산업정책을 통해서 본 중국 로봇산업 발전 전략

김동하 대한중국학회 2026 중국학 Vol.94 No.-

신규 산업용로봇 설치 및 운용대수 세계 1위, 서빙로봇시장 80% 점유, 휴머노이드로봇 특허신청 건수 1위 등 로봇산업에서 현저한 실적을 기록하고 있는 중국 로봇산업의 발전 전략을 중앙 및 지방정부 산업정책, 로봇 분야별 산업정책을 분석하여 도출한 로봇산업 발전 전략은 다음과 같다. 첫째 중국에 진출한 해외로봇 기업과의 합작을 통해 기술을 습득했다. 둘째 부족한 로봇기술은 해외기업 M&A를 통해 해결헸다. 셋째 지역별로 특성이 다른 로봇 클러스터를 조성했다. 넷째 이미 완벽한 공급망을 구성한 산업용로봇을 토대로 휴머노이드 로봇에서도 밸류 체인을 구축하고 있다. 다섯째 교육정책을 통해 충분한 전문 인력과 연구 실적(특허)이 공급되고 있었다. 여섯째 민영 로봇기업들의 상장을 허용하여 재정 지원을 하고 있다. 일곱째 거시·로봇분야·지역별 정책을 다층적으로 구성하여 로봇산업 발전을 유도하고 있다. China is currently recording remarkable performance in the robot industry, including the world's No. 1 in the number of new industrial robots installed and operated, 80% of the serving robot market, and the No. 1 in the number of humanoid robot patent applications. The development strategy of the Chinese robot industry was analyzed by central and local government industrial policies, and industrial policies by robot field to derive a strategy for the development of the robot industry. First, technology was acquired through joint ventures with overseas robot companies that have entered China. Second, the insufficient robot technology was solved through M&A of overseas companies. Third, a robot cluster with different characteristics by region was created. Fourth, a value chain is also being established in humanoid robots based on industrial robots that have already established a perfect supply chain. Fifth, sufficient professional manpower and research results (patent) were supplied through the education policy. Sixth, private robot companies are allowed to be listed to provide financial support. Seventh, macro-policy, policy by robot field, and regional policy are organized in multiple layers to induce the development of the robot industry.

동적 패널모형을 이용한 산업용 로봇 도입의 결정요인 분석

정진화,임동근 기술경영경제학회 2018 Journal of Technology Innovation Vol.26 No.4

In this paper, we analyze the determinants of the adoption of industrial robots using the data from 42 countries, and thereby examine the factors underlying the rapid expansion of industrial robots in Korea. To this end, the industrial robot data for the years 2001-2016 were drawn from the World Robotics dataset of the International Federation of Robotics (IFR). The explanatory variables included labor market environment variables and innovation capacity variables extracted from the dataset of the relevant international organizations. For data analysis, the Arellano-Bond dynamic panel analysis was performed to control for the endogeneity problem of some explanatory variables. The empirical results confirmed the exceptionally rapid expansion of industrial robots in Korea as compared to other countries, even when considering the national income level, employment cost, and innovation capacity. This phenomenon could be attributed to both the demand-side and supply-side factors. For one thing, changes in the labor market environment, such as an increase in employment costs, have led to an increase of the corporate demand for industrial robots. For another, the supply-side factors, such as an increase in the capital intensity and innovation capacity of companies, have also contributed to the widespread adoption of industrial robots 본 연구는 세계 42개국의 자료를 사용하여 산업용 로봇 도입의 결정요인을 분석하고, 한국에서 산업용 로봇이 빠르게 확산되고 있는 원인을 진단하였다. 산업용 로봇 변수는 국제로봇협회(IFR)의 2001년-2016년 「World Robotics: Industrial Robots」 자료를 사용하였다. 설명변수는 노동시장환경 변수와 혁신역량 변수를 포함하며, 관련 변수들은 해당 국제기관들의 자료에서 추출하였다. 실증분석에는 일부 설명변수의 내생성을 통제하기 위해 Arellano-Bond 동적 패널분석을 사용하였다. 분석결과, 한국은 소득수준이나 고용비용 및 혁신역량 등을 고려하더라도 다른 국가들에 비해 산업용 로봇 도입이 매우 빠르게 확대되어 온 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 수요 측면과 공급 측면 모두에서 그 원인을 찾을 수 있다. 즉, 고용비용 증가 등의 노동시장환경 변화가 산업용 로봇 도입에 대한 기업 수요를 견인하였으며, 경제 전반의 자본집약도 증가와 기업의 혁신역량 증대와 같은 공급 측면 요인 또한 산업용 로봇의 도입을 촉진시켰다.

로봇산업과 연계한 경비산업 발전방안

주일엽(Joo, Il Yeob) 한국민간경비학회 2011 한국민간경비학회보 Vol.18 No.-

본 연구는 로봇 및 경비에 대한 이해, 로봇산업 주요현황 분석을 기초로 로봇산업과 연계한 경비산업 발전방안을 고찰하는데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구에서 도출된 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 경비관련 업계․학계에서는 로봇산업, 특히 사회안전 분야 로봇산업의 주된 관심 중의 하나인 '킬러 애플리케이션'(killer application)을 개발할 수 있도록 경비관련 로봇기술 개발에 적극적으로 참여하여 경비산업의 발전을 모색해야 한다. 둘째, 경비관련 업계․학계에서는 시설경비업무, 호송경비업무, 신변보호업무, 기계경비업무, 특수경비업무 등 경비업무에 있어서 로봇을 활용한 경비 관련 고유기술․서비스의 성공사례를 제시할 'Star Project'를 발굴․추진할 수 있도록 사회안전 로봇을 활용한 경비서비스 제공을 확대해야 한다. 셋째, 경호경비 관련 업계․학계에서는 로봇산업 성장이 경비산업에 있어서 새로운 기회라는 것을 인식하고 이에 대한 활용방안을 모색하여 미래형 경비산업으로의 성장기반 조성에 주력해야 한다. 넷째, 경비관련 업계․학계에서는 로봇융합포럼, 한국로봇산업진흥원등 다양한 구성원들이 참여하는 기구에 국가차원 로봇산업 협력체계에 주도적으로 참여하여 경비로봇 등 사회안전 분야 로봇 개발에 대한 폭넓은 이론과 견해를 제공해야 한다. The purpose of this study is to suggest the development plans on the security industry in connection with the robotics industry based on the understanding of the robot and the security, the analysis of the robotics industry. The following is the result of the study. First, the security industry and academia should find the development plans on the security industry by actively participating to develop robotic technology related on security in order to develop the killer application that is one of the main concern of the robotics industry, especially in the field of social security. Second, the security industry and academia should give the security service using the social security robot to present the success story of the star project in the security services such as the facility security, the convoy security, the protection security, the electronic security, the special security. Third, the security industry and academia should recognize that the growth of the robotics industry is the new opportunity of the security industry and do their best to foment the foundation of growth for the future security industry. Fourth, the security industry and academia should participate in the cooperation system of the national robotics industry such as Robot Convergence Forum, Korea Institute for Robot Industry Advancement and give a wide range of the development theory and the opinion on the social security robot to the system.

로봇의 활용을 제한하는 규제에 관한 연구 - 산업용 로봇과 지능형 로봇에 관한 규제를 중심으로 -

박철우 서울대학교 법학연구소 2024 경제규제와 법 Vol.17 No.1

Due to the development of technology such as artificial intelligence (AI), robots will be developed, and due to these robots, mankind can face changes that have not been experienced. It would not possible to reject the changes and to prevent the appearance of robots, thus the efforts in the aspect of regulation and law are needed to appropriately respond to the changes. The concept of a robot can be defined as “a mechanical device that can automatically perform major actions for a specific purpose of use in a form similar to a human.” From the regulatory aspect, there are industrial robots prescribed in the rules on occupational safety and health standards delegated by the Industrial Safety and Health Act. In addition, there are also intelligent robots according to the Intelligent Robot Act. Robots can be classified into industrial robots and personal robots according to the subject of use, and can be classified into intelligent robots and command execution robots according to the processing method of automatic functions. Industrial robots are all robots used in industrial fields. The Occupational Safety and Health Act and related laws stipulate that, in principle, a fence should be installed to separate workers and spaces in order to utilize all industrial robots. Therefore, in order to utilize a mobile robot in an industrial field, it is difficult to utilize it in practice because it is necessary to install a fence on all paths, thus it is impossible to utilize a wearable robot itself. Cooperative robots are also impossible to use. It is necessary to revise the regulation that requires the installation of a fence in principle for all industrial robots. Intelligent robots can collect and use personal information in the process of recognizing and processing the external environment, but to do this, prior consents are need from the Personal Information Protection Act. Exceptionally, if there are special provisions in the law or it is unavoidable to comply with legal obligations, personal information may be collected and used without the prior consent from the information subject. Since it is impossible to obtain prior consent from all information subjects, it is necessary to make intelligent robots available by placing special provisions in the law or imposing legal obligations. In addition, in the case of intelligent robots with self-driving functions, they need a space where they can legally drive. According to the Road Traffic Act, robots cannot drive on sidewalks as they are cars. Thus, it is difficult to drive on roads because it is impossible to comply with the duties assigned to drivers. Regulations in this regard also need to be improved.

국내 로봇산업의 특성과 정책적 지원방안에 관한 연구 : 로봇분야 중견·중소기업의 전입특성과 혁신성과를 중심으로

김은영 한국경영컨설팅학회 2018 경영컨설팅연구 Vol.18 No.4

In this study, we use data of "2014 Robot Industry Survey" data of Korea Robot Industry Promotion Agency This study analyzes the influence of corporate characteristics, various cooperation networks, and government support system on innovation performance of medium and small companies included in robot industry. Therefore, the present situation through the characteristics of the transfer companies to the robot sector and the factors influencing the technological innovation of the medium and small enterprises are divided into the network characteristics, cooperation methods and institutional characteristics. Based on this analysis, I intend to find ways to participate in the robot industry and to provide policy support to the government. The results of the empirical analysis through the study are as follows. First, the electronic and mechanical parts industry group included in the backward industry of the conventional manufacturing robot sector, the forward industry, the manufacturing robot, the professional service robot, and the personal service robot was confirmed as the main business route of the robot industry. As a result of the second industrial characteristics, it was confirmed that large - sized companies were more advantageous in the management performance of the robot industry, and internal capacity enhancement such as possessing research personnel and attached research institutes had positive effects. It is also shown that cooperative activities such as the use of large corporations and external licenses, and companies with a high proportion of exports increase management performance. The domestic robot industry is a production-intensive industry group, and it is understood that the technological upgrading is still very demanding. In the economic performance, cooperation and export with big companies are very important factors, and the sustainability of the market expansion of SMEs in the robot industry is needed . 국내 로봇산업의 성장을 위한 개방형 생태계의 조성 및 로봇 기업의 지원체계, R&D체질 개선을 위한 역량확보의 강화가 필요한 시점으로 본 연구에서는 한국로봇산업진흥원의「2014년 로봇산업 실태조사」데이터를 활용하여 로봇산업에 포함된 중견·중소기업을 대상으로 기업의 특성 및 다양한 협력 네트워크 그리고 정부지원제도를 통한 기업의 혁신성과에 미치는 영향력을 분석한다. 따라서 로봇분야로의 전입기업의 특성을 통한 현황 및 중견·중소기업의 기술혁신에 영향을 미치는 요인을 네트워크 특성과 협력방식 및 제도적 특성으로 나누어 확인하게 된다. 이러한 분석을 토대로 국내 기업들의 로봇산업의 참여방안 및 정부의 정책적 지원방안을 도출하고자 한다. 연구를 통한 실증분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 기존 제조용 로봇분야의 전방산업과 제조용 로봇, 전문서비스용 로봇, 개인서비스용 로봇 3개 분야의 후방산업에 포함된 전자 및 기계 부품 산업군이 실제 분석결과 로봇산업의 주된 전업 경로로 확인된다. 두 번째 산업적 특성을 확인한 결과 로봇산업의 경영적 성과에 규모가 큰 기업군이 유리했고, 연구인력 그리고 부설연구소의 보유와 같은 내부역량 강화가 긍정적 영향을 주는 것으로 확인되며, 대기업 및 외부라이센스 활용과 같은 협력 활동과 수출 비중이 높은 기업일수록 경영성과를 높이는 것으로 나타난다. 국내 로봇산업은 생산집약적 산업군으로 여전히 기술 고도화가 매우 강하게 요구되는 상황임을 알 수 있으며, 경제적 성과에서 대기업과의 협력 및 수출이 매우 중요한 요인으로 로봇산업내 중소기업의 시장 참여 확대 정책의 지속성이 필요함을 보여준다.

High Precision Reducers for Industrial Robots Driving 4th Industrial Revolution: State of Arts, Analysis, Design, Performance Evaluation and Perspective

Anh Duc Pham,안형준 한국정밀공학회 2018 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.5 No.4

New industrial revolution - “The 4th industrial revolution” must be a remarkable milestone for the second decade of the twenty-first century. Many countries are competing to innovate their manufacturing chains for eco-friendly and energy-efficient productions. Although this green or sustainable manufacturing system evolves under the support of cyber-physical system (or digital twin) based on ICT technology, industrial robots also play important roles in this speedy, flexible and effective manufacturing chains. Recently, low-cost industrial robots or collaborative robots, are rising in a highly interactive environment with humans. Although an industrial robot consists of many important components such as mechanical parts (kinematic structure and reducer) and electric parts (servo motor, driver, sensors, and controller), precision reducer takes approximately 25% of material-cost and governs important performance indices of industrial robots. This paper presents review of high precision reducers (HPRs) for industrial robots driving 4th industrial revolution. First, we provide HPRs market along with industrial robots. According to previous studies, HPRs for industrial robots can be classified based on their principles: planetary reducer, cycloid reducer, and harmonic drive (HD). Then, principle, characteristics, and three main performances (hysteresis, rotational transmission error (RTE) and efficiency) of HPRs are discussed. In addition, compensation methods overcoming accuracy limits of HPRs are summarized. Finally, other applications of HPRs except industrial robots are presented.

로봇산업 진흥을 위한 법제연구 - 협동로봇을 중심으로 -

배효성 서강대학교 법학연구소 2024 법과기업연구 Vol.14 No.1

Looking at the domestic and international market status of the cooperative robot industry, the global cooperative robot market is expected to grow 33% annually from $480 million in 2020 to reach $8 billion by 2030, and the domestic market is also showing a gradual growth as the demand for various forms of use for domestic cooperative robots increases. These cooperative robots are used in various areas, and unlike existing industrial manufacturing robots, they are largely divided into fixed and mobile cooperative robots as robots that cooperate and use in the same workspace as humans. However, cooperative robots require the same safety certification and inspection as industrial manufacturing robots, which has a problem that hinders industrial promotion for cooperative robots. Among them, mobile cooperative robots, in particular, do not have a separate regulation on safety, so they have limitations in the use of cooperative robots. As such, cooperative robots have the same regulatory method as existing industrial robots, so it is necessary to seek a paradigm for a new regulatory method to improve the problem that hinders the promotion of the cooperative robot industry. Therefore, this study examines the problems of the current regulatory method for the promotion of the cooperative robot industry and proposes ways to improve the regulatory legislation and legislative improvement plans for the promotion of the cooperative robot industry in Korea through the analysis of governance and regulatory laws related to cooperative robots in major countries.

로봇기본법제와 소비자 문제에 관한 연구 - 로봇기본법안의 검토를 중심으로

황의관 가천대학교 법학연구소 2017 가천법학 Vol.10 No.4

Recently, the rapid development of robot technology and artificial intelligence, and the integration of information and communication technologies such as IOT, Big Data, Mobile have been driving the 4th industrial revolution and promoting the advent of new information society. The emergence of robots that are autonomically thinking and acting being have a profound impact on many fields of society and also important impact on jurisprudence. The ambivalent aspect of qualitative innovation of robotics requires the introduction of legislation that regulate the social impact of robotics. Additionally, because consumer is the significant subject of robot legislation as a user of robot, Robot legislation reflecting consumer’s viewpoint would be needed. Therefore, this paper focuses on the social impact of robotics development, the necessity of robot regulation and the legal issues related to robot regulation. For this paper’s purpose, this paper researches the current robot legislation of U.S.A., EU and Japan and recognizes the legislative trend of robot in each country. It also recognizes the major legal issues related to the fields and regulations in which the robot is used, and make it a basis for reviewing the Implications of our legislation and the current debated “Robot Basic Bill”. The 1st chapter deals with the concept of robot and issues of robot regulation. It treats different viewpoint of definition of robot, examines the social influence of robot, necessity of regulation and important legal issues in regulating robot. In the 2nd chapter, this paper discusses the legislative response to robotics in the domestic and foreign country. It researches the current status of robot-related legislation and the trend of countermeasures of robot-related legislation in U.S.A., EU and Japan. In particular, this paper examines the main contents of the resolution as to Civil Law Rules on Robotics recently adopted by the EU parliament and then discovers the future direction of the EU legislation related to robot. In the 3rd chapter, this paper summarizes the main contents of the Robot Basic Bill proposed by National Assembly and analyzes consumer related issues of that Bill. The subjects of analysis include ‘Robot concept’, ‘Robot ethics code and consumer’, ‘Robot registration system and protection of robot users’, ‘Compensation of damages caused by robot’s defect’. Among these analysis, the problem of compensating the loss caused by robot’s defect is the core issue of consumer protect, so that this paper reviews the contents of Bill and legal systemic conformity and discusses the problem of covering the loss due to the absence of robot’s defects. Finally, this paper is to examine the meaning of the Robot Basic Bill as the first step of the robot legislation, and summarize the meaning of reviewing the Bill. 최근 로봇기술과 인공지능의 급속한 발전과 사물인터넷, 빅데이터, 모바일 등 정보통신기술의 접목은 제4차 산업혁명의 원동력으로 작용하고 새로운 정보사회의 도래를 촉진하고 있다. 스스로 사고하고 행동하는 로봇의 등장은 사회의 여러 분야에 커다란 영향을 미치고 있으며, 법학에도 중요한 영향을 미치고 있다. 로봇기술의 질적 혁신이 가지는 양가적인 측면에 따라 이를 규율하기 위한 법제도 도입을 필요로 하게 된다. 그리고 소비자는 로봇의 사용자로서 로봇에 관한 법제에서 핵심적인 주체이기 때문에 소비자 관점을 반영한 법제적 대응이 필요할 것이다. 이에 따라, 본 논문은 소비자관점을 반영하여 로봇과 로봇기술의 발전에 따른 사회적 영향, 로봇에 관한 규제의 필요성, 로봇규제에 따른 법적 쟁점을 다루고자 한다. 이런 목적을 위해 본 논문에선 미국, EU, 일본의 로봇관련 법제도 현황을 조사하고 각 국의 법제적 대응 흐름을 파악한다. 또한, 이를 통해 로봇이 활용되는 분야 및 규제와 관련한 주요한 법적 쟁점을 인식하고 우리 법제상 시사점과 현재 논의되고 있는 “로봇기본법안”의 검토를 위한 밑거름으로 삼는다. 첫 번째 장에서는 로봇의 개념과 로봇규제의 쟁점을 다룬다. 로봇의 개념정의에 대한 다양한 관점을 다루고 로봇의 사회적 영향과 규제의 필요성, 로봇 규제에 있어서 중요한 법적 쟁점을 조사·분석한다. 두 번째 장에서는 로봇관련 국내외 법제적 대응 동향을 다룬다. 미국, 일본, 유럽연합의 로봇관련 법제의 현황과 대응 추세를 조사·분석한다. 특히 유럽의회가 최근 채택한 로봇에 관한 결의안의 주요 내용을 고찰하여, 향후 유럽연합의 로봇관련 법제의 지향점을 찾아보고자 한다. 세 번째 장에서는 현재 국회에서 발의되어 있는 “로봇기본법안”의 주요 내용을 정리하고 소비자 관련 쟁점을 분석·검토한다. 분석 대상은 ‘로봇의 개념’, ‘로봇윤리규범과 소비자’, ‘로봇등록제도와 로봇이용자 보호’, ‘로봇에 따라 발생한 손해의 배상 문제’이다. 이 중 로봇에 따라 발생한 손해의 배상문제는 소비자보호의 핵심쟁점으로서 법안의 내용 및 체계정합성 검토와 함께 로봇의 결함이 없이 발생한 손해의 전보문제도 논의한다. 마지막으로는 로봇법제의 첫 걸음으로서 로봇기본법안의 의미를 살펴보고 로봇기본법안의 문제점 검토의 의미를 정리한다.

이스라엘의 국방로봇산업 성공 요인 분석과 함의

이원승 한국해양안보포럼 2023 한국해양안보논총 Vol.6 No.1

The purpose of this study is to find out the successful factors of military robot Industry by analyzing the cases of the Israel and the ROK using the method of observational research and documentary survey. Additionally, this study is to figure out how these implications of case studies affect to develop the successful policy of military robot Industry of the ROK in the future. This study has found that there were successful factors with complex interconnection. Built from these factors, the implications can be applied in the light of our policy of the military robot industry. In conclusion, the results of this study are as follows: Firstly, it is necessary for Korea to have the military organization and law concerning military robot. It is good for ROK Armed Forces to develop the road map of military robots and for robot developer to satisfy military user's need and to export the robots. Secondly, it is necessary for ROK Armed Forces to have the capability concerning the requirement plan of the military robots and the combat experiments. It is good for the robot developers to know the requirement of the military robots and the user's need as much as possible by forming the personnel and the organization responsible for the requirement plan of military robots. Thirdly, it is necessary for robot developer to have the capability concerning the military robots development to satisfy the domestic and forign user's need. And robot developers should also keep a close cooperation with one another to achieve win-win and endeavor to reduce the development period and cost. It is good for Korean and forign Armed Forces to acquire military robots. Fourthly, the government should consistently set up the policies that ensure purchasing domestic military robots instead of foreign ones, while focusing a full support only on the military robots which passed the combat experiment. Moreover, the government should set up related policies to promote the the military robot industry.

국내 법제상 로봇에 대한 규제 연구

박가람 인하대학교 법학연구소 2025 IP & Data 法 Vol.5 No.2

Despite the research on robots and the growth of robot-related industries, a clear legal definition of robots has not been confirmed. Recently, artificial intelligence technology has been applied to the concept of robots, but in practice, robots are broadly understood as mechanical devices that operate using motors, so the concept of robots should be viewed comprehensively as mechanical devices that automatically perform a series of actions. Although there is no legal definition of industrial robots, the types of robots used in industrial sites are becoming more diverse and their functions and purposes are different, so it is necessary to clarify the definition of industrial robots. Regulatory regulations under 「Medical Act」 regarding medical wearable robots among wearable robots may hinder the market development of medical wearable robots, which are rapidly increasing in demand due to the increase in the elderly population, so flexible interpretation is necessary for mild rehabilitation treatment services or rehabilitation services for the purpose of assisting exercise. In addition, since it is difficult to resolve all issues with ex ante legislation regarding the attribution of responsibility of designers or manufacturers of autonomous robots under autonomous driving systems, it is necessary to determine the limits of responsibility that designers and manufacturers must bear through ex post evaluation, while actively acknowledging designers and manufacturers’ civil liability for damages to victims.