온라인 결제방식의 무역결제방식으로서의 가능성에 관한 연구 : 중국 Aliapy를 중심으로

오인홍 전북대학교 일반대학원 2017 국내석사

With the rapid development of economy and the acceleration of economic globalization, international trade has undergone significant changes in the increasingly fierce international trade market. The presence of competition is always felt. Cross-border relations between countries with relation to debt, international monetary payments, international trade settlement and other activities are all undergoing major changes. As the traditional way of international trade settlement, the status of letters of credit is gradually declining. Since the 1990s, with the development of information technology network and computer application, the Internet has undergone a series of changes, resulting in a new electronic trade settlement system. The new electronic trading system combined with international trade has formed its unique advantages (low-cost, easy to participate, reflecting the rapid demand, etc.), and is widely accepted by many countries and regions. TradeCard, Bolero, BeXcom and so on are the typical way of the electronic trade settlement, however, due to the law, the operation, the policy anda number of other reasons, the frequency of their use in the recent years gradually reduces. On the contrary, small electronic trade settlement methods, such as PayPal, international credit card, Payonneer, Webmonery, and KOPSPay, are growing rapidly, and are expanding in the world market due to their own unique advantages, cutting a striking figure in international trade settlement market. On the other hand, e-commerce has a number of unparalleled advantages in international trade in terms of reducing costs, improving transaction efficiency, reducing dependence on infrastructure, improving customer satisfaction and respecting for traditional way of international trade; Meanwhile, it also uniquely positioned to expand international trade space and location, to shorten the distance and time of international trade, to simplify international trade procedures and processes and to make international trade, more intelligent, paperless and simplified. As a result, profound changes are observed in international trade. Alipay is an important example of e-commerce in international trade settlement applications. Third-party payment platform--Alipay payment, as a safe, fast and convenient way of online transaction, opens up the bottleneck restricting the development of e-commerce. And as an important e-commerce-related industry, its importance has become increasingly evident. At present, Alipay is already the world's largest third-party payment platform. Alipay is designed to offer online transaction security payment services and its very essence is the operation of Alipay as a credit intermediary. Before money goes from buyer to seller or the other way around, payment is put in temporary custody at Alipay. The intervention of third-party payment platform in international settlement is only a matter of time, With the globalization of e-commerce to promote cross-border online transactions quickly put on the agenda, third-party payment platform "overseas strategy" is starting to make its appearance in the sea water surface. The first part of this paper introduces the research background, purpose of research methods and related literature at home and abroad. The second part analyzes the importance, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of electronic trade and electronic trade settlement mode mainly from the angle of electronic trade and settlement of electronic trade. The third part briefly introduces the electronic trade settlement system and several small electronic trade settlement methods. The fourth part is a key part of the article. It gives the definition of Alipay, details its operation in China, advantages and disadvantages and its various way of settlement. It also make a case study of its operation in the international market. The fifth part analyzes Alipay and PayPal, Payonneer, Webmonery and KOPSPay separately from their common points and different points, and puts forward some feasible and simple suggestions for Alipay to become the settlement way of international trade. The sixth part is the conclusion of this paper. It elaborates the unique advantages of Alipay as a major international trade in the future, and further stressed that the Alipay is very likely to play a big role in the future settlement of international trade. Keywords: Trade Settlement System, Alipay, Third-party Payment Platform, International Trade. Student ID : 201450756

중·한 무역 거래상 대금결제 결정요인에 대한 위험 평가 분석 -중국 청도 지역을 중심으로-

유리 창원대학교 2017 국내박사

Through international trade activities the enterprises can expand export market and obtain necessary opportunities for better development. Compared with domestic trade, international trade is more complex and risky, risks are existed almost in every procedure of international trade practice. As a key procedure of international trade practice, international trade settlement is closely related to whether the enterprise can successfully obtain the corresponding trade revenues. China and Korea are close neighbors and Korea has been an important trade partner of China. The trade volume between the two countries has been increased steadily in the past few years and in 2015 it reached 227.38 billion US dollars. There are unique features of product structure and trade patterns between China and Korea, and the risks factors which affect the international settlement between the two countries also have corresponding characteristics. - 102 - Therefore, it is very important to research how to enhance the market competitiveness of China's foreign trade enterprises and ensure good trade relations between the two countries at the same time. Enterprises need to identify and evaluate the risk of international settlement between the two countries, strengthen the risk management capacity and reasonably avoid the risks of international trade settlement. By analyzing the current situation and main characteristics of trade settlement between China and Korea and identifying the risks factors faced by Chinese enterprises, the main purpose of this paper is to establish risks evaluation system of international trade settlement. In this paper, we use a variety of research methods to evaluate different risks of international trade settlement and apply the evaluate results to strengthen the enterprise's ability to prevent international settlement risks. Firstly, in this paper, we discussed the concepts and main content of different international settlement methods, and then summarized the advantages and disadvantages of different settlement methods from seller and buyer's point of view respectively. Secondly, we stated current situation, trade volume and trade structure between China and Korea, and then analyzed the main features and existed problems in the international trade settlement activities between the two countries. On the basis of this, by using factor analysis, logical analysis and qualitative analysis methods to analyze the factors that effect the international trade settlement's - 103 - risks and guide enterprises to identify the international settlement risks. After that, this paper established the risks evaluation index system of international trade settlement and designed the risk evaluation model. The primary level of international trade settlement risks faced by enterprises include national risk, foreign exchange risk, contract transaction risk and business operation risk, and further more we decomposed each primary risk index into different numbers of secondary risk indicators. Finally, we applied expert survey method, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the combination of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis methods to evaluate different factors of international settlement risks. Furthermore, combined with the actual business situation between China and Korea to evaluate the results of the above risks analysis. By supplying the analysis results, we hope to improve the identification ability of international settlement risks of the enterprises and provide a theoretical basis for enterprises to effectively measure the international settlement risks and choose reasonable international trade settlement method to avoid international trade settlement risks.

관광 서비스 무역의 국제 경쟁력에 관한 비교 연구 : 중·한 양국을 중심으로

이진룡 창원대학교 2021 국내석사

Trade-in services is a new trend of international economic development and one of the main driving forces of international economic development. Especially now that the primary and secondary industries are becoming saturated, the tertiary industry has become a new growth pole of global economic development. The increasing proportion of tourism services trade-in service trade has attracted the attention of many countries. Most countries in the world are actively developing and hope to gain a competitive advantage in the global tourism services trade. Against this background, the tourism industry in China and South Korea is also developing rapidly, especially in China, where tihe national economy is developing rapidly. The growth of tourism service trade in South Korea has shown a booming trend, while the tourism industiy in South Korea has started relatively early. To meet tlie requirements of the new era, South Korea is also actively transforming and innovating its tourism industry. At present, the tourism service trade between China and South Korea has been in a new stage of historical development. At this time, it has great theoretical and practical significance for the study of tourism service trade between China and South Korea. First, theoretical analysis. This paper focuses on the research of tourism service trade, the international competitiveness of tourism service trade and the economic growth of tourism service trade. To provide a more accurate theoretical basis for the study, this paper introduces the basic concepts of tourism service trade and selects the most widely used comparative advantage theory and competitive advantage theory in the international tourism service trade research. Second, the current situation analysis part. This paper focuses on the current situation of the development of China-South Korea tourism service trade, mainly from the number of inbound tourists and the amount of tourism service trade, and makes a SWOT analysis of the tourism service trade between China and South Korea. Finally, it compares the total amount of tourism service trade between China and South Korea and lists the influencing factors. Third, international competitiveness comparison. This paper focuses on the analysis of the international competitiveness of China and South Korea's tourism service trade. The main method is to use the three analysis indexes of international market share, trade competitiveness index and demonstrative comparative advantage index. At the same time, it compares the situation of China and South Korea's tourism service trade with the relevant indexes of the international tourism developed countries and draws a series of persuasive research conclusions. Based on the relevant theoretical analysis, current situation analysis, and international competitiveness comparison, this paper concludes that the international market share index and competitive advantage index of China's tourism service trade are higher than those of South Korea, but compared with developed countries, the international competitiveness index of China and South Korea is lower. The international competitiveness of China and South Korea is still at a medium level, and there is a considerable gap compared with the powerful countries in the tourism service trade. At the end of the paper, some policy suggestions are given to provide some practical theoretical basis and measures for the development of tourism service trade between China and South Korea, so as to continuously prosper the tourism market of the two countries, enhance the international competitiveness of the two countries' tourism service trade, and promote the positive and healthy development of the two countries' economy.

(The) Impact of the Currency Influence on the International Trade Status from the Perspective of Network

한의 목원대학교 대학원 2023 국내박사

Abstract Impact of the currency and the international trade status are both hot issues in foreign finance and trade sectors. If some country enjoys a stronger impact in its currency, it will imply that it owns a higher level of currency internationalization, its currency issuing will be more easily accepted, and it’ll be more likely to serve as a tool for paying and winding up an account in international trade, which helps to improve the development of international trade departments. However, international trade status means whether a country is able to voice in global trade. It’ll voice more, be more proactive and take up better place when it enjoys a higher international trade status. Consequently, impact of currency and international trade status are closely intertwined all the time. Generally speaking, a stronger currency influence of one country shows its faster development in economy, international military and finance, and subsequently, the country can take up better resources and trade status in international trade. Since the 21st century, the economic globalization are being deepened, scientific technologies are going forward, and international trade are getting more frequent, which comes to a pillar power to pushing industry level-up, economic development and society progress. As a result, the rising of international trade status is to be resolved. Some scholars have studied into the impact of currency influence on exchange rates, the influence of the rates on international trade status and the influence of international trade status on trade, but less scholars have chosen to research the the impact of currency influence on international trade status. Besides, the global transactions and finance are getting closer, the social network analysis, which is able to provide a generally strategic angle will function a lot in studying the above field. Based on this, the paper discussed the currency influence on international trade status. First of all, it introduces the research background, purpose, research methods and framework of this paper, then defines the concept and theoretical analysis of the currency influence and international trade status from the perspective of network, and summarizes the existing research literature. Then it made an analysis of its relativity and adaptability. Next, as the G20 are made up of the most representative developed countries and emerging developing countries, the paper used the G20 countries as empirical examples to study currency influence on international trade status under a network angle. Specifically speaking, the paper used the data of exchange rates and trade of G20 countries from 1999 to 2020, and quantified the currency influence on international trade status of different G20 countries after the network of exchange rate spillovers and the network of trade linkages were constructed based on exchange rate spillover effect and bilateral trade quota. Subsequently, this paper constructed an empirical model of the impact of currency influence on international trade status from the perspective of network by adding control variables such as net foreign direct investment, labor force, and economic openness, and analyzes the impact of currency influence on international trade status. It’s empirical that from the perspective of network, the impact of the currency influence on the international trade status shall be positive. In order to verify the scientific nature of the empirical model and the correctness of the theoretical mechanism, as for the self characters of G20 samples, the paper made a heterogeneity test and analysis, and it results show: (1) under the empirical researches based on G20 samples, the currency influence on international trade status has its heterogeneity exchange rate system. Although currency influence on international trade status is positive, the currency influence on international trade status of G20 countries are negative when the exchange rates are fully floating. (2) since G20 countries differentiate in their economic development, the currency influence on international trade status are of less obvious differences. The paper conducted series of robustness tests by removing the extreme value and years from the empirical results, and it found that after the tests, the impact of the currency influence on the international trade status will be positive as well. Meanwhile, the FDI, R&D, TAX AND INCOME also have a positive influence on the international trade status while LABOR and Tariff have a negative one. OPENNESS and INFLATION definitely have no obvious impact on it. Consequently, this shows the empirical results are robust and reliable.

국제무역에서 인공지능 기술의 응용 및 전망에 관한 연구

임려흠 우석대학교 일반대학원 2025 국내석사

As digital transformation accelerates, artificial intelligence (AI) technology is deeply permeating various aspects of international trade, delivering structural shocks to traditional trade practices. Today’s global trade environment is no longer limited to the exchange of goods; it is rapidly evolving into an intelligent network system centered around data flows, algorithm-based decision-making, and platform-driven collaboration. This study, under such a context of change, systematically analyzes the multidimensional impact of AI on the structure, operational mechanisms, and regulatory systems of international trade and seeks to forecast the future direction and challenges of the global trade ecosystem. The study first analyzes how AI is restructuring existing trade processes. Technologies such as automated translation, smart customs clearance systems, logistics prediction models, and cross-border e-commerce recommendation systems have significantly improved efficiency and accuracy through AI. This demonstrates that AI is gradually evolving from a simple auxiliary tool into a core asset within the trade ecosystem. In particular, in a data-driven trade environment, AI technology provides unprecedented support for trade decision-making by identifying commercial trends, optimizing pricing models, and precisely matching supply and demand information. Second, the convergence of AI and blockchain technology is transforming trade trust mechanisms and implementation systems. Automated performance systems via smart contracts and real-time risk monitoring are overcoming bottlenecks in trade finance and contract enforcement while promoting the intelligent management of supply chains in areas such as demand forecasting, inventory optimization, and logistics coordination. For example, decentralized transaction history recorded through blockchain enhances traceability, reduces fraud risk, and improves the transparency and efficiency of international trade. In addition, AI is playing a prominent role in enhancing the quality of service trade. In cross-border service trade sectors such as education, finance, healthcare, and consulting, AI provides customized service solutions based on language recognition and intelligent response systems, reducing transaction costs and expanding service accessibility. As the global proportion of the service industry continues to grow, AI is expected to occupy an increasingly important position in the international trade value chain. Third, the development of AI technology also brings complex institutional and ethical issues. Challenges such as algorithmic opacity, data sovereignty conflicts, and platform monopolies are becoming more serious, placing pressure on the existing international regulatory framework. As cross-border data flows increase, differences in national regulatory frameworks are becoming major obstacles to the globalization of technology and international cooperation. In response, major economic powers such as the EU, China, and the US are establishing differentiated AI governance models and promoting the coordination and convergence of global governance. For instance, the EU seeks to establish a risk-based tiered management system through the AI Act, while China emphasizes the importance of data compliance and ethical evaluation within its national security framework. Moreover, inconsistencies in technology standards and institutional systems are becoming potential barriers to international trade. As AI application areas expand, the lack of harmonized national standards regarding algorithm transparency, data usage boundaries, and cross-border data storage leads global enterprises to face multiple regulatory challenges. This study highlights the need for international coordination mechanisms for technical standards, including multilateral cooperation platforms led by the OECD and UNCTAD, as well as APEC’s proposed mutual approval framework for data regulation. Fourth, the AI-based trade ecosystem faces regional imbalances. Some developing countries suffer from weak infrastructure, limited technological capacity, and minimal participation in norm-setting, which is deepening the “intelligence gap.” This restricts their participation in the global market and may lead to a crisis in trade fairness. Accordingly, multilateral organizations such as UNCTAD and APEC are actively promoting inclusive AI governance frameworks, capacity-building assistance, and the democratization of regulatory processes. For example, support for establishing AI research institutes in developing countries, developing local language-based AI models, and providing multicultural AI education resources are becoming key tasks in future trade policies. Finally, AI is gradually transitioning from a trade tool to a “participant” in trade rule-making and dispute resolution. Through AI-based arbitration systems and smart contract platforms, AI is being integrated into core areas such as dispute resolution, regulatory compliance, and contract analysis, ushering in a new paradigm of trade governance. Accordingly, ethical control, institutional transparency, and multicultural inclusivity are becoming key areas of institutional design. Particularly in international arbitration mechanisms, the introduction of AI for text similarity analysis and evidence-based decision-making is expected to alleviate issues such as resource imbalances and long processing times, improving both the efficiency and legitimacy of dispute resolution. In conclusion, AI is evolving from an efficiency-centered tool into a core driving force in the restructuring of international trade. The future international trade ecosystem will be structured around both technological leadership and normative cooperation. All participants must collaborate to build a new order centered on normative consensus, institutional inclusiveness, and technological transparency. Within this framework, this study comprehensively presents the current applications, challenges, and evolutionary directions of AI in international trade, aiming to provide theoretical references and strategic implications for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners. 디지털 전환이 가속화됨에 따라 인공지능(AI) 기술은 국제무역의 다양한 영역에 깊이 스며들며 전통적인 무역 방식에 구조적인 충격을 주고 있다. 오늘날의 글로벌 무역 환경은 더 이상 단순한 상품 교환에 국한되지 않으며, 데이터 흐름, 알고리즘 기반 의사결정, 플랫폼 중심 협업을 핵심으로 하는 지능형 네트워크 체계로 빠르게 진화하고 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 변화의 배경 아래, 인공지능이 국제무역의 구조, 운영 메커니즘, 규제 체계에 미치는 다차원적 영향을 체계적으로 분석하고, 향후 무역 생태계의 방향성과 도전 과제를 전망하고자 하였다. 본 연구는 먼저 인공지능이 어떻게 기존 무역 프로세스를 재구성하고 있는지를 분석하였다. 자동 번역, 스마트 통관 시스템, 물류 예측 모델, 국경 간 전자상거래 추천 시스템 등은 AI 기술을 통해 효율성과 정확성을 크게 향상시켰다. 이는 AI가 단순한 보조 수단을 넘어 무역 생태계의 핵심 자산으로 점차 진화하고 있음을 보여준다. 특히 대규모 데이터 기반의 무역 환경에서 AI 기술은 상업적 트렌드를 탐색하고, 가격 모델을 최적화하며, 수요와 공급 정보를 정밀하게 매칭함으로써 무역 의사결정에 전례 없는 지원을 제공하고 있다. 인공지능과 블록체인 기술의 융합은 무역 신뢰 메커니즘과 이행 체계를 혁신하고 있다. 스마트 계약을 통한 자동 이행 시스템과 실시간 리스크 모니터링은 무역 금융 및 계약 집행의 병목현상을 극복하고 있으며, 수요 예측, 재고 최적화, 물류 배치 등 공급망 관리의 지능화를 촉진하고 있다. 예를 들어, 블록체인 기술을 활용한 탈중앙화 방식의 거래 이력 기록은 거래의 추적 가능성을 높이고, 사기 리스크를 줄이며, 국제무역의 투명성과 효율성을 제고하고 있다. 서비스 무역 품질 향상에서도 AI는 매우 두드러진 역할을 하고 있다. 교육, 금융, 의료, 컨설팅 등 국경 간 서비스 무역 분야에서 AI는 언어 인식과 지능형 응답 시스템을 기반으로 한 맞춤형 서비스를 제공하여 거래 비용을 절감하고 서비스 접근성을 확대하고 있다. 전 세계적으로 서비스 산업의 비중이 점차 증가함에 따라, AI는 국제무역 가치사슬에서 더욱 중요한 위치를 차지할 것으로 보인다. AI 기술 발전은 동시에 복잡한 제도적 및 윤리적 문제를 동반하고 있다. 알고리즘의 불투명성, 데이터 주권의 충돌, 플랫폼 독점 문제 등은 점점 심화되고 있으며, 기존의 국제 규범 체계에 압력을 가하고 있다. 특히, 국경 간 데이터 이동이 활발해지면서 각국의 규제 체계 간 차이는 기술의 세계화와 국제 협력을 저해하는 주요 장애 요인으로 작용하고 있다. 이에 대해 EU, 중국, 미국 등 주요 경제권은 각각 차별화된 AI 거버넌스 모델을 구축하고 있으며, 글로벌 거버넌스의 조율과 수렴을 추진하고 있다. 예를 들어, 유럽연합은 「AI 법안」을 통해 위험 기반의 등급 관리 체계를 수립하려 하며, 중국은 국가 안보 프레임 내에서 데이터 적합성과 윤리 평가의 중요성을 강조하고 있다. 이 외에도, 기술 표준과 제도 체계의 불일치는 국제무역의 잠재적인 장애 요소로 작용하고 있다. AI의 응용 분야가 확장됨에 따라 알고리즘 투명성, 데이터 사용 범위, 국경 간 데이터 저장 등 다양한 분야에서 국가별 기준이 통일되지 않아, 글로벌 기업들은 복수의 규제에 직면하고 있다. 본 연구는 이에 대한 해결책으로, OECD 및 UNCTAD가 주도하는 다자간 협력 플랫폼, 그리고 APEC이 제안한 데이터 규제 상호 승인 프레임워크 등 기술표준의 국제적 조율 메커니즘을 주목하였다. AI 기반 무역 생태계는 지역 간 불균형 문제도 안고 있다. 일부 개발도상국은 인프라 부족, 기술 역량 부족, 규범 제정 참여 한계 등으로 인해 ‘지능 격차’가 심화되고 있으며, 이는 글로벌 시장 참여도를 제한하고 무역 공정성의 위기를 야기할 수 있다. 이에 따라 UNCTAD, APEC 등 다자기구는 포용적 AI 거버넌스 구축, 역량 강화 지원, 규범 민주화 과정 등을 적극적으로 추진하고 있다. 예를 들어, 개발도상국의 AI 연구소 설립 지원, 지역 언어 기반 AI 모델 개발, 다문화 AI 교육 자료 제공 등이 향후 무역 정책의 주요 과제가 되고 있다. 인공지능은 점차 무역 도구에서 무역 규칙 제정 및 분쟁 해결의 ‘게임 참여자’로 전환되고 있다. AI 기반 중재 시스템, 스마트 계약 플랫폼 등을 통해 인공지능은 분쟁 해결, 규제 준수, 계약 분석 등 핵심 분야에 통합되고 있으며, 새로운 무역 거버넌스 패러다임을 열고 있다. 이에 따라 윤리적 통제, 제도적 투명성, 다문화적 포용성은 제도 설계의 주요 관심 영역이 되고 있다. 특히 국제 중재 메커니즘에서 텍스트 유사도 분석 및 증거 기반 판단을 위한 AI 도입은 자원 불균형, 긴 처리 기간 등의 문제를 완화하여 분쟁 해결의 효율성과 합법성을 높일 것으로 기대된다. 이상과 같이, 인공지능은 효율성 중심의 도구에서 국제무역 재구조화를 주도하는 핵심 동력으로 진화하고 있다. 향후 국제무역 생태계는 기술 주도와 규범 협력이 병행되는 구조로 나아갈 것이며, 모든 참여자들은 규범적 합의, 제도적 포용, 기술적 투명성을 중심으로 한 새로운 질서 구축에 협력해야 할 것이다. 본 연구는 이러한 틀 안에서 인공지능의 국제무역 응용 현황, 도전 과제, 진화 방향을 종합적으로 제시함으로써 정책 입안자, 연구자 및 실무자에게 이론적 참조와 전략적 시사점을 제공하고자 한다.

탄소 배출이 국제무역에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 : 중국 성급 지역을 중심으로

진영국 우석대학교 일반대학원 2021 국내박사

Climate warming has become one of the most serious and challenging problems for human beings. It may not only force a group of people to leave their homes for generations, but also cause a global food crisis and cause intergenerational inequality in human development. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) believes that anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, mainly CO2, are the main causes of global warming since the mid-20th century. Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are closely related to the mode of economic development with high energy consumption and high consumption. International trade is an important part of economic development. For the sake of global sustainable development, it is necessary for countries(regions) in the world to promote the coordinated development between Controlling CO2 emissions and developing international trade. China is a big developing country ‘the first in the world in two aspects’ with unbalanced provincial area development. In 2018, both CO2 emissions and international trade volume ranked first in the world. This brings a ‘dilemma’ to the sustainable development of the world: if CO2 emission is reduced according to the existing development model, the international trade volume will be reduced, but the global welfare of low-cost consumption ‘made in China’ of other countries will be damaged; if the CO2 emission is not reduced, the risk of climate warming will be increased and the global environmental quality will be damaged. Therefore, it is of great significance not only for China's sustainable development, but also for the world's sustainable development to explore the impact effect of China's provincial CO2 emissions on international trade. Based on this, the main research contents of this paper are as follows: First, this paper constructs a framework of the effect of CO2 emissions on international trade. Based on the literature review of low carbon economy theory, new trade theory and regional coordinated development theory, this paper constructs a TSTX framework analysis to study the effect of CO2 emissions on international trade by using index decomposition method. That is to say, international trade (T) changes with the scale effect (S), technology effect (T) and trade dependence effect(X) of CO2 emissions. The global empirical results show that the scale effect changes in an inverted ‘U’ shape, the technological effect changes in a ‘V’ shape, and the export dependence effect change in a ‘J’ shape. Second, TSTX is used to analyze the respective characteristics and comprehensive performance of the three impact effects of provincial areas in China. From the perspective of practice, since China's accession to the WTO, international trade has been developing rapidly as a whole. At the same time, the gap among provincial areas is also widening, and the phenomenon of spatial agglomeration appears. The impact effect was analyzed by using two dimensions of panel data and spatial data. The results of panel data show that China needs to further promote the process of globalization in order to better coordinate the relationship between CO2 emissions and international trade. The results of spatial data show that the neighboring provincial areas have a restrictive effect on the local international trade. Finally, the effect is applied to China's low-carbon international trade policy. In the past, China took the road of high carbon international trade. In the future, China needs to develop low-carbon international trade, among which the key is to improve the comparative carbon productivity of international trade in provincial areas, so as to shoulder China's world responsibility. The main contributions are 1) Building TSTX model which is a ‘bridge’ between low-carbon economics and international trade economics, 2) Building ECCP model which is the evaluation index of low-carbon international trade level. The main task of future research is to explore the mechanism of effects.

중국 서비스무역의 국제경쟁력 강화 방안에 관한 연구 : 통신 서비스를 중심으로

공정 우석대학교 일반대학원 2023 국내박사

Throughout the contemporary economy, the rapid rise of service economy with service industry and service trade as its main content has become a remarkable feature of the development of the world economy. With the growing development, trade in services has become a link connecting global economic and trade activities and transnational production and management of enterprises. It has a special function and an important position in the process of global industry and market integration. Communication service industry has a strong ability to penetrate traditional industries and has penetrated into the whole industrial chain and the whole life cycle of the society. Therefore, it occupies an increasingly important position in the economic and trade activities of a country. Communication service trade has become an important content in contemporary international competition. Whether a country has competitive communication service industry and communication service trade has become one of the keys to whether a country can become a winner in international competition. Especially with the development of modern information technology, the globalization nature of communication service industry has been strengthened continuously, and to a certain extent, it has become the foundation of a country's overall internationalization. Therefore, the competitiveness of communication service trade is of great significance to improve the overall international competitiveness of a country. For a long time, the "partial industrialization" of China's economic development strategy makes the development of China's service industry still lag behind, and the international competitiveness of service trade is still low. At present, the industrial structure of the world economy, the structure of international trade products and the structure of international direct investment industry all show a shift from "industrial type" to "service type". Under the background of increasing liberalization and facilitation driven by WTO, global digital economy and regional economic integration, the improvement of international competitiveness of China's communication service trade has become one of the key factors to promote the sound development of China's national economy, promote the significant improvement of China's international competitiveness, enhance international trade liberalization and accelerate the pace of integration into regional economic integration. As Michael Porter said, "When the international competition in the service industry becomes more and more heated and more professional and complex, whether enterprises or countries have competitive advantages in the service industry will also be an important issue in the future." "The growth of international trade leads to the division of labor and specialization of industries. If governments no longer protect and develop uncompetitive industries, the market rank among countries will inevitably have greater differences due to the strength of competitiveness." To sum up, the research on the development of China's communication service industry and the current situation of international competitiveness of communication service trade has become one of the topics with theoretical and practical significance in the development of China's economy and trade. Therefore, according to the argument that "international competitiveness is meaningful only on the basis of comparison", this paper selects Ireland, India, the United States, which are among the top countries in the world in communication service trade, to compare the international competitiveness of communication service trade with China, so as to make a scientific and forward-looking analysis of the current situation of China's international competitiveness of communication service trade. The third chapter of this paper, on the basis of the preliminary research of the second chapter on the international competitiveness theory, related international trade theory and a large number of theories and analyses done by predecessors, specially selects five indicators of international market share, import and export of communication service trade and other two aspects as the international competitiveness indicator of communication service trade. After comparative analysis of the actual and potential (static and dynamic) international competitiveness of Ireland, India, the United States and China's communication service trade, it is concluded that China's communication service trade volume ranks among the top in the world, but its international competitiveness is not strong. Therefore, the way for China to enhance the international competitiveness of communication service trade should be to focus on the development of new technology and knowledge on the basis of giving full play to comparative advantages, so as to improve the potential competitive advantages of communication service trade, and transform the potential international competitive advantages into real international competitive advantages, so as to improve the real international competitiveness. Therefore, Chapter 3 development status, trend and comparative analysis of international competitiveness are summarized as follows: In 2021, China's trade in communications services ranks the second among countries in the world with a trade volume of 117.1 billion US dollars. However, China's international competitiveness index reflects that China does not have competitive advantages, and the development of China's trade in communications services cannot be synchronized with its international status, so it cannot be regarded as a powerful country in communications services trade. It is concluded that there are still many deficiencies in the development of China's communication service trade. In order to improve the international competitiveness of communication service trade, it is necessary to address these deficiencies and put forward more comprehensive, comprehensive and feasible policy suggestions for the international competitiveness of China's communication service trade by learning from the experience of powerful communication service countries. 현재 서비스업과 서비스무역을 중심으로 하는 서비스 경제가 세계적으로 급속히 성장하고 있다. 이는 글로벌 경제무역 활동과 다국적 생산경영을 하는 교량이 되어 글로벌 산업과 시장통합을 이루는 과정에서 특수한 기능과 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 통신서비스산업은 전통 산업 심지어 전체산업 사슬과 생명 주기에 스며들고 있는 것이 사실이다. 그러므로 통신서비스무역은 글로벌 경쟁의 중요한 내용으로서 한 나라의 경제무역 활동에서 더 중요한 위치를 차지하게 되었다. 한 나라가 글로벌 경쟁에서 우승자가 될 수 있는지는 경쟁력이 있는 통신서비스 산업과 통신서비스 무역의 보유 여부에 달려 있다. 특히 정보기술이 발전되면서 통신서비스 산업이 점점 세계화되었으며, 한 나라의 전체적인 국제화를 강화하는 기초로서 그 경쟁력이 그 나라의 전체적 국제경쟁력을 개선하는 데 중요한 의의가 있게 되었다. 오랫동안 중국 경제의 발전 전략은 ‘산업 지향적’으로 더 치우치다 보니 서비스업의 발전이 여전히 뒤처지고 서비스무역의 국제경쟁력도 저하되고 있다. 현재 글로벌 경제산업 구조, 국제 무역 제품 구조, 직접 투자 업계 구조가 모두 공업에서 서비스로 전환되고 있다. 세계무역기구, 글로벌 디지털 경제 및 지역경제 통합에 따른 자유화 및 편리화 속에서 중국 통신서비스무역의 국제경쟁력 제고는 국민경제를 양적으로 발전시키고 경쟁력을 제고시키며 국제 무역 자유화를 추진하고 지역경제 통합 속도를 제고하는 데 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 요컨대 중국 통신서비스업 발전과 통신서비스무역의 국제경쟁력 현황을 살펴보고 제고 방안을 고찰하는 것은 이미 중국 경제와 무역 발전 과정에서 이론적·현실적 의미를 지닌 과제 중의 하나라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 국제경쟁력 비교를 통해 연구를 진행해야만 의미가 있다, 본 논문은 통신서비스무역 세계 랭킹 상위인 아일랜드, 인도, 미국과 중국 통신서비스무역의 국제경쟁력 현황을 통해 과학적이면서도 전망성이 있는 분석을 하고자 한다. 본 논문에서 제2장 선행연구 부분은 국제경쟁력이론, 관련 국제무역이론 및 기존 이론과 분석을 정리하고 이를 바탕으로 제3장에서 국제시장점유율, 통신서비스무역 수출입 두 가지 분야에 속한 5개 요소를 선정하여 아일랜드, 인도, 미국과 중국 통신서비스무역의 현실과 잠재적(정적 및 동적) 국제경쟁력을 비교하고 분석한 결과를 보면 중국 통신서비스무역의 국제경쟁력은 세계 상위이지만 국제경쟁력은 강하지 않다. 따라서 중국이 통신 서비스무역의 국제경쟁력을 높이려면 비교우위를 발휘함과 동시에 새로운 기술과 지식 개발에 중점을 두어 잠재적 경쟁우위를 제고하고 이를 현실적 국제경쟁우위로 전환해야 한다. 이어서 제3장에서 발전 현황 및 동향, 국제경쟁력에 대한 비교 및 분석에 따르면 2021년 중국 통신서비스무역은 세계 2위, 무역액은 1,171억 달러이지만 관련 지표는 경쟁우위를 갖추지 못했다는 것을 나타내고 있으며, 중국 통신서비스 무역의 발전 상황은 국제적인 지위와 함께 할 수 없어 통신서비스 무역의 강국이라고 할 수 없다. 따라서 중국은 통신서비스무역 발전에서 부족한 점이 여전히 많은 것이 사실이다. 이러한 부족함을 감안하여 통신서비스 강국의 경험을 참고로 해서 중국 통신서비스 무역의 국제경쟁력에 대해 보다 종합적이고 전면적이며 타당성이 있는 정책적 제안을 마련해야 통신서비스 무역의 국제경쟁력을 높일 수 있을 것이라 본다.

상업적 뇌물이 중국의 무역에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

진정 우석대학교 일반대학원 2023 국내박사

The issue of commercial bribery crime has been a topic of great concern in the development of international trade in contemporary China. Commercial bribery not only violates business ethics and professional ethics, but also undermines the market economic order, damages the economic interests of the state and enterprises, and affects the healthy development of China's international trade. The purpose of this thesis is to study the impact of commercial bribery on China's international trade. Commercial bribery, as an unethical and illegal act, has a wide and far-reaching impact on international trade. This study aims to explore the definition, types and forms of commercial bribery and analyze the role of commercial bribery in China's international trade and its impact on corporate competitiveness, resource allocation, innovation, foreign direct investment and international reputation. In addition, the impact of commercial bribery on the rule of law environment, social ethics and China's international image will be examined. Through an analysis of the overview of the development of China's international trade, the existence and problems of commercial bribery in China's international trade, the legal and policy responses, and the effects of unfair competition and market distortion, this study aims to provide policy recommendations and perspectives on China's international trade policy. In the study of this paper, we find that the existence of commercial bribery crimes in China's international trade has brought great harm to the economic interests of the state and enterprises, and the prevention of commercial bribery crimes has become an important task in the current development of international trade. Therefore, this paper proposes countermeasures to establish a sound system and strengthen law enforcement in order to effectively prevent commercial bribery crimes and maintain the healthy development of China's international trade.

A Study on the ROK-US Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (1986)

김정민 서울대학교 국제대학원 2016 국내박사

This study examined the process by which the protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs) became a central issue in the international trading system, from the initial stages of the Cold War, through détente to the mid-1980s, when the Cold War system began to collapse. This study tried to reinterpret the Cold War from the perspective of the evolving international trading system, paying attention to how technological development, competition and control affected the Cold War system, and what role the IPR system came to play in the process. The study proposes a mechanism that assumes a dynamic relationship between the discourse and institutionalization. At key historical moments, discourses are institutionalized, through domestic and international political processes, as policies and legal texts to be implemented subsequently. If the practices that result from the implementation accumulate sufficiently, a new perception about the reality emerges, leading to new sets of discourses. For the purpose of this analysis, historical documents that summarize the perception of the policymakers are thought to embody the major discourse of the time. This study selected discourses that were important in shaping the history of IP during the Cold War including the discourse of containment (mid-1940s ~ mid-1960s), détente (mid-1960s ~ mid-1970s), discourse on economic security (late 1970s ~ early 1980s), international competitiveness discourse (early 1980s ~ ), and the Intellectual Property discourse (mid-1980s ~ ). Each discourse, as embodied in these historical documents, will be analyzed, paying attention to the historical background of their formation, and their impact on subsequent institutions and practices. During the containment period, the US government sponsored the rapid accumulation of intellectual capital. During détente, intellectual property (IP) became a diplomatic resource that precipitated the economic exchanges between the East and West, and led to the recognition of the economic and security value of knowledge. As East-West trade during détente intensified, new discourses began to emerge. The denial approach argued that the duality of technology, especially advanced technology, might result in increased security and economic capability of the Soviet Union, posing a long-term threat to Western security. It further argued that the West’s superior economic and technological power needed to be used as a leverage to bring about changes in the international behavior of the Soviet Union. On the other hand, the laissez-faire approach argued that the newly emerging techno-economic space in East-West relations need to be expanded, and should be governed by market-based approaches. Until then, IPRs were more of a bargaining chip that promoted the exchanges and dissemination of technology in the US due to the enforcement of strong anti-trust laws. Internationally, active international technology transfer occurred within the “Free World,” due to US post-war diplomacy aimed at reconstructing the economies of its allies and establishing technological infrastructure. As a result, Japan and East Asian NICs experienced a rapid catch-up of technological capacities, which began to be pronounced from the mid-1970s. The international competitiveness of Western industry began to decline relative to Japan, and Western economies began to strengthen the international competitiveness of their industries by changing trade and technology policies, including IPR-related policies. The year 1979 became the turning point whereby discussion of economic issues became the dominant discourse in America. As Japan arose as a fierce competitor to US industry from the late 1970s in consumer electronics and advanced technology goods, the economic issue dominated the 1980 US presidential election. President Reagan regarded international competitiveness as a high priority in his administration. Lively discussion about competitiveness ensued, and in 1985, the Young Commission Report was published after an extensive discussion among policy makers and opinion leaders in various fields. As the report’s subtitle “Global Competition: The New Reality” suggests, the report redefined the new reality of the international political economy from the point of view of a market-based approach. Domestically, the US began to enact various policies to strengthen industrial competitiveness. Internationally, Japan and East Asian NICs began to be pressured to refrain from “dumping” their products in the American market, further open up their markets, and play a more productive role in US-initiated discussions in the international arena. These discussions were published in various reports and policy announcements from around 1985. In addition to the publication of the Young Commission report and the announcement of the Plaza Accord, the establishment and implementation of American trade strategy was a notable step forward. According to the new strategy, the US government would launch a new negotiation round within the GATT framework with an aim to forge a new multilateral trading system. Protection of American IPRs, which it regarded as the source of American competitiveness, would be included as a high priority agenda item. According to the plan, America would pursue negotiations bilaterally, and multilaterally, to promote IPRs in the global trading system. The US-ROK IPR Agreement, which began in earnest with the initiation of the Section 301 investigation of Korean IPRs by the USTR, was an important stepping stone in the US effort to strengthen IPRs in the global trading system. The following section will examine the international competitiveness discourse and its institutionalization in the US and in the global trading system. The process of negotiations that led to the conclusion of the US-ROK IPR Agreement has been analyzed using the framework of the two-level game, characterized by the intergovernmental negotiation (Level I), the government’s negotiation with domestic political actors (Level II), and the exchange of influences between international actors and domestic actors (Reverberation). The negotiation process was analyzed using the ESTN two countries model that examines how the competing discourses converge in the final agreement, and how the process interacts with the domestic politics of Korea. The bilateral IPR negotiations reached a turning point when the USTR’s Section 301 case was initiated in November 1985. Therefore, the study understood the negotiation process moves on to Phase 2, after the 301 investigation was launched. Phase 1 commenced from 1981 to October 1985, when US requests for increased Korean protection of IPRs, including the rights for computer software, copyrights and process patents, began to be made more systematically. During this period, the Korean government was reluctant to respond with concrete action due to huge domestic political costs. Phase 2 was from November 1985 to July 1986, a period that began with the initiation of USTR’s investigation of unfair trade practices under Section 301, until the final conclusion of the US-ROK IPR Agreement. The domestic political, economic and legal impact of the Agreement and the international consequences were examined. Shortly after the US-ROK IPR Agreement was reached, GATT’s 8th Round of multilateral trade negotiation, i.e. the Uruguay Round was initiated in Punta del Este, Uruguay. IPR issue was included as the GATT agenda. In the subsequent seven and a half years of multilateral negotiations, the Korean government’s position was significantly affected by its domestic legal infrastructure induced by the US-ROK IPR Agreement. The conclusion US-ROK IPR Agreement had the following effects on the IPR negotiation during the GATT Uruguay Round. First, the US-ROK IPR Agreement was the first instance of an international agreement on IPRs concluded in the context of trade dispute involving unfair trade practices. As such, it became a touchstone for establishing the IPRs relationship with trade. Second, the Agreement showed the US commitment toward the IPR issue by suggesting that it would be willing to initiate the Section 301 process if necessary. An agreement to improve protection of patented and copyrighted works would attempt to lengthen patent terms, increase the patent protection for such goods as chemicals and pharmaceutical compounds, and extend copyright protection to computer software. In addition, it would create a dispute settlement mechanism to litigate contentious bilateral issues. This multilateral approach would supplement bilateral efforts by the US to improve protection in these areas. For the US, the strategy in successfully concluding the US-ROK IPR Agreement, namely, the bilateral negotiation in the context of Section 301 investigation would become a model for the subsequent negotiations with developing countries, either bilaterally, or in multilateral fora. Third, by strengthening Korean protection of IPR, the Agreement changed Korea’s negotiating strategy in the Uruguay Round TRIPs negotiation. Korea played a more active role in mediating the developed and developing countries in the formation of the IPR regime. Such efforts tried to reconcile the conflicting positions along the North-South divide, making the negotiation process more multipolar and multilateral. In conclusion, it can be argued that the US-ROK IPR Agreement was a case in which the US utilized Korea’s international status as the model for developing countries in its efforts to strengthen IPRs in the multilateral trading system. From the ROK point of view, the US-ROK IPR negotiations were a process by which it sought to minimize the political and economic costs of the Agreement, while fulfilling the role expected of it as a trading nation and adapting to the changing global system for IPR protection. In the history of global trading system in the latter half of the 20th century, the rise and establishment of IPRs was the central feature of the changing technological and trade environment and went hand-in-hand with the evolving economic and security landscape of the Cold War. The discourse concerning IPRs gradually replaced the Cold War ideological competition as the new ideology and principle of the era of globalization.

Immigration - Trade Nexus : the Case of the EU

Matsiuk, Nadiia 서울대학교 국제대학원 2015 국내석사

Bearing in mind the intensification of international migration flows nowadays, this study contributes to the discussion on the reciprocity of international migration flows and the links between international migration and other aspects of globalization, namely international trade in goods. The empirical findings of the study concerning immigration and trade of the EU contribute to the notion of international migration and international trade being complementary phenomena. The EU was chosen as a focus of this research, as in the last decades the region has been at the heart of immigration processes as well as policy developments. Besides, most of the previous studies on the relationship between migration and trade having been conducted on a single country basis, this study contributes to the literature by examining all the EU countries over the lengthy period of time. Regression analysis of the gravity model of trade augmented with immigration variables that encompassed the countries of EU and their trading partners for the years 2000 to 2012 showed that immigration to the EU tends to have a trade-creating effect. All the models used in this study (OLS for pooled data, OLS for panel data with fixed and random effects, Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood Estimation) showed consistent results (with all the variables being statistically significant). However, PPML estimation was chosen as the least biased and more efficient estimator. According to the findings, the trade-creating effect of immigration tends to be stronger for import from a migrant-sending country to a migrant receiving country, than for the export from the receiving to the sending country. This can be explained by the combination of network and preference effects. The immigration elasticity of trade turned out to be higher for the EU-EU trade than for the EU-non-EU one. Liberalized movement of people had a bigger beneficial effect on intra-regional trade.