardless of storage and retail display.

Hydrosilane의 존재하에서 MMA와 MA의 중합에 관한 연구

박선희 전남대학교 대학원 1997 국내석사

비닐 단량체인 imethyl methacflate (MMA)는 일차실란인 PhSiH₃와 이차실란인 PhMeSiH₂, Ph₂SiH₂와 무용매 광중합 반응과 무용매 열중합 반응을 하여 각각에 상응하는 실란 말단기를 포함하는 poly(MMA)를 생성하였다. 광중합과 열중합에서 두 반응 모두 MMA에 대한 실란의 몰비율이 증가함에 따라 중합 수득율과 고분자 분자량은 감소하는 반면에, TGA 잔여 수득율과 Si-H 신축진동 IR 흡수띠의 상대적 세기는 증가하였다. 그리고 열중합에 의한 중합 수득율, 고분자 분자량, 그리고 TGA 잔여 수득율이 광중합에 의한 각각의 경우들 보다 더 높은 결과를 보였다. 다른 비닐 단량체인 methacrylic acid (MA)는 일차실란인 PhSiH₃와 이차실란인 PhMeSiH₂, Ph₂SiH₂와 무용매 광중합 반응을 하여 각각에 상응하는 실란 말단기를 포함하는 poly(MA)를 생성하였다. 광중합에서 MA에 대한 실란의 몰비율이 증가함에 따라 중합 수득율과 고유점도는 감소하는 반면에, TGA 잔여 수득율과 Si-H 신축진동 IR 흡수띠의 상대적 세기는 증가하였다. 실험에 사용된 실란들은 광중합과 열중합 반응에서 사슬 개시제와 사슬 전이제로써 중합에 있어 매우 중요한 영향을 주는 것으로 여겨진다. The bulk thermal and photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with primary arylsilane PhSiH₃and secondary arylsilanes such as PhMeSiH₂and Ph₂SiH₂were carried out to produce poly(MMA)s containing the corresponding silane moieties presumably as an end group. It was found for both thermal and photopolymerization that while the polymerization yields and polymer molecular weights decreased as the relative silanes concentration increases, the TGA residue yields and the relative intensities of Si-H IR stretching bands increased with increasing molar ratio of silanes over MMA. But the polymerization yield, molecular weight, and TGA residue yield for the thermal polymerization were higher than those for the phoopolymerization. The bulk photopolymerization of methacrylic acid (MA) with primary arylsilane PhSiH₃and secondary arylsilanes such as PhMeSiH₂and Ph₂SiH₂was carried out to produce poly(MA)s containing the corresponding silane moieties presumably as an end group. It was found that while the polymerization yields and intrinsic viscosities decreased, the TGA residue yields and the relative intensities of Si-H IR stretching bands increased with increasing molar ratio of silanes over MA. The silanes seemed to significantly influence on the polymerization as both chain initiation and chain transfer agents.

A study of methamphetamine use history and segmental hair analysis of MA users in rehabilitation program

이상은 덕성여자대학교 대학원 2016 국내석사

In this study, the relationship between methamphetamine (MA) use history and segmental hair analysis (1 cm and 3 cm sections) and whole hair analysis results in Korean MA users in rehabilitation programs were investigated. Hair samples were collected from 26 Korean MA users. Eleven of the 26 subjects used cannabis with MA and two used cocaine, opiates and MDMA with MA. Self-reported single dose of MA from the 26 subjects ranged from 0.03 to 0.5 g/one time. Concentrations of MA and its metabolite amphetamine (AP) in hair were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) after derivatization. The method used was well validated. As growing rate of human hair was known as 1cm /month, it was assumed that 1cm of hair segments are corresponded to the 1 month on the self-report. Qualitative analysis from all 1cm sections (n=154) revealed a good correlation between positive or negative results for MA in hair and self-reported MA use (69.48%, n=107). In detail, MA results were positive in 66 hair specimens of MA users who reported administering MA, and MA results were negative in 41 hair specimens of MA users who denied MA administration in the corresponding month. Test results of false-negative were 10.39% (n=16) of hair specimens and those of false-positive were 20.13% (n=31) of hair specimens. In false positive cases, it is considered that after MA cessation it continued to be accumulated in hair still, while in false negative cases, self-reported histories showed a small amount of MA use or MA use 5 to 7 months previously. In terms of quantitative analysis, the concentrations of MA in 1 and 3 cm long hair segments and whole hair samples ranged from 1.03 to 184.98 (mean 22.01), 2.26-89.33 (mean 18.71), and 0.91-124.49 (mean 15.24) ng/mg, respectively. Ten subjects showed a good correlation between MA use and MA concentration in hair. Correlation coefficient(r) of 7 among 10 subjects ranged from 0.71 to 0.98(mean 0.85). Four subjects showed a low correlation between MA use and MA concentration in hair. Correlation coefficient(r) of 4 subjects ranged from 0.36 to 0.55. Eleven subjects showed a poor correlation between MA use and MA concentration in hair. Correlation between MA use and MA concentration in hair of remaining one subject could not be determined or calculated. In this study, the correlation between accurate MA use histories obtained by psychiatrists and well-trained counselors and MA concentrations in hair was shown. This report provides objective scientific findings that should considerably aid the interpretation of forensic results and of the results of trials related to MA use. 본 연구는 최초로 한국의 메트암페타민(methamphetamine, MA) 남용자의 약물 남용기록 자가보고서와 실제 모발 분할분석 결과(1cm, 3cm 분획 및 전체 모발)와의 상관성을 조사하였다. 모발 시료는 26명의 한국 MA 남용자로부터 수집되었다. 26명의 피험자 중 11명은 MA와 함께 대마를 함께 남용하였고 2명은 MA와 함께 코카인, 아편, MDMA를 남용하였다. 자가보고서에 따르면 남용자 26명의 MA 일회 투여량은 0.03-0.5 g 으로 조사되었다. 모발 내 MA와 그의 대사체인 암페타민(amphetamine, AP)의 농도는 가스크로마토그래피-질량분석기(GC/MS)로 측정되었다. 분석법은 국제기준에 따라 신뢰도가 검증되었다. 모발의 성장속도는 1 cm/월로 알려져 있으므로 1 cm 길이 모발 분획은 각각 자가남용보고서의 1개월에 대응한다고 가정하였다. 정성분석 결과 분할분석결과의 음/양성 결과는 자가보고서와 높은 상관관계를 보였다(69.48%, n=107). 해당 달에 MA를 남용했다고 진술한 피험자에게서 얻은 66개 모발 분획이 실제로 양성 결과를 보였고 해당 달에 MA를 남용하지 않았다고 진술한 피험자에게서 얻은 41개 모발 분획이 실제로 음성 결과를 보였다. 10.39% (n=16)의 모발분획이 위음성(false negative) 결과를 보였고 20.13% (n=31)의 모발분획이 위양성(false-positive) 결과를 보였다. 위양성 건의 경우 약물 남용이 중단된 이후에도 체내에서 축적되어 검출된 결과로 사료되며 위음성 결과는 자가남용보고서에서 매우 적은 MA 사용량을 진술했거나 5-7개월 전에 사용했다고 진술한 경우였다. 정량분석 결과 1 cm, 3 cm 길이 모발분획과 전체 모발에서 검출된 MA의 농도는 각각 1.03-184.98 (평균 22.01), 2.26-89.33 (평균 18.71), 0.91-124.49 (평균 15.24) ng/mg 이었다. 10명의 피험자는 자가남용보고서의 MA남용력과 모발에서 검출된 MA 농도가 높은 상관성을 보였다. 10명 중 7명의 Correlation coefficient(r) 값이 0.71-0.98(평균 0.85)로 높았다. 4명의 피험자는 MA 남용력과 모발에서 검출된 MA 농도간의 낮은 상관성을 보였다. 해당 4명의 Correlation coefficient(r) 는 0.36-0.55로 낮았다. 본 연구는 국내 최초로 정신과 전문의 및 능숙한 상담자에 의해 수집된 MA남용자의 약물 남용력과 실제 모발 내 MA농도의 상관성을 조사하였으며 이는 국내 마약과 관련한 법과학적 검사 결과의 해석과 범죄사건 재판에 참고가 되는 과학적 자료가 될 수 있다. 주요어: 메트암페타민; 국내재활치료자; 자가남용보고서; 모발 분할분석; 상관관계; 가스크로마토그래피/질량분석법

馬祖의 禪思想 硏究

신명희 東國大學校 大學院 1998 국내석사

The main ideology of Ma-tsu is 'Ordinary Mind is the Way'(平常心是道) and 'Mind is the Buddha'(卽心是佛). The main theme of this thesis is not only on the practical aspects followed by Self realization into the Buddha-nature(佛性自覺) but also to emphasize on human aspects which builds the foundation of Self-purity. From this points, the text will be stressed into several categories. First, an ideology of a person has close relationship to his background of the time. Ma-tsu lived during T`ang dynasty, the culture most highly developed in the history of China. The rise of An-Lu-Shan rebellion(安史의 大亂) had brought shifts in the centers of powers resulting changes in the social structure became the beneficial factor of prosperity for Ma-tsu school. The power shift to locality along with supports from the officials were the background of Ma-tsu, but most of all, his idea of emphasis on human quality reconciliated humanity once disgraced by revolt all around the nation. Moreover, the Huai-Tsang disaster on Buddhism(會昌破佛) had swept the Sutric Buddhism and gave ways to the Chan schools to survive which later prospered into five houses and seven schools.(五家七宗) Second, it is tracing the origin of his thoughts. Bodhidharma`s(達摩) Eased-Mind(安心) and Two Entrances and Four Acts(二入四行) reflect Sunyata view(空觀) of Mahayana and his Wall-Gaze(壁觀) carries his particular practical points. Tao-hsin(四祖道信), claimed the method to realize 'Mind is the Buddha' is Samadhi of one practice(一行三昧) which characterized by 'Maintaining unity without going astray'(守一不移) and Hung-jen(五祖弘忍) claimed the importance of realizing the Self-nature which is originally pure, thus if one keeps the mind calms, the delusion will naturally be rested. The Sixth Patriarch Hui-neung(六祖慧能)`s thought reflects the Prajna, where based upon intrinsically pure Self Buddha-nature, is realized by sudden break through to No-Mind by seeing one`s nature. Ma-tsu`s teacher, Huai-jang`s(南岳懷讓) thought was 'Mind is the Buddha where all three worlds are only the reflections of mind'(三界唯心 心卽是佛), thus his practical point was non-defilement(不汚染) to One-mind. Likewise, Bodhidharma`s Eased-mind and Four Acts built the foundation of Ma-tsu to claim 'Ordinary mind is the Way' where as Tao-hsim, Hui-neung, and Huai-jang`s realization to Buddha nature provided base for ma-tsu to propagate 'Mind is the Buddha'. Third, one of the most important factor was to establish new image of human in Buddhist way which well reflected by his thoughts. This supports the development of Ma-tsu`s school(馬祖敎團) into two aspects which are C`han ideologic and of Monastic. The ideologic aspect, 'Mind is the Buddha' serves as principle when 'Ordinary mind is the Way' supports the practical points ad at the same time the ultimate state. Because the Ordinary mind refers to the mind of human originally pure and free of delusion therefore it needs not cultivation but to avoid defilement. Since the Buddha is not apart from the mind, the Buddha should not be sought outside the mind. This term was used rather casually as device to his disciples for their enlightenment. Another aspect is the monasticism that his 'Ordinary mind is the Buddha' idea had promoted. His everyday quality practice viewed manual labour and practice as one which built foundation of forming C`han(淸規) oriented monastery independent from Vinaya monastery(律院), constructing their own monastic rules. The fourth is characteristics of Ma-tsu`s c`han asing shouts(喝) and blows(棒) in terms of pre-Koan system distinct from Indian tradition. Those were used in dialogues between disciples which later became one of the Koans. His wide usage of creative and spontaneous dialogues(大機大用) had great influence on later formation of Koan(公案) in the history of C`han schools. The fifth is his successors. His direct disciple Pai-chang(百丈), well known for first establishing monastic rules stressed Ma-tsu`s everyday c`han, thus made farming and practice equal. The third generation of Hung-chou school(洪州宗), Huang-po(黃檗) is characterized by No-mind thoughts which is free of discrimination is thought to be the succession of Ma-tsu`s Ordinary mind. Lin-chi, who has completed the thoughts of Ma-tsu, claimed on intrinscic freedom of human found in True man of no rank(無位眞人). The great prosperity of a Ma-tsu`s C`han(馬祖禪), on the other hand, did not live alone but with Tsung-mi's(圭峰宗密) criticism, the successor of Shen-hu(荷澤神會). His critcism pointed out the lack of expression on the essence of Self nature, that it has reduced the essence to its function far overlooked. But too critical and theoretic, Tsung-mi`s C`han had not much succeeded after him but contrastingly, Ma-tsu school had been widely successive around China and over Korea and Japan up to today.

감초산이 송아지 로타바이러스의 MA-104 세포 감염에 미치는 영향

송진욱 建國大學校 大學院 1998 국내석사

1. 제주도 제동목장과 충남 태안반도의 서화목장의 송아지 실사변에서 분리한 바이러스의 MA-104 세포의 변성과가 나타났다. 2. 분리한 바이러스의 PAGE 결과 로타바이러스 group A의 전형적인 pattern인 4 : 2 : 3 : 2이었으나 VP 하나하나의 위치가 모두 상이하게 나타났다. 3. 로타바이러스의 역가측정 결과 S97은 2.3×10^(7)PFU/㎖이었고, J97은 1.8×10^(7)PFU/㎖이었다. 4. ELISA에 의한 G serotype 결과 J97은 표준 로타바이러스 NCDV, JBR과 같은 G6이었으며, S97은 표준 로타바이러스 B223, KK3와 같은 G10이었다. 5. 감초산이 송아지 로타바이러스에 미치는 영향 (1) 18α-GA의 농토 10mM일 때 송아지 로타바이러스 NCDV의 세포 감염을 90.68±1.58% 저해하였다. (2) 18β-GA의 농도 10mM일 때 송아지 로타바이러스 NCDV의 세포 감염을 91.51±3.12% 저해하였다. (3) 18α-GA의 농도 10mM일 때 송아지 로타바이러스 S97의 세포 감염을 89.29±0.95% 저해하였다. (4) 18β-GA의 농도 10mM일 때 송아지 로타바이러스 S97의 세포감염을 95.05±1.90% 저해하였다. This study was conducted to know whether glycyrrhetinic acid might be effective for preventing rotavirus infection in the MA-104 cells or not. The results were as follows. 1. The isolation of Rotavirus from bovine diarrhea in Jedong Farm of Je-ju Island and Seohwa Farm of Tae-an, Chungnam Province was revealed the cytophatic effect of MA-104 cell. 2. The electropherotype pattern of isolated rotavirus was shown 4: 2: 3: 2 type of traditional group A by PAGE. 3. The result of titer measuring on rotavirus was to follow: S97 was 2.3 × 10^(7)PFU/ml and J 97 was 1.8 × 10^(7)PFU/ml. 4. The result of G serotype by ELISA was to follow: J97 was G6 which was NCDV and JBR, and S97 was G10 which was B223 and KK3. 5. The effect of GA on bovine Rotavirus was to follow: (1) On haying the concentration of 10mM ell 18α -GA, the inhibition of cell infection on bovine Rotavirus NCDV was 90.68±1.58%. (2) On having the concentration of 10mM on 18β -GA, the inhibition of cell infection on bovine Rotavirus NCDV was 91.51± 3.12%. (3) On having the concentration of 10mM on 18α -GA, the inhibition of cell infection on bovine Rotavirus S97 was 89.29±0.95%. (4) On having the concentration of 10mM on 18β-GA, the inhibition of cell infection on bovine Rotavirus S97 was 95.05±1.90%.

온도와 공기조성에 따른 단감의 호흡모델과 최적 MA포장 조건 설정

안광환 慶南大學校 2005 국내박사

Physiological disorders of 'Fuyu' persimmon fruits were examined as function of temperature and packaging conditions to find an affordable range of packaging and storage conditions. Respiration of the fruits was characterized by an enzyme kinetics-based respiration model and combined with measured permeability data to design the optimal package. In studying the physiological disorders in terms of respiration behavior and ethylene production, jelly-like flesh softening as a symptom of chilling injury developed within 3 days of exposure to ambient temperature without modified atmosphere (MA) packaging after low temperature storage. Disorder development was more suppressed at 30℃ than at 20℃; such temperature dependence was closely connected to ethylene production rate of fruits different with temperature. Inhibition of ethylene production through MA packaging effectively reduced disorder development, which indicates ethylene production is closely related to jelly-like flesh softening disorder. Development of black-staining on peels occurred in fruits exposed directly to ambient temperature, but not in those packaged with thick polyethylene (PE) film. Flesh browning developed only under anaerobic respiration condition of high temperature and MA packaging with thick PE film and occurred with quick reduction of available oxygen inside MA package at high temperature. The respiration of 'Fuyu' persimmon (Diospyros kaki) fruits was measured in the rates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide evolution by closed system experiments at 0, 5 and 20℃. An enzyme kinetics-based respiration model was used to describe the respiration rate as function of O2 and CO2 gas concentration (R=Vm[O2]/{Km+(1+[CO2]/Ki)[O2]}), and Arrhenius equation has been applied to analyze the effect of temperature. The Vm and Km increased and Ki decreased with temperature. The Km of O2 consumption was greater than that of CO2 evolution at the same temperature. The inhibitory effect of reduced O2 level on O2 consumption was more prominent than that on CO2 evolution. The activation energy of the respiration decreased with reduced O2 and elevated CO2 concentrations. The activation energy of CO2 evolution was greater than that of O2 consumption. The permeable package experiments verified the respiration model parameters by showing the good agreement between the predicted and experimental gas concentrations in the package. O2 permeability (QO2) and CO2 permeability (QCO2) of low density PE films were measured at 0℃, and then correlated with film thickness (L) as the relationships of QO2 = (2540*1/L)-16 (ml·hr¯¹·atm¯¹·m¯²) and QCO2 = (13742*1/L)-70 (ml·hr¯¹·atm¯¹·m¯²), respectively. An MA package containing a persimmon fruit of 225g showed a good agreement between the predict and experimental O2 and CO2 concentrations inside the package. Physiological disorder occurrence was the lowest for 52㎛ PE film package that was predicted to have optimum gas condition (O2 2.79% and CO2 5.36%), which verified the respiration model and package design method presented in this study. 본 연구는 단감의 최적 MA포장규격을 설정하기위하여 수확 후 단감에서 발생되는 생리장해 현상의 원인을 구명하고, 효소반응속도식을 모델로 하여 단감의 호흡특성과 포장필름의 가스투과율을 조사하여 최적 MA포장규격을 설정하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 단감 과실은 저온 저장 후 유통 과정에 과육 연화, 과피 흑변, 과육 갈변 등의 생리적 장해 증상이 나타날 수 있으며, 이 중 저온 장해 증상의 하나로 간주되고 있는 과육의 젤리화를 동반하는 연화 현상은 저온 저장한 과실을 MA 포장하지 않은 채 상온에 노출하였을 때 3일 이내에 심하게 발생하였다. 그러나 30℃ 조건에서는 20℃에서보다 장해발생이 감소하였으며 온도에 따른 장해 발생 차이의 양상은 에틸렌 생성의 차이와 일치하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 에틸렌의 작용이 억제되는 것으로 알려진 MA 포장 과실에서도 이러한 연화 현상이 억제되었으며, 이러한 결과는 과육의 젤리화 현상이 에틸렌의 생성 또는 작용과 밀접한 관련이 있음을 보인다. 한편, 과피 흑변 현상은 저온 저장한 과실을 대기에 직접 노출하였을 때 심하게 발생하나 폴리에틸렌필름으로 포장한 과실에서는 발생이 억제되었다. 이러한 발생 양상은 에틸렌과 관련이 있을 것으로 생각되는 과육의 젤리화 현상의 발생 양상과도 유사하지만, 에틸렌 생성이 그다지 높지 않은 10℃ 조건에서 오히려 과피 흑변 발생이 증가한 점에 비추어 볼 때 과피 흑변 발생의 일차적인 원인은 높은 산소 농도와 관련이 있고, 과육 갈변은 무기 호흡이 유발되는 조건, 즉 두꺼운 PE-film으로 MA 포장하여 고온에 노출시킨 조건에서만 발생하였으며, 이러한 조건에서 유효 산소 농도의 갑작스런 저하가 과육의 갈변 장해를 일으키는 원인으로 생각된다. 비경쟁억제 효소반응속도식(R=Vm[O2]/(Km+(1+[CO2] /Ki)[O2]))과, Arrhenius 식(R=A exp(-E/(R*T))을 모델로 하여 단감의 호흡에 미치는 산소 및 이산화탄소의 가스조성과 저장온도의 영향을 조사한 결과 0℃, 5℃에서 Km은 0.1%이하, Ki는 100%이상이었고, 20℃에서 산소소비와 이산화탄소발생의 Km은 각각 10.7%과 3.3%로 크게 증가하였고, Ki는 각각 59.6%와 44.6%로 크게 감소하였다. 활성화 에너지는 산소농도가 낮아지고 이산화탄소의 농도가 높아질수록 감소하였고, 산소소비의 활성화 에너지가 이산화탄소발생의 활성화 에너지보다 낮았다. 이는 산소소비와 이산화탄소발생의 Km과 Ki값 비교에 의한 예측과 일치하는 결과이었고, 이상의 값을 근거로 하여 각 온도별 MA 포장내 공기조성변화를 예측하였고, 또한 실제 실험으로 조사된 값과 일치하였다. 또한 0℃에서 저밀도폴리에틸렌필름의 두께별 가스특성을 조사하여 산소와 이산화탄소 가스투과도를 각각 QO2=(2540*1/L)-16 (ml·hr¯¹·atm¯¹·m¯²)와 QCO2=(13742*1/L)-70 (ml·hr¯¹·atm¯¹·m¯²)을 구하였다. 필름 두께가 각각 40, 52, 60, 70 ㎛인 포장지를 사용하여 단감을 한 개씩 개별포장하여 0℃에서 저장하였을 때 효소반응속도식으로 조사된 단감의 호흡특성과 저밀도폴리에틸렌필름의 두께별 가스투과도를 고려하여 시간에 따른 포장내 공기조성의 변화를 예측한 값과 저장 70일후 조사한 실측값은 대체로 일치하는 결과를 보였고, 과육내 아세트알데하이드와 에탄올의 축적과 생리장해과의 발생에 있어서도 최적 포장조건으로 예측된 두께 52㎛의 포장조건이 실제 저장에서도 적합한 것으로 조사되었다. 따라서 다른 신선농산물과 같이 단감의 MA포장규격을 설정하는 데 있어서도 효소반응속도식을 모델로 한 접근 방법이 타당한 것으로 판단되었고, 0℃의 단감호흡 parameter를 이용하여 과중별 단감의 최적 MA포장규격을 설정하였다.

AROS법에 의해 제조된 Ni계 ODS합금의 미세구조 및 기계적 성질

김창재 전북대학교 일반대학원 2019 국내석사

In this study, Ni-6wt%TiO2, Ni-20wt%Cr-1.2wt%Y2O3 and INCONEL MA 754 (Ni-20wt%Cr-0.3wt%Al-0.5wt%Ti-0.6wt%Y2O3) powders were synthesized via AROS process and prepared conventional process. The prepared powders sintered by SPS method. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the sintered powders were analyzed. Structural characterization of each powders was performed using X-ray diffraction, Field emission scattering electron microscopy(FE-SEM), and Transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The grain size of matrix was analyzed using EBSD. Mechanical properties were measured by using room temperature, high temperature compressive test and Vickers hardness. The composite including nickel particles with TiO2 grains was successfully fabricated by mechanical carbonization and selective oxidation of the Ni-Ti alloy powder, and for comparison, NT-c composite was prepared by a conventional MA method. The two powders were sintered by SPS system at (850, 900, 950, and 1,000) °C, respectively. The structural characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction, field emission scattering electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The relative densities of all sintered samples were up to 99.8 % at all sintering temperatures. The average particle diameter and particle distance of TiO2 in sintered NT-a sample prepared by the AROS process were finer than in sintered NT-c sample at all sintering temperatures. The compressive yield stress and micro-Vickers hardness of the sintered NT-a were higher than those of NT-c sample at all sintering temperatures. The strength of NT-a sample was enhanced due to the greater refining of the oxide particle and matrix through the AROS process. The composite including Ni-Cr particles with Y2O3 grains was successfully fabricated by mechanical hydrogenation and selective oxidation of the Ni-Y alloy powder, and for comparison, NY-c composite was prepared by a conventional MA method. The two powders were sintered by SPS system at (850, 900, 950, and 1,000) °C, respectively. The structural characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction, EBSD in FE-SEM and TEM. The relative densities of all sintered samples were up to 99.7% at all sintering temperatures. The average particle diameter and particle distance of Y2O3 in sintered NY-a sample prepared by the AROS process were finer than in sintered NY-c sample. NY-a was formed a few semi-coherent oxides but NY-c was formed incoherent oxides. The compressive yield stress and micro-Vickers hardness of the sintered NY-a were higher than those of NY-c sample at all sintering temperatures. The strength of NY-a sample was enhanced due to the greater refining of the oxide particle and matrix through the AROS process. The composite including Ni-Cr particles with Y2O3 grains was successfully fabricated by mechanical hydrogenation and selective oxidation of the Ni-Y alloy powder, and for comparison, NY-c composite was prepared by a conventional MA method. The two powders were sintered by SPS system at (1000, 1100) °C, respectively. The structural characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction, EBSD in FE-SEM and TEM. The relative densities of all sintered samples were up to 99.7% at 1100°C sintering temperatures. The sintered powders at 1000°C sintering temperatures were not sufficiently completed sintering. The average particle diameter and particle distance of Y2O3 in sintered MA-a sample prepared by the AROS process were finer than in sintered MA-c sample. MA-a was formed semi-coherent oxides not only in the composite oxide but also in the Y2O3. but MA-c was formed semi-coherent oxides in the composite oxide. The compressive yield stress and micro-Vickers hardness of the sintered MA-a were higher than MA-c sample. The high temperature compressive yield stress also were higher than MA-c sample . The strength of MA-a sample was enhanced due to the greater refining of the oxide particle and matrix through the AROS process. and AROS process can effectively form semi-coherent oxides.